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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE STUDY
1.1 ABOUT THE STUDY
Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher, writing at around 600 B.C.E.,
described a form of static electricit,noting that rubbing furon !arious substances, such
as amber, would cause a particular attraction between the two. "e noted that the amber
buttons could attract light ob#ects such as hairand that if the rubbed the amber for long
enough the could e!en get a sparkto #ump.
$t around %&0 B.C.E. 'emocritus, a later Greek philosopher, de!eloped anatomic
theorthat was remarkabl similar to our modern atomic theor. "is mentor, (eucippus,
is credited with this same theor. The hpothesis of (eucippus and 'emocritus held
e!erthing to be composed ofatoms. But these atoms, called )atomos), were indi!isible,
and indestructible. "e prescientl stated that between atoms lies empt space, and that
atoms are constantl in motion. "e was incorrect onl in stating that atoms come in
different si*es and shapes. Each ob#ect had its own shaped and si*ed atom.
$n ob#ect found in +rain -/, dated to about 1&0 B.C.E. and called theBaghdad
Batter, resembles a gal!anic celland is belie!ed b some to ha!e been used
for electroplatingin Mesopotamia, although this has not et been pro!en.
17th century devel!"ent#$
Electricit would remain little more than an intellectual curiosit for millennia. +n -600,
the English scientist, Gilbert e2tended the stud of Cardano on electricit and magnetism,
distinguishing thelodestoneeffect from static electricit produced b rubbing amber. "e
coined the3ew (atinword electricus4)of amber) or )like amber),
from 5elektron, the Greek word for )amber)7 to refer to the propert of
attracting small ob#ects after being rubbed. This association ga!e rise to the English
words )electric) and )electricit), which made their first appearance in print inThomas
Browne8sPseudodoxiaEpidemicaof -6%6.
9urther work was conducted b :tto !on Guerickewho showed electrostatic
repulsion. ;obert Bolealso published work.
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guerickehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guerickehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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1%th century devel!"ent#$
B -fluid) theor of electricit.
Ben#amin 9ranklin
+n the -th centur, Ben#amin 9ranklinconducted e2tensi!e research in electricit, selling
his possessions to fund his work. +n ?une -threatened sk. $
succession of sparks #umping from the ke to the back of his hand showed
that lightningwas indeed electrical in nature. "e also e2plained the apparentl
parado2ical beha!ior of the (eden #aras a de!ice for storing large amounts of electrical
charge, b coming up with the single fluid, two states theor of electricit.
+n -
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1&th century devel!"ent#$
Michael 9arada portraed b Thomas Ahillipsc. -%--%1
+n the -th centur, the sub#ect of electrical engineering, with the tools of modern
research techniues, started to intensif. 3otable de!elopments earl in this centurinclude the work ofGeorg :hm, who in -1< uantified the relationship between
the electric currentandpotential differencein a conductor, Michael 9arada, the
disco!erer ofelectromagnetic inductionin -/-. +n the -/0s, Georg :hm also
constructed an earl electrostatic machine. Thehomopolar generatorwas de!eloped first
b Michael 9aradaduring his memorable e2periments in -/-. +t was the beginning of
modern dnamos that is, electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field.
The in!ention of the industrial generator, which didn8t need e2ternal magnetic power in
-66 b Derner !on =iemensmade a large series of other in!entions in the wake
possible.
+n -
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nited Fingdom. Theni!ersit of Missourisubseuentl established the first
department of electrical engineering in the nited =tates in -6.
'uring this period work in the area increased dramaticall. +n -1 Edisonswitched onthe world8s first large>scale electrical suppl network that pro!ided --0 !olts direct
currentto fift>nine customers in lower Manhattan. +n the late -0s saw the spread of a
competing form of power distribution known asalternating currentbacked b George
Destinghouse. The ri!alr between the Destinghouse and Edison sstems was known as
the )Dar of Currents). $C e!entuall replaced 'C for generation and power distribution,
enormousl e2tending the range and impro!ing the safet and efficienc of power
distribution.
George Destinghouse, $merican entrepreneur and engineer, financiall backed the
de!elopment of a practical $C power network.
)B the mid>-0s the four )Ma2well euations) were recogni*ed as the foundation of
one of the strongest and most successful theories in all of phsics the had taken their
place as companions, e!en ri!als, to 3ewton8s laws of mechanics. The euations were b
then also being put to practical use, most dramaticall in the emerging new technolog of
radio communications, but also in the telegraph, telephone, and electric power
industries.) B the end of the -th centur, figures in the progress of electrical
engineering were beginning to emerge.
Charles Aroteus =teinmet*helped foster the de!elopment of alternating current that made
possible the e2pansion of the electric power industr in the nited =tates, formulating
mathematical theories for engineers.
%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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E"er'ence ( r)d* )nd electrn*c#
Charles Aroteus =teinmet*circa --&
'uring the de!elopment of radio, man scientists andin!entorscontributed to radiotechnologand electronics. +n his classic "9e2periments of -,"einrich
"ert*demonstrated the e2istence of electromagnetic wa!es 4radio wa!es7 leading man
in!entors and scientists to tr to adapt them to commercial applications, such
as Guglielmo Marconi4-&7 and$le2ander Aopo!4-67.
10th centur de!elopments?ohn 9lemingin!ented the first radio tube, the diode, in -0%.
;eginald 9essendenrecogni*ed that a continuous wa!e needed to be generated to make
speech transmission possible, and b the end of -06 he sent the first radio broadcast of
!oice. $lso in -06, ;obert !on (iebenand(ee 'e 9orestindependentl de!eloped the
amplifier tube, called the triode.Edwin "oward $rmstrongenabling technolog
for electronic tele!ision, in -/-.
Secnd +rld +)r ye)r#
The second world war saw tremendous ad!ances in the field of electronics especiall
inradarand with the in!ention of themagnetronb ;andallandBootat the ni!ersit of
Birminghamin -%0.;adio location,radio communicationandradio guidanceof aircraft
were all de!eloped at this time. $n earl electronic computing de!ice, Colossuswas built
b Tomm 9lowersof the GA:to decipher the coded messages of the German (oren*
cipher machine. $lso de!eloped at this time were ad!anced clandestine radio transmitters
and recei!ers for use b secret agents.
$n $merican in!ention at the time was a de!ice to scramble the telephone calls
between Dinston Churchilland9ranklin '. ;oose!elt. This was called the Green
"ornetsstem and worked b inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then
e2tracted at the recei!ing end. This sstem was ne!er broken b the Germans.
&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessendenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Liebenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Randallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessendenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Liebenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Randallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Boothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_location&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_guidance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSALY7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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$ great amount of work was undertaken in the nited =tates as part of the Dar Training
Arogram in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, freuenc
modulation, !acuum tube circuits,transmission line theorand fundamentals
of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortl after the war in
what became known as the 8;adio Communication =eries8published b McGraw>"ill in
-%6.
+n -%- FonradHusepresented the H/, the world8s first full functional and
programmable computer.
P#t ,)r devel!"ent#
Arior to the =econd Dorld Dar the sub#ect was commonl known as 8radio engineering8
and basicall was restricted to aspects of communications and radar, commercial radio
and earl tele!ision. $t this time, stud of radio engineering at uni!ersities could onl be
undertaken as part of a phsics degree.
(ater, in post war ears, as consumer de!ices began to be de!eloped, the field broadened
to include modern T@, audio sstems, "i>9i and latterl computers and microprocessors.
+n -%6 the E3+$C 4Electronic 3umerical +ntegrator and Computer7 of ?ohn Aresper
Eckertand ?ohn Mauchlfollowed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic
performance of these machines allowed engineers to de!elop completel new
technologies and achie!e new ob#ecti!es, including the $pollo missionsand the3$=$
moon landing.
The in!ention of thetransistorin -%< b Dilliam B. =hockle, ?ohn Bardeenand Dalter
Brattainopened the door for more compact de!ices and led to the de!elopment of
the integrated circuitin -& b?ack Filband independentl in -& b;obert 3oce.
+n the mid to late -&0s, the term radio engineering graduall ga!e wa to the name
electronics engineering, which then became a standalone uni!ersit degree sub#ect,
usuall taught alongside electrical engineering with which it had become associated due
to some similarities. +n -6 Mercian "offin!ented the first microprocessorat +ntel and
thus ignited the de!elopment of thepersonal computer.
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Shockleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noycehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian_Hoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_line_theory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Communication_Series&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Presper_Eckerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Shockleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noycehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian_Hoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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1.- ABOUT THE INDUSTRY PROI/E
Aut")t*nor automatic controlis the use of !ariouscontrol sstemsfor
operating euipment such as machiner, processes in factories, boilers and heat treatingo!ens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabili*ation of ships, aircraft and
other applications with minimal or reduced human inter!ention. =ome processes ha!e
been completel automated.
The biggest benefit of automation is that it sa!es labor, howe!er, it is also used to sa!e
energ and materials and to impro!e ualit, accurac and precision.
The term automation, inspired b the earlier word automatic4coming fromautomaton7,
was not widel used before -%
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+nformation technolog, together with industrialmachinerandprocesses, can assist in
the design, implementation, and monitoring of control sstems. :ne e2ample of an
industrial is aprogrammable logic controller4A(C7. A(Cs are speciali*ed hardened
computers which are freuentl used to snchroni*e the flow of inputs from
4phsical7 sensorsand e!ents with the flow of outputs to actuators and e!ents.
$n automated online assistanton a website, with an a!atarfor enhanced human.
"uman>machine interfaces4"M+7 or computer human interfaces4C"+7, formerl known
as man-machine inter$aces, are usuall emploed to communicate with A(Cs and other
computers. =er!ice personnel who monitor and control through "M+s can be called b
different names. +n industrial process and manufacturing en!ironments, the are called
operators or something similar. +n boiler houses and central utilities departments the are
called stationar engineers.
'ifferent tpes of automation tools e2istI
$33 > $rtificial neural network
'C= >'istributed Control =stem
"M+ >"uman Machine +nterface
=C$'$ > =uper!isor Control and 'ata $cuisition
A(C > Arogrammable (ogic Controller
+nstrumentation
Motion control
;obotics
Dhen it comes to 9actor $utomation, "ost =imulation =oftware 4"==7 is a commonl
used testing tool that is used to test the euipment software. "== is used to testeuipment performance with respect to 9actor $utomation standards 4timeouts, response
time, processing time7.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_Control_and_Data_Acquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Control_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Machine_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_Control_and_Data_Acquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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A!!l*c)t*n#$
The automatic telephone switchboard was introduced in -1 along with dial
telephones. B -1, /-.J of the Bell sstem was automatic. $utomatic telephone
switching originall used !acuum tube amplifiers and electro>mechanical switches, which
consumed a large amount of electricit. Call !olume e!entuall grew so fast that it was
feared the telephone sstem would consume all electricit production, prompting Bell
(absto begin research on the transistor.
The logic performed b telephone switching relas was the inspiration for the digital
computer.
The first commerciall successful glass bottle blowing machine was an automatic model
introduced in -0&. The machine, operated b a two>man crew working -1>hour shifts,
could produce -
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=elf>acting machine tools that displaced hand de2terit so the could be operated b bos
and unskilled laborers were de!eloped b ?ames 3asmth in the -%0s. Machine
toolswere automated with3umerical control43C7 using punched paper tape in the
-&0s. This soon e!ol!ed into computeri*ed numerical control 4C3C7.
Toda e2tensi!e automation is practiced in practicall e!er tpe of manufacturing and
assembl process. =ome of the larger processes include electrical power generation, oil
refining, chemicals, steel mills, plastics, cement plants, fertili*er plants, pulp and paper
mills, automobile and truck assembl, aircraft production, glass manufacturing, natural
gas separation plants, food and be!erage processing, canning and bottling and
manufacture of !arious kinds of parts. ;obots are especiall useful in ha*ardous
applications like automobile spra painting. ;obots are also used to assemble electronic
circuit boards. $utomoti!e welding is done with robots and automatic welders are used in
applications like pipelines.
Adv)nt)'e# )nd D*#)dv)nt)'e#$
The main ad!antages of automation areI
+ncreased throughput or producti!it.
+mpro!ed ualit or increased predictabilit of ualit.
+mpro!ed robustness 4consistenc7, of processes or product.
+ncreased consistenc of output.
;educed direct human labor costs and e2penses.
The following methods are often emploed to impro!e producti!it, ualit, or
robustness.
+nstall automation in operations to reduce ccle time.
+nstall automation where a high degree of accurac is reuired.
-0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nasmythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nasmythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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;eplacing human operators in tasks that in!ol!e hard phsical or monotonous
work.
;eplacing humans in tasks done in dangerous en!ironments 4i.e. fire, space,
!olcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.7
Aerforming tasks that are beond human capabilities of si*e, weight, speed,
endurance, etc.
Economic impro!ementI $utomation ma impro!e in econom of enterprises,
societ or most of humanit. 9or e2ample, when an enterprise in!ests in automation,
technolog reco!ers its in!estment or when a state or countr increases its income
due to automation like Germanor?apanin the 10th Centur.
;educes operation time and work handling time significantl.
9rees up workers to take on other roles.
Aro!ides higher le!el #obs in the de!elopment, deploment, maintenance and
running of the automated processes.
The main disad!antages of automation areI
=ecurit ThreatsL@ulnerabilitI $n automated sstem ma ha!e a limited le!el of
intelligence, and is therefore more susceptible to committing errors outside of its
immediate scope of knowledge 4e.g., it is tpicall unable to appl the rules of simple
logic to general propositions7.
npredictableLe2cessi!e de!elopment costsI The research and de!elopmentcost
of automating a process ma e2ceed the cost sa!ed b the automation itself.
"igh initial costI The automation of a newproductorplanttpicall reuires a
!er large initial in!estment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although
the cost of automation ma be spread among man products and o!er time.
+n manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues broader than
producti!it, cost, and time.
--
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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/*"*t)t*n# t )ut")t*n$
Current technolog is unable to automate all the desired tasks.
Man operations using automation ha!e large amounts of in!ested capital and
produce high !olumes of product, making malfunctions e2tremel costl and
potentiall ha*ardous. Therefore, some personnel are needed to insure that the entiresstem functions properl and that safet and product ualit are maintained.
$s a process becomes increasingl automated, there is less and less labor to be
sa!ed or ualit impro!ement to be gained. This is an e2ample of both diminishing
returnsand thelogistic function.
$s more and more processes become automated, there are fewer remaining non>
automated processes. This is an e2ample of e2haustion of opportunities. 3ew
technological paradigms ma howe!er set new limits that surpass the pre!ious limits.
Current l*"*t)t*n#I
Man roles for humans in industrial processes presentl lie beond the scope of
automation. "uman>le!elpattern recognition,language comprehension, and language
production abilit are well beond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer
sstems. Tasks reuiring sub#ecti!e assessment or snthesis of comple2 sensor data,
such as scents and sounds, as well as high>le!el tasks such as strategic planning, currentl
reuire human e2pertise. +n man cases, the use of humans is more cost>effecti!e than
mechanical approaches e!en where automation of industrial tasks is possible.
:!ercoming these obstacles is a theori*ed path topost>scarciteconomics.
-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_comprehensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-scarcity7/26/2019 Final Tharani PROJECT
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1.0 ABOUT THE COPANY PROI/E
De are $ Control $utomation =olution Aro!iderN, named as EC+ =O=TEM=
speciali*ed in pro!iding total engineering solution for !ertical industries. :ur primar #obin!ol!es automating the e2isting con!entional machines into full automatic machines
enhancing the production of the euipment as well as automation for the new machines
manufactured b :EMPs. De are also an authori*ed sstem integrators of A$;FE;>=='
';+@E= 4=$7, GE>9$3C 4=$7, E;:T"E;M 4F7 and also indulged in =stem
design, application engineering, application software engineering, documentation, and
start>up and after sales ser!ice of $C Q 'C ';+@E=, $C =E;@: M:T:;= Q
';+@E=, A(C, Aower and Temperature Controllers, Arocess Controllers. :ur reputation
is built on technical e2pertise, professional approach, commercial integrit and facilities.
$t EC+ =O=TEM=, helping manufacturers succeed and grow with industrial automation
control and information solutions designed.
9rom stand>alone, industrial components to enterprise>wide integrated sstems, our
solutions ha!e pro!en themsel!es across a wide range of industries and in some of the
most demanding manufacturing en!ironment.
De offer end to end integrated solution including hardware, software and engineering b
our well>defined work culture eui!alent to an corporate le!el organi*ation, i.e The
=stematic $pproachN.
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CHAPTER II
DE2E/OPENT O AIN THEE
-.1 RE2IE+ O /ITERATURE
This chapter makes a brief re!iew of the literature rele!ant to the stud. There are
onl limited studies, which are directl rele!ant to the stud
concerned the researcher has made an attempt to present a brief re!iew of literature
a!ailable which consists of articles.
St)ntn1 Marketing is total sstem of interacting business acti!ities designed to plan,
price, promote and distribute want satisfing products and ser!ices to present and
potential consumersN
Ph*l*! 3tler 41&&-5 -Consumer markets and consumer buing beha!ior ha!e to be
understood before sound marketing plans can be de!eloped. +n anal*ing consumer
market one needs to know the occupants, the ob#ects and buers ob#ecti!es, organi*ation,
operating and outlets. The buer beha!ior is influenced b four ma#or factors cultural,
social, personal, and pschological. $ll these pro!ide lines to how reach and ser!e buers
effecti!elN
*ch)el B)r6er 41&&75 0+f economics are comprised of people and we are comprised
of people and we are endea!oring to allocate scare resources in order to ma2imi*e
satisfaction, then it is satisfaction of people at which we are aimingN
-%
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STATEENT O THE PROB/E
This research is pertaining to find out the present consumer satisfaction of the
stud well with special reference to EC+ Aroducts, in Erode 'istrict.
The stud on consumer satisfaction helps to know who are the customers, what
the want, how the use and react to the product. The wants of the consumers are
carefull studied b conducting sur!e on consumer satisfaction. This stud will help to
gain knowledge about the market share for each brand, factors influencing the consumer
to prefer a particular brand and problems faced b them on using such brands and so on.
-&
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-.-OBECTI2ES O THE STUDY
-. To find out factors influencing for selection of EC+ Aroducts
1. To know whether customers are satisfied with the ualit of product.
/. To know about consumer awareness about products a!ailable.
%. To make an attempt to computeri*e the portion of the customer purchase.
&. To find out the result of the stud and make an attempt to suitable suggestions to
EC+ Aroducts, Erode regarding customer satisfaction.
-6
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-.0 SCOPE O THE STUDY
Customer preference is dnamic, therefore it is necessar to stud anal*e and
understand it continuousl and monitor this understanding to the making so that the
effecti!e decision can be taken in respect of product price, ualit and etc.
The stud on customer preference helps to know who the consumer areR Dhat
the wantR "ow the use and react the product. The wants of a customer are carefull
studies b conducting sur!e on customer preferences.
The stud will be useful for the compan to make necessar changes in price,
ualit and promotional acti!ities.
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-.8 /IITATIONS O THE STUDY
The stud was confined onl to Coimbatore 'ist.
Marketing area is big sample si*e is small.
There is no comparati!e stud is make with other industries.
The period of stud is limited.
-
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CHAPTER 9 III
RESEARCH ETHODO/O:Y
0.1 RESEARCH ETHODO/O:Y
;esearch in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. The ad!anced
learnerPs dictionar of current English las down the meaning of research as a SPcarefull
in!estigation of enuir especiall through search for new facts in branch of knowledgePP.
The sstematic approach concerning generali*ation and the formulation of the theor is
also research. The purpose of research is to disco!er answer to uestions through the
application of scientific procedures.
0.- RESEARCH DESIN:N$
$ research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and
analsis of data in a manner that aims to combine rele!ance to the research purpose with
econom in procedurePP. +n this stud descripti!e tpe of the research design has been
used.
DESCRIPTI2E RESEARCH DESI:N$
'escripti!e tpe of research design has been used in this stud, which are concerned
with describing the character of a group.
0.0 DATA CO//ECTION$
PRIARY DATA
The primar data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time
happen to be original in character. +t has been collected through a uestionnaire and
personal inter!iew.
SECONDARY DATA
=econdar data are that which has been collected b someone else and which has
been passed through the stratified process. +t has collected through the books and internet.
0.8 RESEARCH INSTRUENT$
uestionnaire containing both closed and open ended uestions.
POPU/ATION$
-
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+n population it co!ers in all +ndia mart customers, in Tirupur.
SAP/E SI;E$
3umber of the sampling units selected from the population is called the si*e of the
sample. =ample of -00 respondents were obtained from the population.
SAP/IN: PROCEDURE$
The procedure adopted in the present stud is probabilit sampling, which is also
known as chance sampling. nder this sampling design, e!er item of the frame has an
eual chance of inclusion in the sample.
CONTACT ETHOD$
;espondents are contacted personall.
INTRE2IE+ SCHEDU/E$
The inter!iew schedule has been used to collect the data information can be
gathered
E!en when the respondents happen to be illiterate.
TABU/ATION$
+t is the arrangement of classified data in an orderl manner. This in!ol!es
creating table for recording the filled in inter!iew schedule. These tables are of immense
help to analsis b using the statistics tools help to analsis b using the statistical tools.
SCA/IN: TECHNIpoints scales.
PERIOD STUDY$
The stud was conducted for the period of one month.
0.= TOO/S USED OR ANA/YSIS$
The following tools were used with the help of statistical software =imple percentage
analsis
SIP/E PERCENTA:E ANA/YSIS$
+t is simple analsis tool. +n this method, based on the opinion of the respondents,
Aercentage is calculated for the respecti!e scales of each other.
3o of respondents
=imple percentage analsis U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>V -00
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=ample si*e
CHI9Se71Chi>suare test U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>E
Dhere, : U obser!ed freuenc
E U E2pected freuenc.
3 U 3umber of respondents.
1-
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CHAPTER I2
DATA ANA/YSIS AND INTERPRETATION
8.1 :ENDER O THE RESPONDENTS
TAB/E NO 8.1.1
:ENDER O THE RESPONDETS
S.NO :ENDER NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Male
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:ENTER O THE RESPONDETS
TAB/E NO 8.-.1
1/
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A:E :ROUP O THE RESPONDENTS
S.NO A:E NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E
4>5-. 10 to /0 ears 0 60
1. /- to %0 ears %& /0
/. %- to &0 ears 6
%. abo!e &0 ears 6 %
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
+t is followed from the table %.1.- that out of -&0 respondents, 60Jof the
respondents are belonging to 10 to /0 ears ears of the age group, /0 J of the
respondents are belonging to /- to %0 ears age of group, 6Jof the respondents are
belonging to %- to &0 ears age of the group and %J of the respondents are belonging to
abo!e &0 ears of age group.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 460J7 of the respondents are belonging the age group of 10 to /0 ears
ears.
CHART NO 8.-.1
1%
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A:E :ROUP O RESPONDENTS
TAB/E NO 8.0.1
ARITA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS
S.NO ARITA/ STATUS NO.O RESPONDENTSPERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Married 6 %&
1. nmarried 1 &&
Tt)l 1=? 1??
1&
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Inter!ret)t*n$
9rom the abo!e table %./.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &&J of the
respondents are unmarried and %&J of the respondents are married.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&&J7 of the respondents are unmarried.
CHART NO.8.0.1
ARITA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS
16
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TAB/E NO 8.8.1
EDUCATIONA/
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1. G le!el &/ /&/. AG le!el 1< -%. :thers - -/
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
9rom the abo!e table %.&.- clearl indicates that out of -&0 respondents, /&J of
the respondents are up to G le!el, /%J of the respondents are Educational ualified up
to school le!el, -J of the respondents are ualified with AG graduate -/J of
respondents are ualified with others
In(erence$
Ma#orit /&J of the respondents are ualified with G le!el.
CHART NO 8.8.1
EDUCATIONA/
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TAB/E NO 8.=.1
OCCUPATIONA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS
S.NO OCCUPATIONA/ STATUSNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
1
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-. Emploee &- /%
1. Business % /1
/. $griculture /0 10
%. Arofessional 1- -%
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.6.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, /%J of the
respondents are belonging to the categor of emploee, /1J of the respondents to the
categor of business, 10J of the respondents are belonging to the categor of agriculture
and -%J of the respondents are belonging to the categor of professional.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents come under the categor of Emploee.
CHART NO 8.=.1
OCCUPATIONA/ STATUS O THE RESPONDENTS
/0
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TAB/E NO [email protected]
ONTH/Y INCOE O THE RESPONDENTS
S.NO ONTH/Y INCOENO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Below ;s.&000 6- %-
1. ;s.&00- to ;s.-0000 // 11
/. ;s. -000- to ;s.-&000 1% -6
/-
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%. $bo!e ;s. -&000 /1 1-
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %..- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, -6 J of the
respondents come under the income le!el of ;s. -000- to ;s. -&000, 11 J of the
respondents belong to the categor of income le!el of ;s.&00- to ;s.-0000,1-J of the
respondents belong to the categor of income le!el of abo!e ;s.-&000, %- J of the
respondents come under the categor of below ;s.&000.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4%- J7 of the respondents come under the categor of below ;s.&000.
CHART NO [email protected]
ONTH/Y INCOE O THE RESPONDENTS
/1
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TAB/E NO 8.7.1
SOURCES O A+ARENESS O THE RESPONDENTS
//
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S.NO SOURCES O A+ARENESNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. $d!ertisement < &1. =howroom % /1
/. 9riends Q relati!es 6%. :thers 6 %
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %..- shows that out of -&0 respondents, & J of the respondents
are came to know about the EC+ products through ad!ertisement, 6 J of the respondents
are came to know about the EC+ products through friends and relati!es, /1 J of the
respondents are came to know about the EC+ products through showroom and % J of the
respondents are came to know about the EC+ products through others.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&J7 of the respondents are come to know about the EC+ products
super through ad!ertisement.
CHART NO 8.7.1
SOURCES O A+ARENESS O THE RESPONDENTS
/%
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TAB/E NO 8.%.1EDIA O AD2ERTISEENT
S.NO EDIANO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Tele!ision -16 %
/&
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1. 3ewspaper Q maga*ines -& -0
/. ;adio 6 %
%. :thers / 1
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-0.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, %J of the respondents
are tele!ision, -0J of the respondents are newspapers Q maga*ines, %J of the
respondents are radio and 1J of the respondents are others.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4%J7 of the respondents are tele!ision.
CHART NO 8.%.1
EDIA O AD2ERTISEENT
/6
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TAB/E NO 8.&.1
TYPES O PRODUCT
S.NO TYPES O PRODUCTSNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. EC+ '+=A($O= 1< -
1. EC+ A$3E(= - &%
/. EC+ =D+TC" B:$;'= /0 10
%. :thers -1
/
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Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The table %.--.- identified that out of -&0 respondents, &%J of the respondents are
ha!ing EC+ A$3E(=, 10J of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ =D+TC" B:$;'=, -J
of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ '+=A($O= and J of the respondents are ha!ing
others.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are ha!ing EC+ A$3E(= plaer.
CHART NO 8.&.1
TYPES O PRODUCT
/
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TAB/E NUBER 8.1?.1
ODE O PURCHASE
S.NO ODE O PURCHASENO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Cash /& 1/
1. Credit %& /-
/. Aartl paidQpartl credit /& 1/
%. E2change offer /& 1/
Tt)l 1=? 1??
/
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Inter!ret)t*n$
9rom the abo!e table re!eals that out of -&0 respondents, /-J of the respondents
are take Credit purchase,1/ J of the respondents are take Cash pament,1/Jof the
respondents are Cash partl to pa the installments Q 1/J of the respondents sas
e2change offer.
In(erence$
Ma#orit /-J of the respondents takes are Credit pament.
CHART NO 8.1?.1
ODE O PURCHASE
%0
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TAB/E NO 8.11.1
PERIOD O USIN: THE ECI PRODUCTS
%-
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S.NOPERIOD O
CONSUPTION
NO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Below - ear /0 10
1. ->1 ears - &%/. 1>% ears -& -0
%. $bo!e % ears 1% -6
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-/.- shows that out of the -&0 respondents ,&%J of the
respondents are using ->1 ears, 10J of the respondents are using below - ear, -0J of
the respondents are using 1>% ears and -6J of the respondents are using abo!e % ears.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are using ->1 ears.
CHART NO 8.11.1
PERIOD O USIN: THE ECI PRODUCTS
%1
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TAB/E NO 8.1-.1
ECI PRODUCTS COPARED +ITH OTHER PRODUCTS
%/
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S.NOCOPARED +ITH OTHER
PRODUCTS
NO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Arice /0 10
1. ualit - &%
/. (oalt // 11
%. =er!ice 6 %
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-%.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &%J of the
respondents are prefers to ualit of EC+ products, 11 of the respondents are prefers to
Brand name, 10J of the respondents are prefers to price of EC+ products and %J of the
respondents are prefers to ser!ice of the EC+ products.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&%J7 of the respondents are prefers to ualit of the EC+ products.
CHART NO 8.1-.1
ECI PRODUCTS COPARED +ITH OTHER PRODUCTS
%%
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TAB/E NO 8.10.1
SATISACTION O THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT ECI PRODUCTS
S.NO /E2E/ O SATISACTIONNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
%&
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-. "ighl satisfied %& /0
1. =atisfied 6 6%
/. 3eutral 6 %
%. 'issatisfied / 1
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-&.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, 6%J of the
respondents are satisfied, /0J of the respondents are highl satisfied, %J of the
respondents are neutral and 1J of the respondents are dissatisfied.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 46%J7 of the respondents are satisfied.
CHART NO 8.10.1
SATISACTION O THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT ECI PRODUCTS
%6
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TAB/E NO 8.18.1
RECOENDATION O THE RESPONDETS
S.NORECCOENDATION O
THE RESPONDETS
NO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Oes % &6
1. 3o 66 %%
Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
%
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The abo!e table %.-%.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, &6J of the
respondents are recommending to others, and %% J of the respondents are not
recommending to others for the purchase of the EC+ products.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&6J7 of the respondents are recommending to others for purchasing the
EC+ products.
CHART NO 8.18.1
RECOENDATION O THE RESPONDETS
%
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TAB/E NO 8.1=.1
:UARANTEE PERIOD
S.NO :UARANTEE PERIODNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. - ear /6 1%
1. 9or 1 ears &- /%
/. 9or / ears / 16
%. $bo!e / ears 1% -6
%
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Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-&.- clearl shows that out of -&0 respondents, /%J of the
respondents are ha!ing guarantee period is for 1 ears, 16J of the respondents are ha!ing
guarantee period is for / ears, 1%J of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for -
ear and -6J of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for abo!e / ears.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents are ha!ing guarantee period for 1 ears.
CHART NO 8.1=.1
:UARANTEE PERIOD
&0
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TAB/E NO [email protected]
ECHAN:E OER IN ECI PRODUCTS
S.NO ECHA:E OER NO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. Arice offer / 16
1. 9ree gift 6 %6
/. 'iscount /6 1%
%. :thers 6 %
&-
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Tt)l 1=? 1??
Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-6.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, %6J of the respondents
are got price gift, 16J of the respondents are got price offer, 1%J of the respondents are
got discount offer and %J of the respondents are got others.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4%6J7 of the respondents are got free gift offer.
CHART NO [email protected]
ECHAN:E OER IN ECI PRODUCT
&1
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TAB/E NO 8.17.1
OPINION RE:ARDIN: THE O2ER A// PERORANCE
S.NO OPINION NO.O RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5
-. E2cellent &% /6
1. Good < &
/. $!erage 6 %
%. Aoor / 1
Tt)l 1=? 1??
&/
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Inter!ret)t*n$
The abo!e table %.-
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TAB/E NO 8.1%.1
PROB/E ACED BY THE RESPONDENTS
S.NO PROB/E ACEDNO.O
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTA:E
4>5-. Oes
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The abo!e table %.-.- shows that out of -&0 respondents, &-J of the respondents
are falling an problem while using EC+ products and %J of the respondents are not
falling an problem while using EC+ products.
In(erence$
Ma#orit 4&-J7 of the respondents are falling problems while using EC+ products.
CHART NO 8.1%.1
PROB/E ACED BY THE RESPONDENTS
&6
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CHI9S
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A:E :ROUP
2S
ONTH/Y INCOE
ONTH/Y INCOE
;s &000 &00-> -000-> $bo!e -0000 -&000 -&000
10 to /0 rs
/- to %0 rs
%- to &0 rs
&0 and $bo!e
Total
10 -1 -0 < %
-6 -& -& % &0
-0 -/ & & //
1 / & -
&% %1 // 1- -&0
O* E* O*9E* 4O*9E*5 4O*9E*5E*
10 -1.00 %.0 0.11
-0 --. >-. /.& 0.1
6.% 1.% 6.- 0.%
-1 -/.-.
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-/ .1% /./.0% .1 -.1
-0 -0.0.
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Critical !alue for chi>suare distribution U -6. so calculated !alue is less than
the table !alue 4 --.6 W -6.7
In(erence$
$s the table !alue at -6. J le!el is greater than the calculated !alue, accepted
null hpothesis, so there is no relationship between age group and monthl income.
CHI9S
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ODE O PURCHASEC$=" C;E'+T A$;TO EXC"$3GE
A$+' :99E;
Emploee
Business
$griculture
Arofessional
Total
-& -& % - /&
- -0 -0 %6.6 %/.& 1.61
-& -1.0 /.0 .0 0.1./ &.1 0./-0 .% -.6 1.&6 0./0
1 6.- >%.- -6. 1./.% --.& 1.6-
&. /.- .6- -.61
1 %./ >1./ &.1 -.1/
< %./ 1.<
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Critical !alue for chi>suare distribution U -6. so calculated !alue is greater
than the table !alue 41
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Ma#orit 4&&J7 of the respondents are unmarried.
#orit 4/%J7 of the respondents are belonging to the categor of income le!el
of ;s.-000- to ;s.-&000.
Ma#orit 4
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users. The durabilit is the factor which is e2pected b ma#orit of the respondents. so
the compan ma impro!e the durabilit of EC+ products to some possible e2tent.
'ealers ha!e to concentrate to after sales ser!ice selection. $ttracti!e and
effecti!e ad!ertisement through !arious media ma be repeatedl gi!en in order to
capture the attention of potential customers.
Z
=.0 CONC/USION
This pro#ect is a fact finding e2cise to the research. $fter anal*ing the !arious
problems and findings, the researcher offered suitable suggestions for better consumer
satisfaction. E!en ualit goods are offered at a fair price it will succeed, onl when
adeuate awareness is created among the public about it. This stud concluded that
6&
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the performance of the EC+ products is good. To increase the sales of the compan. +t
has to concentrate on the suggestions gi!en in this report.
BIB/IO:RAPHY
B6#$
Fotler, A., $rmstrong G., Brown (., Chandler =. $. 4-7, Marketing, 4%th
edition7, Arentice "all, =dne
66
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Gilbert $. Churchill, #r, marketing research methodological foundations, =$ The
'rden press, fifth edition, --.
'. $sker, @. Fumar, and G. 'a marketing ;esearch, =ingapore, #ohn willed Q
=ons 4$=+$7 limited, =e!enth Edition, 100/
+e#*te#$
,,,.ec*#y#te"#.c"
,,,.,*6*!ed*).c"
,,,.#l*de#h)re.c"
http://www.ecisystems.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.slideshare.com/http://www.ecisystems.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.slideshare.com/