Final Thesis Document

tulane university school of architecture

advisor: cordula roser grayauthor: michelle carroll

AHST 6110/DSGN 6020 • architecture thesis • 2013-2014 • director: john p. klingman

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allotment gardens, bristol, england. image by author

under the L train, chicago, il. http://shakingthetree.wordpress.com/2011/08/13/and-then-i-went-to-chicago-hot-child-in-the-city-version/

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AHST 6110/DSGN 6020 • architecture thesis • 2013-2014 • director: john p. klingmanf o r t i f i e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e | a r c h i t e c t u r e , u r b a n f a r m s , a n d p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m s

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underutilized transit surfaces, chicago, il. image by author



AHST 6110/DSGN 6020 • architecture thesis • 2013-2014 • director: john p. klingman3

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thesis statement + abstract

thesis essay + additional sources

annotated bibliography (thesis essay)

precedent research + analysis

programming

site analysis + selection

initial design charrette documentation, november 2013

design proposal (tbd, spring 2014)

reflections (tbd, spring 2014)

appendix

annotated bibliography + additional sources (body of document)

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Thesis Statement

This thesis seeks to explore ways in which generative architectural interventions can create meaningful symbioses between agricultural production and existing infrastructural networks within dense urban environments. Specifically, transportation infrastructure will be studied as a medium of connecting disparate urban agriculture projects into a larger network that expands the local food system. Finally, the effect of this design to accommodate for a growing urban populace and a more sustainable city will be investigated.

Thesis Abstract

In an increasingly urbanized world, concern has grown over how to sustain dense population growth in cities. One focus will be maintaining and upgrading essential infrastructure, including localized food systems. Architecture can play a valuable role in the implementation of these systems in growing cities by connecting what are otherwise disparate, small scale urban farms or community gardens to existing infrastructural networks. An approach explored here focuses on integrating urban agriculture strategies into existing city infrastructure (such as transportation) in a way that is symbiotic. Proposed agricultural production systems strategically placed along a city’s existing transportation network have the potential to increase food access for citizens, encourage healthy eating habits, while at the same time increasing public transportation use and reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels. Ultimately, this could also help to build a robust local economy, an environmentally friendly city, and a large network of vibrant community spaces.

Focusing specifically on designing one new and innovative urban agriculture prototype that directly inserts itself into existing transportation infrastructure in a contemporary city, this thesis will explore the ways that architecture can be used to create a mutually beneficial relationship between essential urban infrastructure systems, ultimately creating a more sustainable city preparing for future population growth.

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1 . W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n , G l o b a l H e a l t h O b s e r v a t o r y .2 . “ W o r l d P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t e d t o R e a c h 9 . 6 B i l l i o n b y 2 0 5 0 . ” U N N e w s C e n t e r .3 . “ V e r t i c a l F a r m i n g : D o e s I t R e a l l y S t a c k U p ? ” T h e E c o n o m i s t .

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Thesis Essay

Future Problems Facing Cities

The environment we live in today is becoming increasingly urbanized. According to the World Health Organization, as of 2010 the majority of the world’s population live in cities for the first time ever, and by 2050 the proportion of the world’s population living in metropolitan environments will be 7 out of every 10. 1 Furthermore, as population continues to increase, it is estimated by the United Nations that total population will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050, 2 meaning that cities will have to support 6.7 billion people in the next 40 years. We know that in order for contemporary cities to survive and thrive, they must be supported by various infrastructure systems such as roads and bridges, water management, electrical grids, waste services, telecommunications, and public transportation. One essential ingredient of these systems that is often overlooked by politicians and planners but arguably interwoven amongst them all is food and its distribution. Without food we as humans could not survive and neither could cities. Food is vital to a city’s self sufficiency, economy, and the health of its citizens, so concerns of food security should be at the forefront of the minds of our world’s leaders as we look towards the future. Today, food distribution networks run through an extremely efficient and complex system that is invisible to most of us, but in fact is essential to our day to day lives, wherever we live. The success of this infrastructure is vital, as an increase in the world’s population will require an increase in food production by 70% (according to the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization). 3

The Trouble with the Industrialized Food System

However, there are many problems with the current model of food distribution. According to Carolyn Steel in her book Hungry City, “most of the food we eat today is produced and distributed by vast conglomerates, spreading their operations up and down the food chain, using mergers and acquisitions to achieve so-called ‘vertical integrations’ within the supply system” (61-62). In the west, we recognize the result of this system on the consumer side as the supermarket, invented in the early twentieth century by American food processing companies looking for ways to sell their products as cost-effectively as possible (Steel 62). The problem with this is that “supermarkets today enjoy the same monopoly over food that

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2050diagram by author

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[traditional] markets once did, but unlike markets, they have no civic role to play. They are businesses with one thing on their minds: making money” (Steel 145). As a result, the traditional city street life of visiting a variety of different food shops located along a public main street has been lost to a once a week routine of anonymous shopping at large supermarket chains.

Furthermore, as a result of urban sprawl, some areas of cities have lost access to supermarket shopping altogether. Planning strategies locating supermarkets far away from urban cores to more suburban areas have resulted in many cases in food deserts. These may be in poor areas where many citizens do not own cars or have access to a robust public transportation system, leaving them with little choice but fast food or convenience stores for their food. Ultimately, these conditions result in many negative consequences for residents such as feelings of isolation from the rest of the city and poor nutrition, contributing to “health epidemics like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease” (Harper, 24).

However, adding more density of supermarkets to urban areas might not be the best answer either. Though they may be convenient for those who can access them, and the food they sell may be inexpensive, there are hidden consequences to every purchase consumers make in them. For example, according to Jennifer Cockrall-King in her book Food and the City, we in North America have almost 40,000 individual items to choose from in an average grocery store and spend around nine percent of our income on food purchases (27). However, as a result of industrialized agriculture, “The United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that in the twentieth century, 75 percent of the biological diversity of our foods have been lost” because “diversity is the enemy of mechanization, so industrial agriculture values consistency, uniformity, and durability for long-distance transport” (27-28). In order to carry as little inventory as possible and preserve foods with limited shelf lives, supermarkets manage much of their inventory on a “just-in-time” system which means they only have a three day supply in their food chain at any given time. Though impressive and necessary to run a food system at an industrial scale, it is important to consider that because this same system supplies North Americans with 99 percent of our food, such a short supply can be disastrous if interrupted. In the case of a natural disaster, disruption in fuel supply, or even a terrorist attack, a city could theoretically be left without food if not supported by a diversified supply network (Cockrall-King 31). Another aspect of supermarkets that is not often discussed is the food miles and associated impact on the environment that many

diagram by nourishhttp://www.nourishlife.org/pdf/Food_Systems_Dia-grams.pdf

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of the products we buy carry with them. The cost of this is seldom tied to food’s retail price, according to Cockrall-King, and therefore most consumers are unaware of, nor concerned about, the influence the globalized food system has on the price in fossil fuels. In fact, according to a study Cockrall-King references out of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, “the average grocery store item travels over 1,500 miles from farm to consumer” (51).

Furthermore, though the industrialized food system will always be needed to supply the world’s growing population, the methods they use to do this will need to be shifted in order to be sustainable. According to Mark Bittman in his 2013 New York Times opinion column titled, “How to Feed the World,” the industrialized system has, in fact, long produced enough calories - around 2,700 per day per human - to meet our future population’s needs. Despite this, there still continue to be hungry people which, according to Bittman, is because, “not all of those calories go to feed humans (a third go to feed animals, nearly 5 percent are used to produce biofuels, and as much as a third is wasted, all along the food chain)” (1). Therefore, productivity figures coming from the current industrialized food model need to be considered in this context. Considering the American productivity figures in terms of number of people fed per acre of land being cultivated versus pounds of food per acre, it turns out that rather than being one of the most productive in the world, America ranks about the same as Bangladesh, behind both India and China - and in fact the world average - because of the amount of food going towards animals and biofuel production, and waste (2).

On top of all of this, the industrialized model of food distribution has created a barrier between the public and the source of their food, deteriorating food culture. In a society where free time has grown shorter and the distance between the farm and table has increased, the value of cooking a meal and sitting with those you care about has been lost. Instead, many in the West turn to restaurant chains or fast food for dinner on their way home from a busy day at work. According to Carolyn Steel, “the shared meal is mankind’s most complex social phenomenon for a reason. It is the context in which, more than anywhere else, we define ourselves as social beings and recognize our deeper bond with land, sea, and sky” (246). Furthermore, in order to offer attractive alternatives to consumers, they must be aware of the problems surrounding the current system. According to André Viljoen and Katrin Bohn in their book Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes, “the increased disconnection between consumers and

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4 . M a r s , R o s s , a n d M a r t i n D u c k e r . T h e B a s i c s o f P e r m a c u l t u r e D e s i g n .5 . “ R e s e a r c h T r i p : S u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r e a n d U r b a n G a r d e n s i n C u b a . ” R e p e a t i n g I s l a n d s . 6 . T u r n e r , B a m b i . “ H o w H y d r o p o n i c s W o r k s . ” H o w S t u f f W o r k s . 7 . “ L A F A Y E T T E G R E E N S : A n U r b a n G a r d e n . ” K e n n e t h W e i k a l L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t u r e

producers of food means that urban populations have little connection with food production and thus have a limited knowledge of the issues associated with it” (21).

Solutions for the Future

Solutions of all kinds to these problems will be important in the future, but investigating how the built environment in cities can help to remedy some of the troubles with current food systems and seamlessly integrate it in with other urban infrastructure will be essential to creating a more sustainable future for the growing world population. Urban agriculture has benefits of preserving biodiversity, tackling waste and reducing the amount of energy used to produce and distribute food (Viljoen & Bohn 21). Urban farms and community gardens tend to produce a diversity of foods native to their locations, thus producing putting interesting, local products into the market. Potentials to use urban waste for compost and fertilizer in urban farms diverts that waste from landfills, and growing more food in close proximately to urban amenities means reducing distance traveled in comparison to supermarket alternatives. Professionals in the built environment have a unique opportunity to think of how to incorporate urban farms or community gardens into their designs. In their book Carrot City, Gorgolewski, Komisar, and Nasr argue that “connections between food issues and built forms have the potential to transform the components of the food system as we currently recognize it, along with basic assumptions about the nature of programming required in plans for urbanized areas and the designs for many building types, such as schools, single and multifamily housing, and other places where food consumption occurs” (11). Architects have a unique set of skills they can bring to analyzing a site and engaging with residents and potential users of projects to offer simple design solutions to complex urban problems. Potential urban sites listed by Gorgolewski, Komisar, and Nasr that encompass problems that urban agriculture could address with a smart design solutions include former industrial areas with soil contamination, traditional urban residential areas with little green space, and waste land adjacent to highways, railways, and power line corridors (14).

Movements like “Slow Food” and “Locavore” have gained popularity in recent years, leading to thousands of projects all over the world focused on urban agriculture. These interventions range from hydroponics and aquaponics, community gardens, vertical farms, and permaculture, in an effort to provide an alternative to the existing food production system. Some projects have more to do with architecture

L O C A L F O O D S Y S T E M

D I S POS I NGCommunities collect kitchen

scraps for composting to add

to farm soil. Minimal packaging

means less in the landfill.

E A T I N GPeople buy, prepare, and

eat the food.

H A R V E S T I N GFarm workers often gather

the ripened crops by hand

from the field.

T R A N S P O R T I N GFarmers move the food by truck

or van to a farmers’ market,

restaurant, or local store.

R ET A I L I NGFarmers, restaurant owners, or

local store owners sell food to

customers.

G R O W I N GFarmers prepare soil, plant,

and tend crops on small farms

growing a variety of crops.

P AC K I NGFarm workers put foods in

reusable boxes or bags for

transport.

Nourish Curriculum Guide © WorldLinkDeveloped by the Center for Ecoliteracy

diagram by nourishhttp://www.nourishlife.org/pdf/Food_Systems_Dia-grams.pdf

gary corner youth center plan diagramhttp://landscapevoice.com/gary-comer-youth-center-green-roof/

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2 . “ W o r l d P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t e d t o R e a c h 9 . 6 B i l l i o n b y 2 0 5 0 . ” U N N e w s C e n t e r .8 . G a l l a g h e r , J o h n . “ D e t r o i t H a s F a l l e n b e h i n d a s T e s t L a b f o r U r b a n A g r i c u l t u r e . ”

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and design than others, and many include new farming technologies. Permaculture is a design system that harmoniously integrates design with ecology and reflects natural ecosystems and perennial planting while restoring degraded landscapes. 4 This system is used widely throughout Cuba, which was forced to become self sustaining in its food production in the 1990s when the Soviet Union (which had previously supplied the majority of Cuba’s food imports) collapsed and trade between Cuba and the United States was tightened. Today, Havana grows over half of its fresh food locally and the country hopes to be completely self-sufficient in its food production in the next decade. 5 Hydroponics and aquaponics are relatively new farming technologies that can be employed to grow plants in unusual circumstances and also create a continuous loop of resources, reducing the need of waste disposal and ongoing water intake. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without the use of soil, and instead using a nutrient rich solution of water. Plant roots are either misted or suspended in the water, and this technology makes the growing of plants on rooftops, in greenhouses, or even in underground facilities a possibility, which becomes important when considering growing in urban environments with contaminated soil or with unused rooftops. 6 Aquaponics, on the other hand, incorporates this idea with raising fish. In this system, the nutrients the plants need to grow are provided by pumping waste water from the fish into the plants, which use the bacteria in the water to grow and in turn filter and clean that water to return as fresh water for the fish. Growing Power, a nonprofit organization, integrates this strategy of agricultural technology in with their programming at their urban farm in Milwaukee, WI, where they grow food for their community and offer job opportunities to local youth.

Where Architects Fit In

Amongst more architectural examples of urban agriculture are community gardens and vertical farms. Community gardens exist in contemporary cities of developed countries all around the world. One example is the Lafayette Greens Urban Garden in downtown Detroit, Michigan, designed by Kenneth Weikal Landscape Architecture. 7 This project, designed on the site of a demolished office building, aspires to use green space as a public amenity in the heart of Detroit and produces food that is donated to a community food bank. Not all community gardens exist at street level, however, as evidenced by Chicago Productive Rooftops, by John Ronan Architects. A rooftop garden atop the Gary Comer Youth Center, this project sought to provide an educational space to grow fruits and vegetables that

cuban permaculture gardenhttp://www.metro.us/wp-content/

uploads/2013/06/28.-cuba-Power-Garden.jpg

growing power acquaponics systemphoto by author

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was safe from vandalism on the streets of the city, while also being accessible to youth in under served neighborhood (Gorgolewski, Komisar, & Nasr 180-183).

Vertical farms, while being more obvious forms of agriculture and architecture combining, seem to remain mostly in the theoretical realm. Dickson Despommier, a professor at Columbia University, is often credited as being the first to conceptualize the idea in his book, The Vertical Farm. The idea is certainly not without merit. Despommier speculates that in crowded cities, the best solution to growing food on a large scale is to build vertically rather than horizontally. Growing food indoors reduces the need for pesticides and herbicides, and farming technologies such as the previously discussed hydroponics and aquaponics will be employed. 2 Building vertically also presents unique opportunities for environmentally friendly energy production such as wind farms and solar panels. Architecture firms have designed many beautiful examples of what these buildings could be, such as SOA Architects La Tour Vivante, which combines the idea of a vertical farm with a residence and office tower. One reason these designs may have not been realized though has to do with the need for light, and the energy required to produce artificial light for plants when natural light is not available. Some scientists estimate that using solar panels would require and area about 20 times larger than the area being illuminated, 2 which would not be feasible on it’s own for vertical farms, as the energy needed for artificial light could be up to 15 hours a day during winter months in some areas. 2 On the other hand, projects such as The Plant in Chicago, IL are proving that vertical farming is a possibility. The Plant is an adaptive reuse project in the former meat packing district of South Chicago, reusing an old pork processing plant as a new community center and vertical farm. A working aquaponics farm exists in the basement, and spaces throughout the building are available for local entrepreneurs in their small businesses, currently housing a brewer and baker.

Though there are many successful examples of urban agriculture already existing in cities throughout the world, a comprehensive strategy integrating all these projects into local food networks will be important for the future. For example, Detroit, Michigan currently has hundreds of different community garden projects, and major urban agriculture initiatives underway. However, the city seems to be falling behind as many of its larger projects have been waiting approval for years. The city council took nearly four years to pass a simple ordinance recognizing many community farms that were already there, and there is doubt over whether city leaders are fully behind the idea

la tour vivantehttp://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27

the plant chicagophoto by author

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to reclaim Detroit’s vast expanses of vacant land for urban agriculture. 8 Perhaps one problem is that many of the cities initiatives seems to be at odds with each other. One such proposal, Hantz Farms, is a controversial for-profit farming project suggesting that vacant land in Detroit be used for urban agriculture as a business opportunity, while another major project, Recovery Park, aims to create jobs for recovering addicts and inmates in an indoor fish farm and processing plant. All the while, neighborhood based community gardens exist in piecemeal patterns all throughout the city and surrounding area, often began illegally by locals trying to do something with land adjacent to their own homes which has been vacant for years. A sustainable strategy might include the CPUL, or Continuous Productive Urban Landscape, ideas investigated by Viljoen & Bohn, which they define as, “city-traversing open spaces running continuously through the built urban environment, thereby connecting all kinds of existing inner-city open spaces and relating, finally, to the surrounding rural area” (11).

Relating Back to the Abstract

Tying this idea back to supporting the city as a whole, one idea may be to integrate urban agriculture through CPULs into existing city infrastructure. Public transit infrastructure, as referenced before, can often result in disused urban spaces that provide an opportunity for architectural intervention. In addition, many cities designed in the mid twentieth century focused on the use of automobiles to get from one place to the other, making it difficult for citizens without access to their own vehicle to live comfortably. This makes public transportation infrastructure vitally important in these cities. As mentioned before, oftentimes these same population groups can live in areas designated as “food deserts,” and therefore could directly benefit from additions of urban agriculture. Therefore, an integration of a comprehensive urban agriculture strategies into public transportation infrastructure can be mutually beneficial to both infrastructure systems, and also a support a variety of citizens, from those in the most need of access to healthy food to those who want a convenient alternative to supermarket shopping which supports local economies and serves as a vibrant community space. A strategy of small scale prototypes that can be inserted along bus and train routes, as well as adjacent to local roads and highways can potentially be a relatively simple solution that architecture can offer to an array of problems in cities. This model would be most useful when applied to existing infrastructure and city systems rather than proposing new models of development.

example of CPUL (continuous productive urban landscape)

http://www.foodurbanism.org/cpuls-continuous-produc-tive-urban-landscapes/


Additional Sources (thesis essay)

1. “Urban Population Growth.” World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory, Web accessed 15 Sept. 2013.

http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/

2. “World Population Projected to Reach 9.6 Billion by 2050.” UN News Center. UN, 14 June 2013. Web accessed 06 Oct. 2013.

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45165#.UlIDsRbY7PQ

3. “Vertical Farming: Does It Really Stack Up?” The Economist. 9 Dec. 2010. Web accessed 15 Sept. 2013.

http://www.economist.com/node/17647627

4. Mars, Ross, and Martin Ducker. The Basics of Permaculture Design. White River Junc-tion, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005. Google Books. Web accessed 6 Oct. 2013.

http://books.google.com/books?id=MWb6i-G6QAkC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false

5. “Research Trip: Sustainable Agriculture and Urban Gardens in Cuba.” Repeating Islands. 10 Feb. 2010. Web accessed 20 Dec. 2012.

http://repeatingislands.com/2012/02/10/research-trip-sustainable-agriculture-and-urban-gardens-in-cuba/

6. Turner, Bambi. “How Hydroponics Works.” HowStuffWorks. Web accessed 07 Oct. 2013. http://home.howstuffworks.com/lawn-garden/professional-landscaping/alternative-methods/hydroponics.htm/printable

7. “LAFAYETTE GREENS: An Urban Garden.” Kenneth Weikal Landscape Architecture LAFAY-ETTE GREENS An Urban Garden Comments. Web accessed 07 Oct. 2013.

http://www.kw-la.com/kenweikal/2011/10/lafayette-greens-an-urban-garden/

8. Gallagher, John. “Detroit Has Fallen behind as Test Lab for Urban Agriculture.” Detroit Free Press. 8 Sept. 2013. Web accessed 05 Oct. 2013.

http://www.freep.com/article/20130908/BUSINESS06/309080043/Urban-Agricul-ture-RecoveryPark

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Annotated Bibliography (thesis essay)

Bittman, Mark. “How to Feed the World.” Editorial. The Opinion Pages. The New York Times, 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.

Mr. Bittman argues for a rethinking of the current industrial, or “Big Ag” method of feeding our population in light of population projections for the year 2050 by the United Nations. Bittman states inefficiencies of Big Ag in response to the popular supposition that its current methods are necessary, or even in need of being increased. He then argues for a consideration of two food systems, the industrial one and one of small landowners which he calls, “peasants.” The latter employ methods of farming he finds to be more sustainable and in fact more efficient in some ways than the current status quo of large industrial food systems.

Cockrall-King, Jennifer. Food and the City: Urban Agriculture and the New Food Revolution. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2012. Print.

Ms. Cockrall-King is a food writer, urban agriculture advocate, and gardener who chronicles her travels to several different cities in different countries researching existing urban agriculture projects. Through her travels, Cockrall-King speculates on the urban agriculture movement and its potential to create social change in cities.

Gorgolewski, Mark, June Komisar, and Joe Nasr. Carrot City: Creating Places for Urban Agriculture. New York: Monacelli, 2011. Print.

A research initiative developed out of Ryerson University, Carrot City explores the impact that urban agriculture has on the built environment by selecting a range of selected design projects. Curated as part of a 2008 symposium, the book organizes projects in different categories related to scale. Categories included are projects related to city, community and knowledge, housing, rooftops, and components for growing.

Harper, Alethea M. “Repairing the Local Food System: Long-Range Planning for People’s Grocery.” University of California, Berkeley, 2007. Web accessed 09 Sept, 2013.

This 2007 thesis from the University of California at Berkeley for the Master of Landscape Architecture program examines the way a local food system can be rethought at the local scale of West Oakland, California. The thesis proposal focuses on rebuilding the local food distribution system with the goal of community food justice in mind, connecting farmers more closely with their local consumers, and ultimately shortening the supply chain of food in one specific American city.


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Steel, Carolyn. Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. London: Chatto & Windus, 2008. Print.

Carolyn Steel examines the current food distribution system and its history through the lens of cities. Steel, an architect by training, examines how food has historically shaped cities and how today the production, distribution, and disposal of food is mostly invisible to contemporary society. Tracing the way that the food industry was shaped also helps Steel to point out suggestions for future change and critiques of other recent utopian city designs focused on food by the likes of Frank Lloyd Wright, Ebenezer Howard, and Le Corbusier.

Viljoen, André, Katrin Bohn, and J. Howe. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural, 2005. Print.

André Viljoen and Katrin Bohn investigate a more comprehensive approach to urban agriculture strategies which they see currently as often a conglomeration of piecemeal projects in an urban landscape. Here they propose a different concept that they call Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes, or CPULs, which encompass a coherent network of spaces of urban food production. Ultimately, this network will be perceived by the public as a whole, ultimately garnering greater significance in communities. Here they focus specifically on areas in London and Middlesborough, England.

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see project’s page for image credits

via verde

chicago productive rooftops

curtis “50 cent” jackson community garden

the plant

the high line

public garden one

recycling takes command

la tour vivante

superlinearity

farming [park]

thermal baths at vals

water proving ground

arctic food network

recombinant house

center for the advancement of public action

brooklyn botanical garden

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b r o o k l y n b o t a n i c a l g a r d e nw e i s s / m a n f r e d i • b r o o k l y n , n e w y o r k • 2 0 1 2

the brooklyn botanical garden by weiss and manfredi is a beautiful building located seamlessly within its site. the building concept is intended to create the experience of a natural oasis within the city, and it’s diagram of the landscape integrating into the building itself is clearly evident in its design. sectional relationships between different spaces (specifically from the leaf shaped atrium and outdoor walkway) further allow for a framing of views of the surrounding area and an emphasis on the landscape within the city for visitors.

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2012/07/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-weiss-manfredi.asp title photo: http://www.arch2o.com/visitor-center-for-brooklyn-botanical-gardens-weissmanfredi/

http://www.weissmanfredi.com/project/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center


1 7 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n1 7 carroll | precedent research + analysis precedent as inspiration



http://www.arch2o.com/visitor-center-for-brook-lyn-botanical-gardens-weissmanfredi/

1 8p r o j e c t t i t l e | p r o j e c t s u b t i t l e 1 8

the center for the advancement of public action is a series of buildings designed by william and tsien for bennington college in vermont. the buildings house a number of functions for the school, such as a seminar room, faculty lounge, visiting faculty residence, offices, and the “lens” - a space for reflection with an oculus designed in its roof. the cladding material is locally claimed marble that the architects meticulously laid out for installation in a nearby warehouse that they rented as a staging area. as a result, the buildings are quiet in their impression on the landscape and create beautiful spaces for students and faculty alike.

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/building_types_study/Office_Buildings/2012/Bennington-College-Campus.asp?bts=OBtitle photo: http://walkerzanger.com/to-the-trade/project-bennington.php

c e n t e r f o r t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f p u b l i c a c t i o n

f o r t i f i e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e | a r c h i t e c t u r e , u r b a n f a r m s , a n d p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m s

t o d w i l l i a m s a n d b i l l i e t s i e n • b e n n i n g t o n , v t • 2 0 1 1

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Office_Buildings/2012/Bennington-Col-lege-Campus.asp

1 9 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n1 9 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i sp r e c e d e n t a s i n s p i r a t i o n

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-a-birnbaum/landscape-architecture-2011_b_1163303.html

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Office_Buildings/2012/Bennington-Col-lege-Campus.asp

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Of-fice_Buildings/2012/Bennington-College-Campus.asp

http://walkerzanger.com/to-the-trade/project-bennington.php

http://www.masoncontractors.org/2012/09/13/bsi-tucker-design-award-winners/


recombinant house is a conceptual project designed by studio gang architects reimagining the multi-family suburban dwelling unit in the chicago suburb of cicero, illinois. the building itself is designed on the site of an abandoned warehouse whose steel truss structures have been removed from its existing roof and reassembled to form a network of dwelling units above. the warehouse floor below is returned to earth and planted with trees to remediate the damaged soil below and provide for community garden space. the housing units above are sold as separate pieces of a traditional bungalow that families can buy and sell piecemeal as their needs change over time.

“foreclosed: rehousing the american dream” - moma exhibition book title photo: http://www.studiogang.net/work/2012/recombinanthouse

r e c o m b i n a n t h o u s e


s t u d i o g a n g • c i c e r o , i l l i n o i s • 2 0 1 2

http://www.studiogang.net/work/2012/recombinanthouse





the arctic food network project is designed for an inuit population in a region of north canada. the small population has limited access to fresh food as the cost of shipping from the south goes up exponentially the further north their occupation grows. the proposed design integrates a series of “rest stops” along different routes the population typically takes from settlement to settlement, creating community spaces for hunting, fishing, and food storage. the designs are made to be easily constructed with local labor and a limited number of parts that can be easily shipped to the site.

http://lateraloffice.com/filter/Architecture/ARCTIC-FOOD-NETWORK-2011-12wtitle photo: http://lateraloffice.com/filter/Architecture/ARCTIC-FOOD-NETWORK-2011-12w

a r c t i c f o o d n e t w o r k : r e g i o n a l f o o d g a t h e r i n g c a b i n s


l a t e r a l o f f i c e a r c h i t e c t s • n a n a v u t , c a n a d a • 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 2

http://lateraloffice.com/filter/Architecture/ARCTIC-FOOD-NETWORK-2011-12w





2 4p r o j e c t t i t l e | p r o j e c t s u b t i t l e 2 4f o r t i f i e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e | a r c h i t e c t u r e , u r b a n f a r m s , a n d p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m s

l e w i s t s u r m a k i l e w i s • n e w y o r k , n y • 2 0 1 0w a t e r p r o v i n g g r o u n d : r i s i n g c u r r e n t s

ltl’s submission for moma’s rising currents exhibition in 2010 is the architects’ response to the exhibition’s challenge of redesigning the water’s edge in new york harbor to allow for sea level rise as a result of climate change. the project itself proposes activitating the land with changing water levels while providing an extra buffer for the city from storm surges. a series of raised platforms allows for occupation during times of flood, and different programs throughout the project test for a reimagined way of utilizing land in a setting where its existence is threatened by the potential for strong storms and flooding.

http://ltlarchitects.com/water-proving-ground/title photo: http://ltlarchitects.com/water-proving-ground

http://ltlarchitects.com/water-proving-ground






the thermal baths at vals is peter zumthor’s beautiful design for a hydrotherapy center in the middle of several hotels in the town of the vals in switzerland. the building is integrated into a hill on its site and is constructed of local valser quartize, the rock that many locals used to cover the roofs of their houses. the use of the stone all throughout the building gives the user a sense of place and connection to the land while using the space. the other very important material that zumthor uses in his design is the careful play of light throughout the building, creating a very unique experiential quality.

http://gdwylie.wordpress.ncsu.edu/2012/11/14/test/title photo: http://drawingarchitecture.tumblr.com/post/417943484/therme-vals-by-peter-zumthor


p e t e r z u m t h o r • g r a ü n d e n , s w i t z e r l a n d • 1 9 9 6t h e r m a l b a t h s a t v a l s

http://sharedesign.com/inspirationblog/peter-zumthors-thermal-baths-vals/

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/20408742.jpghttp://www.archdaily.com/13358/


http://sharedesign.com/inspirationblog/peter-zumthors-thermal-baths-vals/

http://unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/peter-zumthor-therme-vals.html

http://drawingarchitecture.tumblr.com/post/417943484/therme-vals-by-peter-zumthor


farming [park] is an intervention for a park and ride facility in long island city, new york. an existing parking garage is reimagined as a space for growing food, community interaction, and a farmer’s market. the project facilitates fresh food consumption for its users on a daily basis on their communtes from work to home. the project also connects with a larger local food distribution system, city harvest, in its use of the distribution systems food waste for composting on the farming park site.

http://brkt.org/index.php/soft/entry/farming_park_rail_roadways_and_urban_form_todaytitle photo: bracket [on farming]

a u s t i n n i c h o l a s t r a g n i • l o n g i s l a n d c i t y , n y

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bracket [on farming]bracket [on farming] diagram by author

2 9 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n2 9 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i sc o n c e p t u a l i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o t h e a b s t r a c t | w i t h a n a l y t i c a l d i a g r a m s

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this design analyzes a transportation line that exists in beijing, china which cuts through many existing civic uses such as housing and business and creates a very disjointed experience in the urban landscpe. the speculative design proposes a series of interventions that creates a network arround the line and allows for different uses and programs for surrounding spaces. farmland and greenways are introduced at various points along the line, replacing what was there before the transportation infrastructure was realized but integrating it into its current form.

bracket [on farming]title photo: bracket [on farming]

m u y n c k , c a r r i ç o , a n d b l a c k w e l l • b e i j i n g , c h i n a • 2 0 0 8

l i n e 1 3 - s u p e r l i n e a r i t y :m o v i n g c i t i e s



3 1 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n3 1 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i sc o n c e p t u a l i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o t h e a b s t r a c t





this vertical farm, designed as a high tech building by a french firm in 2005, showcases the way that vertical farms in the future can be built with agricultural technology such as hydroponics, and create it’s own energy through wind power. the building is intended to supply fresh produce to its surrounding environment in rennes, france, and also exists as a multi-family housing facility and office building. the building has large areas open to the outside through huge windows which allow for growing but also serve as an advertisement to community members what its function is.

http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/#/en/projects/show/27title photo: http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27

s o a a r c h i t e c t s • c i t i e s o f r e n n e s & c i m b é t o n , f r a n c e • 2 0 0 5l a t o u r v i v a n t e

http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27

http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27

3 3 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n3 3 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i si s s u e s o f m a t e r i a l s a n d s y s t e m s




recycling takes command is a speculative project designed for chicago, illinois as a prototypical series of waste and recycling plants that advertises its use to residents. the prototypes sort their waste in four different ways: waste to go to a landfill, waste to recycle, waste to turn to energy, and waste to turn to compost. the sites for the design are positioned in different areas all throughout the city existing along existing transit routes: one in a residential zone, one in a commercial zone, one in a downtown district, near housing developments, and one on a brownfield site.

bracket [on farming] title photo: bracket [on farming]

k y l e r e y n o l d s • c h i c a g o , i l • 2 0 0 7r e c y c l i n g t a k e s c o m m a n d




3 5 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n3 5i s s u e s o f m a t e r i a l s a n d s y s t e m s

c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i s








the public farm one is a design intended to create public space out of urban agriculture using reused cardboard tubes for planting. the tubes are arranged in a honeycomb pattern and undulate up from the ground in two directions to create public space below and in between in a void in the center of the structure. in certain areas, some of the tubes extend to the ground for use as columns. there are also different programs intended for different column clusters such as an herb drying area, a juicing area complete with a solar powered juicer, a water fountain, etc.

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html title photo: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html

W O R K a c f o r P S 1 • l o n g i s l a n d c i t y , n y • 2 0 0 8 p u b l i c f a r m o n e

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html


3 7 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n3 7 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s a r c h + a n a l y s i ss m a l l s c a l e i n t e r v e n t i o n s


http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html


curtis jackson community garden is located in queens, new york, designed by landscape architect walter hood and funded by rapper curtis “50 cent” jackson. the garden is intended to be a community space to surrounding residents and play space for their children. bright colors are used throughout, with bright blue cisterns designed to capture rainwater for watering plants, reducing the need to draw upon city water. raised planting beds are designed parallel to a nearby railroad, reinforcing the context of the design.

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/50_cent_jackson_community_garden.htmltitle photo: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/50_cent_jackson_community_garden.html

w a l t e r h o o d • q u e e n s , n e w y o r k • 2 0 0 8

c u r t i s “ 5 0 c e n t ” j a c k s o n c o m m u n i t y g a r d e n

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/50_cent_jackson_community_garden.html


3 9 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n3 9 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i ss m a l l s c a l e i n t e r v e n t i o n s






the high line in manhattan, new york, is a linear public park designed atop an old raised railroad line by diller scorfidio + renfro and james corner field operations. the plantings in the park were inspired by plants that naturally grew on the abandoned railroad line before its reuse, and include spaces for new views of the city. development has sprung up all along the park where it sits in new york’s meat packing district, and more stretches of the park are proposed for further redevelopment, having already been opened in stages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Line_(New_York_City) title photo: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AhQZFiOgf9Q/TtuefCcVJXI/AAAAAAAAJcM/OrXSXRqGEaI/s400/highline2002b.jpg

d i l l e r s c o r f i d i o + r e n f r o , j a m e s c o r n e r • n e w y o r k , n y • 2 0 0 9 -t h e h i g h l i n e

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7TUDlziK4GI/T5a13tqQ38I/AAAAAAAADGs/JDux21LjNwc/s1600/High+Line+4.jpg

http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/lewisf10/files/2010/10/highline.jpg http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/08/02/garden/02HIGHLINE_SPAN/02HIGHLINE_SPAN-articleLarge.jpg

4 1 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n4 1 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i ss i t e r e s p o n s e , a d a p t i v e r e u s e

http://www.asla.org/2010awards/images/smallscale/173_03.jpg

http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/bighorse/

http://www.treehugger.com/culture/friends-of-the-highline-summer-benefit.html


the plant is an adaptive reuse of an abandoned warehouse in the former meat packing district of southern chicago. the building was constructed in 1925 for use as a pig smoking and packaging facility. the building was abandoned by the 1960s, but was purchased in 2010 by john edel for $5.50 per square foot. today, the building houses a working aquaponics farm in its basement and spaces available for entreprenurial tenants such as bakers and brewers. its goal is to be the first vertical farm, promoting closed loop food production and sustainable economic development.

http://www.plantchicago.comtitle photo: by author

t h e p l a n tc h i c a g o s u s t a i n a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g c e n t e r • c h i c a g o , i l • 2 0 1 0

photo by author

photo by author

4 3 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n4 3s i t e r e s p o n s e , a d a p t i v e r e u s e | w i t h a n a l y t i c a l d i a g r a m s

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photo by author

photo by author

photo by author diagram by author


the chicago productive rooftop garden is a series of green rooftops in the city of chicago, seen here designed on the top of the gary corner youth center. the space provides a refuge for citizens in a disadvantaged areas of chicago to learn about growing plants and healthy food. the design includes a beehive, a variety of raised beds for vegetables and flowers, and an irrigation system. the existing building had to be modified to provide additional support in the roof to support the extra weight of the soil and equipment in the garden.

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/rooftops/chicago_rooftops.html title photo: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/rooftops/chicago_rooftops.html

j o h n r o n a n a r c h i t e c t s • c h i c a g o , i l • 2 0 0 7c h i c a g o p r o d u c t i v e r o o f t o p s

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/rooftops/chicago_rooftops.html



4 5 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n4 5 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e a r c h + a n a l y s i sm a t e r i a l a s s e m b l y & a p p l i c a t i o n





the via verde, or “green way” is a new housing complex constructed in the bronx, new york. the neighborhood it is located within has been under redevelopment since the 1990s, has access to local public transit, and the building itself will include affordable housing units. the conceptual idea of the design is centered around the fusion of landscape and city. a green courtyard and plaza at the base of the building snakes up to form a series of rooftop gardens easily accessible to residents, ending in a sky terrace. the rooftop gardens are connected to each other and will also collect rainwater, harvest fruits and vegetables, and provide valuable community spaces.

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/housing/via_verde.htmltitle photo: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/housing/via_verde.html

g r i m s h a w a r c h / d a y y n e r a r c h • t h e b r o n x , n e w y o r k • 2 0 1 2 v i a v e r d e

http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_Types_Study/Multi-Family-Housing/2012/images/Via-Verde-Dattner-Architects-Grimshaw-Architects-1.jpg

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/housing/via_verde.html

4 7 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n4 7 c a r r o l l | p r e c e d e n t r e s e r a c h + a n a l y s i sm a t e r i a l a s s e m b l y a n d a p p l i c a t i o n | w i t h a n a l y t i c a l d i a g r a m s

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diagram by authorimage: http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Multi-Family-Housing/2012/images/Via-Verde-Dattner-Architects-Grimshaw-

Architects-9.jpg

diagram by author

diagram by author

image: http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Multi-Family-Housing/2012/images/Via-Verde-Dattner-Architects-Grimshaw-Architects-9.jpg

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4 8f o r t i f i e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e | a r c h i t e c t u r e , u r b a n f a r m s , a n d p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m s

inside the L train station at ashland and lake, chicago, il. image by author

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see project’s page for image credits

the edible bus stop

hollygrove growers market and farm

gardiner urban agriculture hub


d r a f t p r o g r a m

to create a network of spaces across a city focused on urban agriculture, programs will be divided into small scale interventions proposed as prototypes to be inserted into a variety of transportation mediums: train, bus, car, and walking/biking. though interventions will concentrate around one site, they are intended to be flexible to a variety of similar locations. major programmatic elements will range from growing facilities, distribution/market facilities, office and support space, and small educational components.

the programming will both draw the public to the site for use of amenities (purchase of locally grown and affordable fresh food), but also encourage the use of public transit and attraction to other local businesses in the area. uses of small greenhouse structures and different urban agriculture technologies will make it possible to grow in large quantities in an urban site, resist inclement weather conditions, and also provide an opportunity to educate users about how to use these methods at home. agriculture technologies to be used include hydroponics, raised beds and composting, wormeries, and aquaponics.

ultimately, the network of spaces across the city will help to create a comprehensive strategy for a sustainable alternative to the current industrial food distribution system, and also create more awareness of green living and healthy eating throughout the city.

other project goals that are addressed in the program include the inclusion of different agriculture technologies that make it possible to grow food in unusual environments, including raised beds, aquaponics, a wormerie, composting, and greenhouses. a small staff is also expected to oversee the operations of the farm, and therefore administrative and support spaces are required and addressed in the programming.

image by author

5 1 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n5 1 c a r r o l l | p r o g r a m m i n g

q u a n t i t a t i v e p r o g r a m s u m m a r y

programming elements:

• bus stop • small garden• small market stand• educational graphic area• seating area

• train structure/growing facility• green house pods• raised beds platforms/u-pick areas• water collection facility• water remediation• small market stand• seating area

• aquaponics farm/market• wormerie• composting area• greenhouse/aquaponics facility• CSA/market facility

• administration/support• support space• director’s offices • support staff offices• gardeners’ locker rooms• storage

3,600 square feet2,500 square feet (2 @ 1,250 sf)800 square feet (2 @ 400 sf)150 square feet (2 @ 75 sf)150 square feet (2 @ 75 sf)

29,250 square feet5,000 square feet (5 @ 1,000 sf)16,000 square feet (2 @ 8,000 sf)3,000 square feet2,950 square feet2,000 square feet300 square feet

4,320 square feet220 square feet500 square feet1,800 square feet1,800 square feet

2,830 square feet800 square feet200 square feet (2 @ 100 sf)320 square feet (4 @ 80 sf)1200 square feet310 square feet

net square feet: 40,000net to gross square footage

factor: 1.4total gross square feet: 56,000

image by author


the edible bus stop project is located in london, england on the 322 bus line. the guerilla gardening project began as an attempt by the local community to reclaim land that was under threat of developer ownership, but ultimately resulted in an attempt to green underutilized urban spaces in south london. small scale gardens are built via designs submitted by local design students, recent graduates, or emerging practices all over the city. though only a small handful of stops have been developed thus far, the ultimate goal of the project is to create a network of farms all along the entire bus route gives the gardens a higher profile among the public to spread their message and “greens’ the entire line of stops to improve urban life in the area.

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2012/jul/26/edible-bus-stoptitle photo: https://twitter.com/EdibleBusStop

w i l l s a n d y • l o n d o n , e n g l a n d • 2 0 1 2e d i b l e b u s s t o p


• bus stops - 75 square feet ea. • gardens - approx. 1500 square feet ea. • net square feet - approx. 1575 square feet ea. • no extra square footage, gross square feet = net square feet

diagram by author • city map: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/apr/18/london-bus-travel-map • bus map: http://www.londonbuses.co.uk/maps/322-2012.jpg


photo 1) http://www.theediblebusstop.org/?page_id=442photo 2) https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=613342375354294&set=pb.499475663407633.-2207520000.1384155455.&type=3&theater

photo 3) https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=653049871383544&set=pb.499475663407633.-2207520000.1384155455.&type=3&theater


the hollygrove growers market and farm is a storefront retail center, urban farm, and community garden located in the carrollton-hollygrove neighborhood of new orleans, la. the market operates as a CSA (community supported agriculture) cooperative for the new orleans area - providing residents with a venue to purchase fresh produce directly from local farmers. in this model, as opposed to the traditional CSA model, the consumer is able to purchase the fresh produce without being required to buy shares in a specific farm. Consumers are able to purchase produce in the form of a weekly box, and the farm supplies this through their network of small farms and urban growers throughout the region.

http://hollygrovemarket.com/who-we-are


• farming lease space - 9,108 square feet• entrance pavilion - 615 square feet• market structure - 2,700 square feet• storage and chicken coop - 2,438 square feet • greenhouse/shade house - 2,642 square feet• experimental growing/outdoor seating - 6,096 square feet• total net square feet - 23,599 square feet

• total gross square feet - 34,424 square feet (1.45 nsf to gsf factor)

t u l a n e c i t y c e n t e r • n e w o r l e a n s , l a • 2 0 0 8h o l l y g r o v e g r o w e r s m a r k e t a n d f a r m

http://www.archdaily.com/27196/three-student-projects-from-tulane-city-center/


http://www.archdaily.com/27196/three-student-projects-from-tulane-city-center/

http://hollygrovemarket.com


the urban agriculture hub is an architecture project attempting to remediate an “underused marginal landscape” created below the gardiner expressway where the don river meets lake ontario in toronto, canada. in doing so the project “explores the potential for food-related activities to occur at the intersections between different elements of linear urban infrastructure”, in this case under an elevated highway. the built intervention consists of a large greenhouse exposed to southern sun and taking advantage of the thermal mass of the existing highway. other site improvements include rammed earth benches and fruit orchards. the project also allows water from the lake and river to flood into its site while collecting and remediating that water.

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.htmltitle photo: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.html

a n d y g u i r y • t o r o n t o , o n , c a n a d a • 2 0 0 8g a r d i n e r u r b a n a g r i c u l t u r e h u b


• greenhouse - 14,164 square feet• space for workers - 11,771 square feet• orchards - 16,980 square feet• community gardens - 17,913 square feet• water collection - 6,903 square feet• park space - 11,377 square feet• total net square feet - 79,108 square feet

• total gross square feet - 106,771 square feet (1.35 gsf to nsf factor)


diagram by author • images from: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.html

http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.html

e x p r e s s w a yg r e e n -h o u s e

o r c h a r d ss p a c e f o r w o r k e r s

diagram by author • images from: http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.html

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p r o g r a m m i n g i n t e r v i e w s

robert brackensenior urban designerskidmore, owens & merrill, chicago

interview date: november 6, 2013

image: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Stwga1GLsII

jeanette gustat, phdassociate professor of clinical epidemiologytulane universityproject lead, “makin’ groceries”tulane prevention research center

interview date: october 16, 2013

image: http://tulane.edu/publichealth/epi/faculty_gustat.cfm

rachel heiligmanpublic transit advocateexecutive director, ride new orleans

interview date: october 17, 2013

image: http://www.linkedin.com/in/rachelheiligman

elizabeth mossoplandscape architectprincipal, spackman mossop and michaels

interview date: november 4, 2013

image: http://www.asla.org/2010awards/rules_entries/index.html


ms. mossop is a renowned landscape architect who has done a lot of projects in urban agriculture throughout her career. i felt that her advice and guidance would be an a tremendous help to my research. in addition for help on beginning to think about the issues of transportation systems and urban agriculture together in an architectural framework, i also wanted to ask ms. mossop about agriculture technologies such as hydroponics and aquaponics. during our interview, ms. mossop brought up some great points. she pointed out that it will be important to think about growing in different climates and the importance of sunlight and water. one of the more important points she brought up was to address the economic viability of the proposal and who would work on maintaining the farm.

rachel heiligman is the executive director of ride new orleans (formerly transport for nola), a public transit advocacy group. ms. heiligman is very familiar with issues pertaining to public transit systems not only in new orleans, but in other cities such as chicago and west hollywood, ca. in my interview with her, ms. heiligman encouraged me to incorporate urban farming with density, like in rooftop farms. she also pointed out that small scale interventions may be best for transit stops. food markets in addition to just farms are something ms. heiligman encouraged me to explore. in terms of site, she pointed out a few specific transfer points in new orleans, or also suggested looking at chicago, portland, philadelphia, new york, or boston.

jeanette gustat is currently running the “makin’ groceries” project through tulane’s prevention research center in new orleans, which surveys residents in certain new orleans neighborhoods on their food shopping patterns. i felt that her knowledge of current shopping patterns of residents in a modern city would be invaluable to my research, and therefore contacted her to ask a few preliminary questions. however, i have asked ms. gustat if she would be willing to be a resource for me as my project evolves and if i may come up with more specific questions. she told me that generally, most people drive to stores to get their food but among those who don’t, most take the bus. when they do go to the store, they are more likely to consume fresh produce than they otherwise would.

robert bracken is a senior urban designer at the chicago branch of skidmore, owens & merrill. i felt that as an urban designer in a city with an existing robust transportation system he would be a valuable person to talk to. when we spoke, he pointed out that in chicago, there are a lot of underutilized rail infrastructure and abandoned parcels/vacant lots and often urban agriculture is part of the larger strategy to address these issues while also fostering community redevelopment, education, and jobs. he pointed out several current examples of projects going on in chicago, among which is growing home, a social enterprise funding many of the projects and provides job training and employment.


after the programming precedent study and reflections from the programming interviews, it is clear that there are a few other considerations that should be addressed. the following programming challenges will be investigated during the design portion of the thesis study:

• challenges of growing on an existing transit structure

• how will plants be watered? water will be collected and remediated from rain water catchment systems

• what challenges will have to be addressed in terms of sun exposure?unique methods of capturing solar energy will be employed in the design of the structures to ensure proper illumination for growing

• how will the challenges of the climate the project is located within be addressed?a combination of indoor and outdoor spaces will be used in the growing areas and planting will be strategically planned to take advantage of the most efficient growing methods and greatest yields. growing power in milwaukee, wi will be a model.

• what will be grown?according to columbia university’s urban design lab’s study on urban agriculture 2 in new york city, in an urban setting, ideal crops will “include products that are climate suitable, high yield, high value, can be harvested multiple times during the season, can do well in marginal soils, and spoil quickly (gaining competitive advantage to freshness and therefore localized production)” (23). the types of crops most advantageous for the site chosen will be carefully planned.

• who will work to maintain the farm?there will be a few regular directors of the farm (2), and some support staff (3), but the regular gardener jobs will remain as a transitional employment model for those locally that have had difficulty finding employment due to histories of incarceration, substance abuse, or homelessness. this model will be based off of growing home 3 in chicago, il.

• how will the farm be economically viable/who does it serve?as the project is intended to be a prototype for a larger network of similar projects in a single city, the farm designed is intended to serve those in the neighborhoods immediately adjacent to it, especially if those are food deserts. a CSA (community supported agriculture) style model will be available for residents within a certain radius of the project (and subsidized for those under certain income category), and there will also be market stands intended for those interested in buying produce that are quickly passing through the area. this model will be based off of hollygrove market and farm 4 in new orleans, la.

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6 1 c a r r o l l | s i t e a n a l y s i s + s e l e c t i o n

the proposed thesis site is located in chicago, illinois along the elevated “L” train. taking advantage of the underutilized urban space above and below the train tracks, and any vacant lots or open areas surrounding strategically chosen stations will be used for growing and selling food, while at the same time creating valuable community spaces. focusing on areas where transit hubs (areas where multiple train and bus lines meet) and food deserts meet potentially expands accessibility to more potential users and visibility amongst the community. in addition, connecting to the already robust system that is the “L” train creates a continuous productive urban landscape in the city and linear landscape that connects disparate parts of the city to each other, and the city to its surrounding countryside

diagram by author

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/20090503_under_Chicago_L_on_Franklin_Street.jpg


researcher and consultant mari gallagher completed a study in 2006, determining that at the time over 600,000 chicagoans lived without adequate access to fresh food. an update in 2011 (which is the source by which this base map was generated from) showed that number had shrunk to 383,954, by nearly 40%.1 though this is good news, work is still required to diversify the food supply and integrate more local resrouces. an overlay of gallagher’s map with the existing chicago “L” transit map was used to determine the appropriate potentials for site selection. a transit hub in chicago’s near west side neighborhood that overlaid in areas concentrated in or near food deserts in the city’s west side was chosen for investigation, ultimately ending in the ashland stop pink/green line stop.

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-28/news/ct-met-rahm-emanuel-food-deserts-20130828_1_food-desert-desert-area-healthy-food/3

f o o d d e s e r t m a p ( g a l l a g h e r ) + t r a n s i t r o u t e s a n d r i d e r s h i pm a p o v e r l a y

food desert large, contiguous area with poor access to mainstream grocers

food oasis area that was a food desert previously but no longer a food desert, and adjacent to an area that is currently a food desert

transit hub

ashland + lake

area where two or more train lines , and at leastone bus line share one stop, potential for other prototype locations

pink line, green line, no. 9 busadjacent to west side food desertsin a food oasis

diagram by author • food desert map: http://www.marigallagher.com/site_media/dynamic/project_files/Final_2011_ChgFD_drilldown.pdf • cta: http://www.dreamtown.com/maps/chicago-CTA-map.html

6 3 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n6 3

this project, inspired by the high line in new york city, is an idea for occupying the trestle underneath the chicago “L”. pedestrian paths and markets under the brown line in lakeview is rendered here. the idea actually began in reality during the summer of 2013 as the low line market. the market is “a prepared foods and farmers market, with the goal of creating an experience where neighbors can meet and gather while having greater access to a collection of high quality produce, prepared foods and handcrafted goods from local farms and vendors.” thus far, the market sells some fruits and vegetables, sweets, breads, and street food. the market runs from july through october.

http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2011/05/chicago-lowline-proposal.htmlhttp://www.lakeviewchamber.com/ssa-27/low-line-market-.aspx

c a r r o l l | s i t e a n a l y s i s + s e l e c t i o np l a c e c o n s u l t i n g a n d m o s s a r c h i t e c t u r e • c h i c a g o , i l • 2 0 1 1

l a w n d a l e m a s t e r p l a n

http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2011/05/chicago-lowline-proposal.html



https://www.facebook.com/LowLineMarket/photos_stream



the intersection of ashland and lake is the nexus of two train lines and one bus line. in chicago’s near west side, it is two miles west of the loop (where many local residents travel to for work), and 2 miles south of another very popular transit route, division and ashland on the chicago blue line. it is also just north of interstate 290, or the eisenhower, where there is heavy traffic daily. potential growing space would be located over the top of the existing train line as there is an existing road underneath, and an adjacent vacant lot has been identified as a potential market space. the site connects via the train lines to a large food desert to its west.

c h i c a g o , i la s h l a n d a n d l a k e

2500 ft

1000 ft 250 ft diagrams by author • images: bing maps

6 5 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n6 5 c a r r o l l | s i t e a n a l y s i s + s e l e c t i o n

loop, 2 mi.

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potential market space, empty lot

number 9 ashland bus

green line “L”

pink line “L”

potential growing space**

**street exists below “L” train,therefore urban farm intervention would have to be vertical and extend over the top of the existing train

diagrams by author • images: google maps and bing maps

http://www.chicago-l.org/stations/ashland.html


after the site analysis and selection, it is clear that there are other considerations that should be addressed during the design portion of the thesis investigation. the following site challenge will be investigated and addressed with the design of the thesis project:

• since the growing of the urban farm will take place on the existing train tracks that are currently in use, what can be done to provide an incentive to the transit authority in question, in this case, the chicago transit authority?

potential solutions include an estimate of increased ridership, infrastructure upgrades, increased safety/perceptibility amongst the public, or energy harvesting. however, specific solutions are likely to emerge as a design solution

i n c e n t i v e s f o r t h e c h i c a g o t r a n s i t a u t h o r i t y ( c t a )

cta “L” train map • image: http://www.dreamtown.com/images/maps/cta-train-map.png

6 7 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n6 7 c a r r o l l | s i t e a n a l y s i s + s e l e c t i o n

typical cta “L” trains • image: http://www.railpictures.net/images/d1/6/7/9/2679.1257097466.jpg

typical cta bus • image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/CTA_bus_line_56.jpg


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6 9 c a r r o l l | d e s i g n c h a r r e t t e

the following is the result of a one week design charrette conducted during the end of the research portion of the thesis investigation. an attempt was made at massing in the proposed site in the form of site plans, sections, and massing models. some mapping analysis was also completed to identify uses of buildings surrounding the site and further clarify the choice of site within the city of chicago. zoning and other city ordinances were also explored as part of the assignment.

images by author


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diagram by author

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chicago neighborhoodsand streets

pink linegreen line

red line

blue linebrown line

ashland-lake station:

2,652 people pass through/weekday

rail stops

bus lines

bus stops

farmers markets

ashland #9 bus line:

23,812 people ride/weekday

ashland #9 bus stop:

976 people ride/weekday

diagram by author


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looking west from the ashland and lake station, chicago, il. image by author

looking east from the ashland and lake station, chicago, il. image by author


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7 5 c a r r o l l | d e s i g n p r o p o s a l

After a semester of design reflections, I have decided on the final title of Fortified Infrastructure: Exploring Urban Agriculture through Underutilized Transit Surfaces for my thesis. The following was the narrative of my final thesis presentation.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT/RESEARCH

This past summer, I had the honor of receiving a travel fellowship from the School of Architecture to visit different urban farms in various cities in the United States and abroad. My interest in urban farming came from a curiosity into what is driving what seems to be a recent trend of urban agriculture and how architects might be able to fit in with that trend. I started my research for my thesis last semester broadly, trying to define what seems to be behind the popularity of urban agriculture. My research began in looking at population trends towards urbanization. I found that by 2050, 7 out of every 10 people will be living in cities (World Health Organization), and of course between now and then world population will have risen. I also found that in terms of our food consumption, our production must increase by 70% in order to sustain this population growth (United Nations). However, there are many problems in the sustainability of the industrialized food system as it exists today, with one example being that the average grocery store item travels an average of 1500 miles today from farm to table. When it comes to where architects, planners, and designers come in, my notion is that it may have to do with connectivity in the urban landscape. During my trip, I found that many of the farms I visited tended to be on the urban fringes, or in obscure areas that seemed inaccessible to the average city dweller. In the course of my research, I found that two English architects (Viljoen and Bohn) coined a term called “continuous productive urban landscapes,” which they define as being city traversing open spaces running continuously through the urban environment, having many different benefits for city residents. My interpretation of applying this concept to the urban agriculture phenomena has to do with strategically siting urban farms along existing transit infrastructure in cities. This can conceivably make urban farming more accessible to a greater number of people, while at the same time incentivize the use of public transit. So, this thesis seeks

continuous productive urban landscape on a

transit system. diagram by author


to explore ways in which generative architectural interventions can create meaningful symbioses between agricultural production and existing infrastructural networks within dense urban environments.

SITE SELECTION/REGIONAL STRATEGY

The city I’ve chosen as my case study for this idea is Chicago, where there exists a robust existing light rail system called the L, for elevated train. I found the condition of the elevated train and the residual spaces it creates in the urban environment of the city interesting for potential architectural intervention. To select my site within the city, I used Geographic Information Systems software, and data from the city to locate the current food deserts, where food accessibility is low. Over this I overlaid the existing L light rail system, with imbedded ridership information to show the most traveled stations. At the nexus of these two phenomena, or where high ridership was the closest with existing food deserts was where I chose to locate my site, at the Ashland and Lake L stop. This stop has two L lines running through it, as well as the most highly traveled bus line in the city that is slated to be Chicago’s first Bus Rapid Transit system. And though I’ve designed my project around this site, the intention is that similar projects could be dispersed all throughout the city along the L line, creating the continuous productive urban landscapes I spoke about before.

I also identified several different vacant lots adjacent to transportation lines in the neighborhood of my site. Given the proper kit of parts, my idea is that there could be an incentive for budding urban farmers to transform these vacant lots into farms, allowing their produce to either be bought and sold in place, or transported via existing buses and trains to a larger hub such as my Ashland and Lake stop to be sold at a large market. In fact, there is existing infrastructure for this in Chicago with something called a Fresh Moves bus, which already transports fresh produce to low food access areas.

DESIGN GENERATION

To begin my design, I investigated the condition of the L train in Chicago to identify the interstitial spaces I could take advantage

chicago GIS researchdiagrams by author

7 7 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n7 7 c a r r o l l | d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s p r i n g 2 0 1 4

of. I identified four areas that exist in my site, but also the city in general. I designed a particular architectural intervention for each, incorporating the program of either growing food or selling it into each. Together, they form a continuous surface that exists as an armature attaching itself to the existing train stop at my particular site, but as I mentioned earlier could also be deployed at other stops in the city or even as individual pieces to be used in new urban farms on vacant lots around the city. To support all my elements as one whole, I’m employing a new light steel structure that rests on the existing train structure, and fitting around the existing station rather than tearing it down (as it is one of the oldest in the city - in case someone asks). My program can be broken down into various spaces for growing food and selling it, as well as public outreach.

DESIGN SPECIFICS

I have considered innovative farming technologies, such as hydroponics, into elements like my vertical surfaces which consist of planter trays working on a pulley system to move each up and down. I also have employed the use of traditional design techniques such as in my green houses. They are raised above the train tracks (at the same level that crossing platforms already exist in the train stations) and face south to take advantage of maximum sunlight. They are accessible from the side with large garage doors that can be opened in the summer to take advantage of prevailing westerly winds, but closed in the winter. Finally they have adjacent auxiliary buildings that contain storage and composting, and also water reclamation and retention. The pitches of both roofs allow for rainwater to be collected in a vegetated ramp running to the last of the auxiliary buildings where it is stored for farming purposes. My lateral surfaces are made of wood but have punched openings to allow for light and views below, as well as opportunities for growing. Finally, all my ground floor program aesthetically matches that of my green houses with polycarbonate facades, and large openings allowing for natural ventilation in summer months, but are covered by my lateral surfaces for sun shade.

PROGRAMMING

The programming on the ground level consists of several things. A bus stop exists on the north end of the project, which will serve the new BRT line. Immediately southeast of this is a cool storage

master plan of larger regional strategy,

diagram by author

individually designed components of armature,

diagram by author


facility for extra produce grown on site or transported in from elsewhere. Just south of this is a large market, where food can be picked up a la carte, or as weekly produce boxes for people in the region. There is a small office and support space for administration and staff just south of this. Finally, on the other side of the road there is a small demonstration kitchen and demonstration garden, where community members can come learn skills about healthy eating and the benefits of a local food system.

In terms of what will be growing, I did an analysis of certain produce items with high demand in the area, and compared each item with criteria defined as being advantageous for growing at an urban farm. From this, I came up with a certain list of first, second, and third priority crops, which I distributed around my site accordingly with the appropriate amount of square footage. Finally, I analyzed the ideal time to grow each crop, and determined the need for a rotation of local and non local crops around the site, as well as an ability to adjust the temperature of the space in which I’m growing, hence the large garage door openings around my design.

LAST CONSIDERATIONS

It is worth noting a few other considerations I gave to my design. Obviously, I am well aware of the climate in Chicago and the difficulty of growing food there. Though I believe that I’ve provided adequate space to produce food in green houses that can be used year round, in most of my outside growing I’ve specified switch grass, for several reasons. This plant grows naturally in Illinois, and can be used to producebiofuels, which can be used in the transit authority’s fleet and provide them an extra incentive to construct a farm and market such as the one I’ve designed. Second, through my research I identified a few case study businesses to model from in my project. One is the local Hollygrove Market and Farm, which sells produce trucked in from farms surround the New Orleans area and sells them to residents individually or as weekly boxes, which is the model I would use for my market. Additionally, I’ve identified Growing Home for the source of my employees. This is an existing organization in Chicago which pairs people who’ve had trouble finding employment for various reason such as homelessness, drug use, or imprisonment with different urban farms in the area. This is where I would source my farmers and in fact, there is a rehab

crop feasibility diagram by author

crop seasonsdiagram by author

crop distributiondiagram by author


facility just a few steps from my train station.

CONCLUSION

Though ultimately I don’t believe that urban agriculture is going to get big enough to replace traditional grocery stores, I think that with its current popularity it could be a viable alternative food source for our future densely populated cities. In addition to this, I truly believe that urban agriculture can also be a strong urban amenity for future city residents, and with the involvement of professionals such as architects, urban planners, and designers alike urban farms can be strategically sited to incorporate well into existing city fabrics, increase food accessibility, and improve the quality of life for everyone.


u p d a t e d q u a n t i t a t i v e p r o g r a m a n a l y s i s


a n n o t a t e d t h i r d l e v e l p l a n a n d l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n


r e n d e r i n g s o f g r o u n d l e v e l p r o g r a m

ground level market. rendering by author

ground level demonstration kitchen (left) and garden (right). rendering by author


r e n d e r i n g s o f t r a i n s t a t i o n l e v e l p r o g r a m

close up of planters/vertical surfaces inside train station. rendering by author.

experience of train station rider. rendering by author.

close up of green houses on platform. rendering by author.


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b i r d ’ s e y e v i e w r e n d e r i n g

c a r r o l l | d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s p r i n g 2 0 1 4


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thesis display at the tulane school of architecture, may 2014, image by author

full thesis boards, composition by author


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site model at 1/128” scale, image by author.

study model at 1/16” scale, image by author.


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f inal section model at 1/32” scale, image by author

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8 9 c a r r o l l | r e f l e c t i o n s

After well over a year of research, studies, and preparation leading up to the final design of my thesis project, I am fairly happy with the end result. I think my thesis reviews went well overall in both cases (both sets of reviewers commented on the comprehensiveness of my research and design), though their critiques were interestingly opposing. My first set of reviewers critiqued my project based on the fact that though my project was quite large scale, the components should have shown more detail. The second set of reviewers had different suggestions, saying they would have liked to see more development of a regional and city wide plan. I think both suggestions are certainly valid, and given more time I would definitely be interested in pursuing both suggestions.

I think that if I were to have more time to work on my project, and especially after considering the comments of my reviewers, I would focus on the following three things. First, I would take my first reviewers suggestions about the detailing of my components. With this I think there could be more investigation and iterations of my design to accommodate a more specific study of crops programming. Secondly, I would take my second reviewers suggestion to think more about my project in the context of the entire city of Chicago, or investigate more about the demand for this type of project in the city. Finally, I would integrate into both of these efforts how food would actually be distributed from smaller satellite urban farms and the larger markets similar to what I designed. I think though this would all take more time, it would produce a even more rich design and project.

Finally, one thing I would do differently would be to consult more experts in farming. I had a lot of difficulty in determining certain figures through the design phase such as how much yield could I get out of my farm and what percentage of the demand for food would I meet in the neighborhood where my project is located. I think that had I consulted more with people who actually run urban farms and make decisions about what crops they sell, I could have had much less trouble.


s u m m e r a s s i g n m e n t

s u p p l e m e n t a r y a s s i g n m e n t s :s u m m e r a s s i g n m e n tIn the eight weeks prior to the beginning of the thesis investigation year, a comparative analysis was done of four of the previous year’s best submitted theses, in conjunction with a completion of readings selected by the five thesis advisors for the year. In this assignment, four questions were addressed:

1. What are the particular characteristics of this design/research that extend your understanding of the discipline of architecture?

2. Does the project employ an appropriate vehicle (program and site) through which to pursue the thesis through design?

3. Does the scale of the project allow sufficient opportunity for architectural investigation and development?

Summer Thesis Design Research: Comparative Analysis of Select Theses from the Class of 2013, Tulane School of Architecture

In reviewing the theses of the class of 2013 and completing the recommended readings over the summer, I have been able to identify specific interests of mine and ultimately setting a framework for heading into my own thesis year as a part of the class of 2014. I chose four theses to analyze, specifically that of Jack Garbutt (Fugitive Context: Remediating the Federal Presence), John Nelson (Establishing New Centers), Nick Sackos (Infiltrating Suburbia), and Nora Schwaller (Crescent City Smart Mart: A Crop Up Grocery). I felt that each of these four theses encompassed specific aspects of the larger themes I’m interested in exploring: urban agriculture, transportation infrastructure, architecture as a vehicle for social justice, and architecture’s ability to adapt with urban environments and growth. Further, I felt that many of the readings touched on these topics, specifically in many of Professor Roser-Gray’s readings on different forms of urbanism and landscape architecture.

Garbutt’s Fugitive Context thesis was interesting to me in its focus on the ability of architecture to be a medium for the public perception of the institution it houses, and specifically in that architecture’s ability to adapt to a changing urban landscape. Garbutt furthermore investigates architecture’s ability to not only communicate the function it serves, but a political message. Kenneth Frampton seems to suggest a similar notion in his essay, “Technoscience and the Environmental Culture” recommended by Professor Klingman, when he says, “Under the late modern conditions of distorted communication, the rational argument all-to-often fails to prevail, since its recommendations come to be represented as being either economically infeasible of as popularly unacceptable. It is not that we lack appropriate models for addressing the seemingly intractable problems of our time. It is rather that we lack the conviction or even perhaps the political means of convincing society of the necessity of adopting certain measures, particularly where these

9 1 c a r r o l l | p r o j e c t s e c t i o n9 1 c a r r o l l | a p p e n d i x

affect market forces and the rights of private property” (125). However, I think there is a limit to this thinking – there is a point at which there is a bit too much assumption that architecture, by itself, greatly influences public thought. Though I thought that using a government building to illustrate Garbutt’s point of architecture conveying a message of an institution made sense, it seemed that he drew a few questionable conclusions about architecture’s influence on the public’s perception of the judicial department, as seen in the “Trust and Confidence in the U.S. Judiciary” diagram on his Board 1. I did however think that Garbutt’s careful thinking about site and its multi-faceted influence on the project was admirable, and I thought choosing a building adjacent to a popular public square helps to illustrate his point of architecture being influential on the public. I personally think it might be interesting to explore the idea of architecture’s ability to influence or convey a message about a larger social issue, such as sustainability, suburban sprawl, or our industrialized food system, and I think one of the best ways to do this is tailoring that message to the architecture’s site.

The idea John Nelson used in his thesis, “Establishing New Centers” of using the void space of urban blocks in blighted areas of New Orleans as an opportunity for positive neighborhood development is a fascinating one filled with much potential. Turning blighted properties and unused space in the center of a New Orleans block in Central City is needed, and is something Professor Roser-Gray’s recommended article by Moshen Mostafavi touches on, “In particular, the open areas that are no longer in use in many cities, such as New Orleans, could become productive domains where residences, workplaces, and spaces of leisure could be intertwined” (page 30). I would be interested to see what aspects of his design could be prototypical to other places in the city and what was specific to the particular site in Central City that he chose. Though it seems as though there would be a huge variety of different design opportunity with this idea, Nelson doesn’t seem to develop other designs, and I’d be interested to see what could be done with a more “challenging” void space than what he’s chosen (perhaps of a small or more fragmented area). Other questions have to do with the program and scale of the intervention as it stands. Though it seems that Nelson thought about the program’s relationship to its residential context, I’m not sure if this issue was completely resolved. Leaving program up to interpretation and change depending on the context makes has a certain virtue, but it seems in this case that the potentials are too open and vague. And though somewhat archaic zoning regulations are certainly due for reinterpretation, the choice of program so directly adjacent to residential property could potentially be very sensitive to community members. The program would have to be shown that it is significant to that community it is designed in so it will be used. The scale of the project is a bit concerning as well. Because the architecture is so close to existing residences, it seems that the scale of the intervention would also be an incredibly sensitive issue. I wonder how Nelson would address potential neighbor’s concerns of a public building right next to their private property. However, I do think that the concept of the design is admirable, and again is reflected in a Kenneth Frampton reading recommended by Professor Bernhard, “”Rather than continuing to proliferate urban sprawl we should either re-use obsolete buildings or demolish them and re-use their sites once they have been cleared. Only provisions of this order will save us from the continual consumption of fertile land and


s u m m e r a s s i g n m e n t

along with this, the ultimate depletion of the plant’s non-renewable resources” (15). Nick Sackos’ thesis, “Infiltrating Suburbia” explores the idea of retrofitting existing transportation infrastructure to improve the sustainability and quality of life in an existing suburban neighborhood in San Diego, CA. His method of doing this was by creating nodes of activity along an existing light rail line in this area – mainly programmed as multi-family housing units and commercial spaces clustered in areas to concentrate activity around public transportation services. Specific examples of interventions seem to be drive in movie theaters, parks, etc. The idea of concentrating development around existing transportation networks and encouraging people to take public transportation while still allowing for driving when necessary is something that I think is imperative in future city development. This is an idea that seemed be supported over and over in the readings recommended by Professors Roser-Gray, Bernhard, and Klingman. In James Corner’s essay, “Recovering Landscape” he says, “Architecture today cannot concern itself only with that one set of structures that happen to stand upright and be hollow ‘buildings’ in the conventional sense. It must concern itself with all man-made elements that form our environments: with roads and highways, with signs and posters, with outdoor spaces as created by structures, and with cityscape and landscape” (page 3), and further, goes on to say that “… the space of mobility may also be a collective space” (page 5). Kenneth Frampton says in “On the Predicament of Architecture at the Turn of the Century” that, “…rail has become preferable to air travel in terms of trip time, reliability, energy consumption, and environmental pollution” (page 13), and in “Technoscience and Environmental Culture” that, “…high-speed rail transit has been able to coexist with the car in such a way as to emerge at the end of the twentieth century as the optimum vehicle for transport over intermediate distances up to 500 km. I am alluding to high-speed rail as this has been developed over the past quarter of a century in France, Germany, England, Switzerland, Spain, and Japan” (page 124). Clearly, this is something that a lot of architects are interested in and is worthy of a lot of upcoming architectural intervention, especially in America. However, it seems that the program of this specific thesis was not adequately addressed. Though Sackos identifies the need for multi-family housing and commercial development, the scheme of the urban proposal is emphasized much more than individual architectural projects. It seems that either the scale of the thesis was too large to design specifics into the individual interventions, or that this was intentional as to reflect the sentiments made in the readings that leaving architectural interventions empty to allow for future urban development is important for architects to consider. From Roser-Gray’s Corner article, “Geuze prefers ‘emptiness’ to overprogramming and argues that urban dwellers are more than able to create, adapt to, or imagine whatever they want to” (page 7). Though I do love the idea of retrofitting what is already there, I think it might be interesting to investigate some of these issues in a context where there is not an existing infrastructure because I suspect this type of intervention might be even more influential in decreasing suburban sprawl, as many suburban areas across the United States do not have existing transit infrastructure. Nora Schwaller’s “Crescent City Smart Mart” thesis was of particular interest to me as urban agriculture is something I have been researching a lot lately since my summer travel


fellowship focused on visiting urban agriculture projects in several different cities within and outside of the United States. Specifically, I think the issue of food desserts in cities is something that is extremely important and can be addressed through architectural intervention, as Schwaller has beautifully demonstrated in her thesis. I also am generally interested in thinking of architecture as a vehicle for social justice, and in this case, thinking of architecture as a way to promote public health. The aspect of her project that I think is the most important is the idea of food education and community engagement, because I believe that the disconnection the public has with its own food is central to many problems in modern day life. People really understanding where their food comes from, how to prepare it properly, when food is in or out of season, and what food is local to them would help to solve a lot of problems, amongst them obesity and other public health issues. I also think it’s important for urbanites to understand their city’s connection and reciprocal relationship with it’s surrounding countryside and vice versa, something that Charles Waldheim discusses in an interview recommended again by Professor Roser-Gray, “…landscape urbanism aspires to build an understanding of urbanism in which the ecological forces and flows that support urbanism are considered as part of the city as opposed to external to it. This offers a response to and critique of older models of urbanism in which the city is distinct from the countryside or the continent” (page 4). I do believe the scale of this issue is huge and that though architecture on its own can’t fully address, definitely has a role to play. Though I love what Schwaller did with her research and design proposal, I think that the scale of the intervention was a bit small for the problem she was addressing and thinking about the problem a little more broadly would perhaps bring up additional interesting ideas for architectural intervention. For example, rather than focusing on spreading the typical grocery store concept to food desserts, an intervention testing new ways of distributing food that challenges the way Americans currently eat in these areas might produce a positive effect to change a once derelict area into an exemplary one for the rest of the city.

Ultimately I think that though these projects are different on their surface, they are exploring a lot of common themes such as urbanism, close investigation and consideration of site, and all seemed to convey a belief of architecture’s ability to address very current multi-disciplinary cultural issues. Issues of program and scale seemed for most of the theses to be a challenge, but there was quite a range within them. Schwaller and (to some extent) Nelson seemed to be interested in prototypical designs while Garbutt and Sackos interventions were very site specific. I hope to be able to draw from the ideas of these students as I prepare my own thesis, but still contrast them enough to be able to make my own discoveries regarding my interests.


s u m m e r a s s i g n m e n t /E X 0 1 c u b i c a r m a t u r e

Works Cited

From Bernhard recommendations:

Frampton, Kenneth. “On the Predicament of Architecture at the Turn of the Century.” Labor, Work and Architecture: Critical Essays 1968-1982. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1985. 8-19.

From Klingman recommendations:

Frampton, Kenneth. “Technoscience and Environmental Culture: A Provisional Critique.” Journal of Architectural Education 54.3 (2001): 123-129.

From Roser-Gray recommendations:

Corner, James. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural, 1999. Chapter 15.

Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Gareth Doherty. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2010. 12-51.

Studer, Meg. “An Interview With Charles Waldheim: Landscape Urbanism Now.” Landscape Urbanism. N.p., Fall 2012. Web. 28 Aug. 2013.


image by author

s u p p l e m e n t a r y a s s i g n m e n t s :E X 0 1 c u b i c a r m a t u r e

the following is the result of a one week design exercise completed at the beginning of the thesis investigation. the assignment was aimed to improve legibility and sustenance of the thesis argument in conjunction with representation technique. as part of the assignment, five works crucial to the initial thesis idea were identified and described. an exploration of the thesis in the form of an abstracted 5” x 5” x 5” cubic volume was also completed, in the form of a physical model, section, and diagrams.


E X 0 1 c u b i c a r m a t u r e

ARCHITECTURE : URBAN AGRICULTURE :: _________ : _________connections - linking one thing to another - but what about a connection can bring together two disparate entities into something that is greater than the sum of its parts?

distribution - a complex system that our globalized and industrialized world uses to transport goods from their source to their consumption point

health - the state of wellbeing, being free from illness - something that we should strive towards for every member of the population

urbanization - a transition for the world’s population. “by 2050, 7 out of every 10 people will live in cities” - world health organization

transportation - always means the movement of people and goods from one place to another, but the method by which this happens can be quite varied

section // 1:1 scale

diagrams

michelle carroll


ARCHITECTURE : URBAN AGRICULTURE :: _________ : _________connections - linking one thing to another - but what about a connection can bring together two disparate entities into something that is greater than the sum of its parts?

distribution - a complex system that our globalized and industrialized world uses to transport goods from their source to their consumption point

health - the state of wellbeing, being free from illness - something that we should strive towards for every member of the population

urbanization - a transition for the world’s population. “by 2050, 7 out of every 10 people will live in cities” - world health organization

transportation - always means the movement of people and goods from one place to another, but the method by which this happens can be quite varied

section // 1:1 scale

diagrams

michelle carroll

diagram by author


E X 0 1 c u b i c a r m a t u r e

image by author

image by author


ashland and lake existing station from street, chicago, il. image by author

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“Growing Power.” Growing Power. Growing Power, Inc., Web accessed Oct. 2012.http://www.growingpower.org

Growing Power is a mature urban farm that is run by it’s CEO, Will Allen, who is somewhat of a celebrity in the urban agriculture world. The basketball star turned farmer was awarded the MacArthur Genius Grant in 2008 and was named as “One of the Most Influential People in the World” by Time Magazine in 2010. Mr. Allen and his organization have pioneered the modern use of many different agriculture technologies, including aquaponics, composting, wormeries, growing mushrooms, among many others. Growing Power regional training centers exist all over the United States, where they share their knowledge about agriculture technologies with others.

The Potential for Urban Agriculture in New York City: Growing Capacity, Food Security, & Green Infrastructure. New York: Urban Design Lab, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 2012. Online. Web accessed 17 Nov. 2013.http://www.urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/?pid=nyc-urban-agriculture

The Urban Design Lab published this 2012 report to illustrate the capacity that New York City has for urban crop production and the potential benefits of urban agriculture in New York City. The report is broken into diferent chapters, including urban agriculture approaches and considerations, crops and capacity, site availability and distribution, site suitability, food security, water, energy, and waste. The methodology used in this report will be analyzed and applied to the site specific to this thesis in its design portion.

“About Us.” Growing Home. Web accessed 6 Nov. 2013. http://growinghomeinc.org/learn-more/transitional-employment/

Growing Home is the leading social enterprise focused on empowering people and communities with Chicago’s first USDA-Certified Organic, high-production urban farms. They seek to operate, promote, and demonstrate the use of organic agriculture as a vehicle for job training, employment, and community development. They provide transitional employment and job training for those who have had trouble finding other work due to past incarceration, substance abuse, and homelessness. The methods and principles employed by this program will be explored and applied to the thesis in its design portion.

“Hollygrove Market and Farm.” Hollygrove Market and Farm. Web accessed Nov. 2011. http://hollygrovemarket.com/

The Hollygrove Market and Farm exists to increase access of fresh, local produce to residents of New Orleans. Their method of distribution is to use a CSA style weekly box system to distribute to interested residents on a regular basis. They also have a retail store that is possible to pick up product in a more “on demand” scenario. Methods used by Hollygrove will be studied and applied to this thesis in its design portion.

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Additional Sources (body of document)

Title Page, page 1• http://shakingthetree.wordpress.com/2011/08/13/and-then-i-went-to-chicago-hot-child-in-the-city-version/

Essay, pages 5-11Industrial Food System diagram, page 6• http://www.nourishlife.org/pdf/Food_Systems_Diagrams.pdf

Local Food System diagram, page 8• http://www.nourishlife.org/pdf/Food_Systems_Diagrams.pdf

Gary Corner Youth Center Plan Diagram, page 8• http://landscapevoice.com/gary-comer-youth-center-green-roof/

Cuban Permaculture Garden image, page 9• http://www.metro.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/28.-cuba-Power-Garden.jpg

La Tour Vivante image, page 10• http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/projects/show/27

Example of CPUL (Continuous Productive Urban Landscape) image, page 11• http://www.foodurbanism.org/cpuls-continuous-productive-urban-landscapes/

Precedent Research + Analysis, pages 16-48Brooklyn Botanical Garden, pages 16-17• http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2012/07/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-weiss-manfredi.asp • http://www.arch2o.com/visitor-center-for-brooklyn-botanical-gardens-weissmanfredi/• http://www.weissmanfredi.com/project/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center

Center for the Advancement of Public Action, pages 18-19• http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/building_types_study/Office_Buildings/2012/Bennington-College-Campus.asp?bts=OB• http://walkerzanger.com/to-the-trade/project-bennington.php• http://www.masoncontractors.org/2012/09/13/bsi-tucker-design-award-winners/• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-a-birnbaum/landscape-architecture-2011_b_1163303.html

Recombinant House, pages 20-21• “foreclosed: rehousing the american dream” - moma exhibition book• http://www.studiogang.net/work/2012/recombinanthouse

Arctic Food Network: Regional Food Gathering Cabins, pages 22-23• http://lateraloffice.com/filter/Architecture/ARCTIC-FOOD-NETWORK-2011-12w

Water Proving Ground: Rising Currents, pages 24-25• http://ltlarchitects.com/water-proving-ground/

Thermal Baths at Vals, pages 26-27• http://gdwylie.wordpress.ncsu.edu/2012/11/14/test/• http://drawingarchitecture.tumblr.com/post/417943484/therme-vals-by-peter-zumthor• http://sharedesign.com/inspirationblog/peter-zumthors-thermal-baths-vals/• http://www.archdaily.com/13358/• http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/20408742.jpg• http://unit03-metamorphosis.blogspot.com/2012/12/peter-zumthor-therme-vals.html

Farming [Park]: Rail, Roadways, and Urban Form Today, pages 28-29• bracket [on farming]• http://brkt.org/index.php/soft/entry/farming_park_rail_roadways_and_urban_form_today

Line 13 - Superlinearity: Moving Cities, pages 30-31• bracket [on farming]

La Tour Vivante, pages 32-33• http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/#/en/projects/show/27

Recycling Takes Command, pages 34-35• bracket [on farming]

Public Farm One, pages 36-37• http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/PF1.html

Curtis “50 Cent” Jackson Community Garden, pages 38-39• http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/community/50_cent_jackson_community_garden.html

The High Line, pages 40-41• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Line_(New_York_City) • http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AhQZFiOgf9Q/TtuefCcVJXI/AAAAAAAAJcM/OrXSXRqGEaI/s400/highline2002b.jpg• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7TUDlziK4GI/T5a13tqQ38I/AAAAAAAADGs/JDux21LjNwc/s1600/High+Line+4.jpg• http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/lewisf10/files/2010/10/highline.jpg• http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/08/02/garden/02HIGHLINE_SPAN/02HIGHLINE_SPAN-articleLarge.jpg• http://www.asla.org/2010awards/images/smallscale/173_03.jpg• http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/bighorse/• http://www.treehugger.com/culture/friends-of-the-highline-summer-benefit.html

The Plant, pages 42-43• http://www.plantchicago.com

Chicago Productive Rooftops, pages 44-45• http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/rooftops/chicago_rooftops.html

Via Verde, pages 46-47• http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/housing/via_verde.html• http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/Building_types_study/Multi-Family-Housing/2012/images/Via-Verde-Dattner-Architects-

Grimshaw-Architects-9.jpgvv

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Programming, pages 49-60Edible Bus Stop, pages 52-53• http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2012/jul/26/edible-bus-stop• https://twitter.com/EdibleBusStop• http://www.theediblebusstop.org/?page_id=442• https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=613342375354294&set=pb.499475663407633.-2207520000.1384155455.&type=3&theater• https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=653049871383544&set=pb.499475663407633.-2207520000.1384155455.&type=3&theater

Hollygrove Growers Market and Farm, pages 54-55• http://hollygrovemarket.com/who-we-are• http://www.archdaily.com/27196/three-student-projects-from-tulane-city-center/

• http://hollygrovemarket.com

Gardiner Urban Agriculture Hub, pages 56-57• http://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/city/UAH.html

Programming Interviews, pages 58-59• elizabeth mossop: http://www.asla.org/2010awards/rules_entries/index.html• rachel heiligman: http://www.linkedin.com/in/rachelheiligman• jeanette gustat: http://tulane.edu/publichealth/epi/faculty_gustat.cfm• robert bracken: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Stwga1GLsII

Site Analysis + Selection, pages 61-67Under the L on Franklin image, page 61• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/20090503_under_Chicago_L_on_Franklin_Street.jpgMap Overlay, page 62• http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-28/news/ct-met-rahm-emanuel-food-deserts-20130828_1_food-desert-desert-area-healthy-

food/3• http://www.marigallagher.com/site_media/dynamic/project_files/Final_2011_ChgFD_drilldown.pdf • cta: http://www.dreamtown.com/

maps/chicago-CTA-map.html

Lawndale Master Plan, page 63• http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2011/05/chicago-lowline-proposal.html• http://www.lakeviewchamber.com/ssa-27/low-line-market-.aspx• http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2011/05/chicago-lowline-proposal.html• https://www.facebook.com/LowLineMarket/photos_stream

Ashland and Lake, page 64-65• bing maps• google maps• http://www.chicago-l.org/stations/ashland.html

Incentives for the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA), page 66-67• http://www.dreamtown.com/images/maps/cta-train-map.png• http://www.railpictures.net/images/d1/6/7/9/2679.1257097466.jpg• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/CTA_bus_line_56.jpg

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Final Thesis Document

Documents

i c t r

s t r u c t u r e

r c h i t e c t u r

chic r o j e c t t i

e p r o j e c t s u

n s i t s y s t e

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architecture thesis