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Match the items.a. neutrophilsb. NK cellsc. B-lymphocytesd.
T8-lymphocytese. T4-lymphocytesf. monocytesg. eosinophilsh.
basophils 1. Important phagocytes; 54%-75% of the leukocytes;
granules stain poorly; produce enzymes for the synthesis of
bradykinins and prostaglandins that promote inflammation.2. Capable
of phagocytosis but primarily kill microorganisms and parasitic
worms extracellularly; 1%-4% of the leukocytes; large granules
stain red; secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to promote
inflammation.3. Not important in phagocytosis; large granules stain
a purplish blue; 0%-1% of the leukocytes; release histamine,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to promote inflammation.4.
Important in phagocytosis and aid in the adaptive immune responses;
produce cytokines; 4%-8% of the leukocytes; differentiate into
macrophages and dendritic cells when they leave the blood and enter
the tissue.5. Mediate humoral immunity (antibody production); have
B-cell receptors (BCR) on their surface for antigen recognition;
differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells.6. Regulate the
adaptive immune responses through cytokine production; have CD4
molecules and TCRs on their surface for antigen recognition.7.
Carry out cell-mediated immunity; have CD8 molecules and TCRs on
their surface for antigen recognition; differentiate into cytotoxic
T-lymphocytes (CTLs).8. Lymphocytes that lack B-cell receptors and
T-cell receptors; kill cells to which the antibody IgG has attached
as well as human cells lacking MHC-I molecules on their
surface.
U5L2
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Activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with
mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the plasma and tissue fluids. This
best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical
complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative
complement pathway.C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin best
describe what complement pathway? a. The classical complement
pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative complement
pathway.
The complement proteins C5a, C3a, and C4a function in what? a.
Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes
(opsonization). c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing
membrane-bound cells.Activated by IgG or IgM reacting with epitopes
of an antigen; C1 assembles on the Fc portion of the antibody. This
best describes which complement pathway? a. The classical
complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The alternative
complement pathway.The complement proteins C5b6789s or MAC function
in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to
phagocytes (opsonization). c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing
membrane-bound cells.The complement protein C5a binds to mast
cells, functioning in what? a. Promoting inflammation. b. Sticking
microbes to phagocytes (opsonization).
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c. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.The
complement proteins C3b and C4b function in what? a. Promoting
inflammation. b. Sticking microbes to phagocytes (opsonization). c.
Chemotaxis of phagocytes. d. Lysing membrane-bound cells.C1q, C1r,
and C1s assembling to form C1 best describes what complement
pathway? a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin
pathway. c. The alternative complement pathway.MASP1 and MASP2
assembling on MBL best describes which complement pathway? a. The
classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The
alternative complement pathway.Activated by C3b or C3i binding to
microbial surfaces . This best describes which complement pathway?
a. The classical complement pathway. b. The lectin pathway. c. The
alternative complement pathway.Normal body microbiota keeping
potentially harmful opportunistic pathogens in check, as well as
inhibiting the colonization of pathogens, is called what? a.
anatomical barriers b. bacterial antagonism c. mechanical
removalWhich of the following is not an example of an
antigen-nonspecific antimicrobial molecule produced by the body? a.
human defensins b. lysozyme
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c. hydrochloric acid d. antibodiesMucus and cilia, coughing and
sneezing, vomiting and diarrhea, and the movement of bodily fluids
are all examples of what? a. anatomical barriers b. bacterial
antagonism c. mechanical removalThe skin, the mucous membranes, and
bony encasements are an example ofwhat? a. mechanical removal b.
bacterial antagonism c. anatomical barriersRight! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1 DNA, double-stranded RNA, and
single-stranded RNA are common PAMPs associated with what? a.
bacteria b. viruses c. yeasts d. protozoaLPS, porins, teichoic
acids, peptidoglycan, mycolic acid, and flagellin are common PAMPs
associated with what? a. bacteria b. viruses c. yeast d.
protozoaUnique molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected,
or transformed human cells that can also be recognized as a part of
innate immunity are known as what? a. PRRs b. endocytic PRRs c.
DAMPs
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d. PAMPs e. antigensMolecules shared by groups of related
microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms and
are not found associated with mammalian cells are known as what? a.
PRRs b. endocytic PRRs c. DAMPs d. PAMPs e. antigensHeat-shock
proteins and altered membrane phospholipids are examples of what?
a. PRRs b. bacterial PAMPs c. viral PAMPs d. DAMPs
U5L3Match the items.a. Killer-activating receptorsb. Apoptosis,
a programmed cell suicidec. Killer-inhibitory receptors 1.
Recognize stress induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the
surface of tumor cells or infected cells.2. Mechanism by which NK
cells kill tumor cells and infected cells.3. Recognize MHC-I
molecules usually present on all nucleated cells of the body.How do
NK cells kill infected cells and tumor cells? a. By apoptosis. b.
By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes. c. With reactive oxygen
species (ROS).
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d. With defensins and proteases.Which is not a function of NK
cells? a. Bind to IgG on infected cells and tumor cells and kill
them with lysosomes. b. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor
cells that suppress MHC-I production andcannot be removed by CTLs.
c. Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells by
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or ADCC.Killer-inhibitory
receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what? a. MICA molecules
on stressed cells. b. MICB molecules on stressed cells. c. MHC-I
molecules with self peptides on stressed cells. d. The antibody
molecule IgG.The function of molecules such as MICA and MICB
produced by stressed cells, cancer cells, and infected cells is to
do what? a. Bind to killer-inhibitory receptors on NK cells turn
off their kill signal. b. Bind to killer-activating receptors on NK
cells to turn on their kill signal. c. Trigger NK cells to dump
their lysosomes for extracellular killing. d. Bind to the antibody
IgG for enhanced attachment.
Molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or
transformed human cells that can also be recognized as a part of
innate immunity. Examples include altered membrane phospholipids
and heat shock proteins. a. DRRs b. PRRs c. DAMPs d. PAMPsA
multiprotein complex that forms in macrophages as a result of PAMPs
and DAMPs binding to their respective PRRs and DRRs that leads to
an inflammatory response and the production of inflammatory
cytokines is called what? a. an endocytic PRR b. an inflammasome c.
a danger-recognition receptor
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d. a danger-associated molecular pattern e. pyroptosisSignaling
PRRs found in the membranes of the endosomes (phagolysosomes) tend
to stimulate the synthesis of what? a. PAMPs b. antibodies c.
type-1 interferons d. inflammatory cytokinesFound on the surface of
phagocytes, these receptors promote the attachment of
microorganisms to phagocytes. a. TLRs b. endocytic PRRs c.
signaling PRRs d. DAMPs e. PAMPsSignaling PRRs found on cell
surfaces tend to stimulate the synthesis of what? a. PAMPs b.
antibodies c. type-1 interferons d. inflammatory cytokinesThese
receptors promotes the synthesis and secretion of intracellular
regulatory molecules such as cytokines. a. opsonin receptors b.
endocytic PRRs c. signaling PRRs d. scavenger receptors e.
PAMPsType I interferons block viral replication in infected host
cells primarily by triggering the production of antiviral proteins
that degrade both viral mRNA and host cell mRNA. True False
-
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the
correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered
items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered
item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down
that best matches the numbered item with the lettered
alternatives.a. cytokinesb. chemokinesc. interferons 1. Cytokines
that promote inflammation by enabling white blood cells to adhere
to the inner surface of blood vessels, migrate out of the blood
vessels into the tissue, and be chemotactically attracted to the
injured or infected site.2. Cytokines that prevent viral
replication within infected cells and activate a varietyof cells
important in immune defenses.3. A wide variety of intercellular
regulatory proteins produced by many different cells in the body
that ultimately control every aspect of body defense. Cytokines
activate and deactivate phagocytes and immune defense cells,
increase or decreasethe functions of the different immune defense
cells, and promote or inhibit a varietyof nonspecific body
defenses.TNF-alpha, IL-1, and chemokines are examples of cytokines
that promote what? a. antibody production b. humoral immunity c.
adaptive immunity d. inflammationSpecific cytokines are typically
produced by a specific type of cell in the body, interact with a
specific type of cell, and carry out a specific function. True
FalseCytokines that block viral replication and kill infected host
cells are known as what? a. inflammatory cytokines b. chemokines c.
type II interferons d. type I interferonsPeople with certain PRR
polymorphisms that result in overactive PRRs are at risk for
what?
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a. Inflammatory damage by lower numbers of specific pathogens.
b. Infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune
response.People with certain PRR polymorphisms that result in
underactive PRRs are at risk for what? a. Inflammatory damage by
lower numbers of specific pathogens. b. Infection by specific
pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.Tissue fluid
picks up microbes, enters the lymph vessels as lymph, and then
enters _________________ where antigens are exposed ever-changing
populations of circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. a.
the spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodulesUnencapsulated masses of
lymphoid tissue containing fixed macrophages and ever changing
populations of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes and located in the
respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts describes what? a. the
spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodulesBlood carries microorganisms
to ___________ where antigens are exposed to ever-changing
populations of circulating to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. a.
the spleen b. lymph nodes c. lymph nodules
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) binding to
endocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is the mechanism
behind what? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of
phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced
attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes
by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
-
Attachment of microbes to phagocytes by the antibody molecule
IgG, complement proteins, C3b and C4b, or acute phase proteins such
as MBL and CRP best describeswhat? a. Activation of phagocytes. b.
Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes.
d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion
of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by
phagocytes
Lysosomes fusing with phagosomes is the mechanism behind what
step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of
phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced
attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes
by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.Most tissue
destruction associated with bacterial infections is a result of
what? a. Bacterial toxins. b. Extracellular killing by phagocytes.
c. Immunodeficiency. d. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes.Polymerization and
then depolymerization of actin filaments send pseudopods out to
engulf microbes and place them in phagosomes best describes what
step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of
phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment bt phagocytes. d. Enhanced
attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes
by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
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Defense molecules such as IgG, C3b, C4b, CRP, and MBL are
involved in what step in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes.
b. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by
phagocytes.. d. Enhanced attachment or opsonization by phagocytes.
e. Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes
by phagocytes.By blocking the acidification of the phagosome, some
bacteria are better able to resist what step in phagocytosis? a.
Enhanced attachment or opsonization. b. Unenhanced attachment. c.
Destruction by lysosomes. d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. e.
Activation of phagocytes.Circulating phagocytes produce surface
receptors that enabling them to squeeze out of the capillary and be
attracted to the site of infection, produce PRRs, and increase
metabolic and microbicidal activity. This best describes what step
in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of
phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced
attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes
by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.Bacterial
capsules best help bacteria block what step in phagocytosis? a.
Enhanced attachment or opsonization b. Unenhanced attachment. c.
Destruction by lysosomes. d. Chemotaxis of phagocytes. e.
Activation of phagocytes.
-
People that lack the enzyme oxidase in the cytoplasmic membrane
of their phagocytes due to a genetic disorder are more susceptible
to infection. Why might this be? a. Their phagocytes cannot migrate
to the site of infection. b. Their phagocytes cannot produce
reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill microbes. c. Their
phagocytes cannot produce defensins and acid hydrolases (proteases)
that kill microbes. d. Their phagocytes cannot produce
pseudopodia.Movement of phagocytes toward an increasing
concentration of some attractant such as PAMPs, C5a, chemokines,
fibrin split products, kinins, and DAMPs best describes what step
in phagocytosis? a. Activation of phagocytes. b. Chemotaxis of
phagocytes. c. Unenhanced attachment by phagocytes. d. Enhanced
attachment or opsonization by phagocytes. e. Ingestion of microbes
by phagocytes. f. Destruction of microbes by phagocytes.
Match:a. Killer-activating receptorsb. Apoptosis, a programmed
cell suicidec. Killer-inhibitory receptors 1. Recognize stress
induced molecules such as MICA and MICB on the surface of tumor
cells or infected cells.2. Mechanism by which NK cells kill tumor
cells and infected cells.3. Recognize MHC-I molecules usually
present on all nucleated cells of the body.Killer-inhibitory
receptors on NK cells are able to recognize what? a. MICA molecules
on stressed cells. b. MICB molecules on stressed cells. c. MHC-I
molecules with self peptides on stressed cells.
-
d. The antibody molecule IgG.The function of molecules such as
MICA and MICB produced by stressed cells, cancer cells, and
infected cells is to do what? a. Bind to killer-inhibitory
receptors on NK cells turn off their kill signal. b. Bind to
killer-activating receptors on NK cells to turn on their kill
signal. c. Trigger NK cells to dump their lysosomes for
extracellular killing. d. Bind to the antibody IgG for enhanced
attachment.Which is not a function of NK cells? a. Bind to IgG on
infected cells and tumor cells and kill them with lysosomes. b.
Bind to and kill infected cells and tumor cells that suppress MHC-I
production andcannot be removed by CTLs. c. Bind to and kill
infected cells and tumor cells by antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity or ADCC.How do NK cells kill infected cells and tumor
cells? a. By apoptosis. b. By lysosomes fusing with phagosomes. c.
With reactive oxygen species (ROS). d. With defensins and
proteases.Which is NOT a benefit of plasma leakage into the tissue
during inflammation? a. Leukocytes leave the blood and enter the
tissue. b. Antibody molecules leave the blood and enter the tissue.
c. Complement proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissue. d.
Nutrients leave the blood and enter the tissue.During inflammation,
integrins function to do what? a. Attract phagocytes to the
infection site by chemotaxis. b. Enable the leukocytes to roll
along the inner wall of venules. c. Bind leukocytes firmly to
adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.During
inflammation, selectins function to do what? a. Attract phagocytes
to the infection site by chemotaxis. b. Enable the leukocytes to
roll along the inner wall of venules. c. Bind leukocytes firmly to
adhesion molecules on the inner wall of venules.
-
__________ slows blood flow at the infection site to give more
opportunity for leukocytes to adhere to the walls of the capillary
and squeeze out into the surrounding tissue. a. Constriction of
endothelial cells resulting in vasodilation. b. Constriction of
smooth muscles around larger blood vessels. c. Enhanced attachment
or opsonization.Sorry, incorrect answer.
Molecules located on the inner wall of endothelial cells that
bind integrins on the surface of leukocytes to allow allowing
leukocytes to firmly bind to the inner blood vessel wall, flatten
out, and squeeze between the endothelial cells to leave the blood
vessels and enter the tissue are called what? a. PAMPs b. PRRs c.
P-selectins d. Adhesion moleculesDuring inflammation, what actually
increases the permeability of venules? a. Constriction of
endothelial cells b. Vasoconstriction c. P-selectins d.
Integrins____________ play(s) an important role in heart disease,
Alzheimer's disease, diabetes,cancer, and tissue destruction from
infections. a. Acute inflammation b. Chronic inflammation c.
Viruses d. Antigen-antibody reactionsDuring inflammation,
diapedesis functions to do what? a. Enable antibody molecules to
leave the blood and enter the tissue. b. Enable complement proteins
to leave the blood and enter the tissue. c. Enable plasma to leave
the blood and enter the tissue.
-
d. Enable phagocytes, inflammatory cells, and
cytotoxicT-lymphocytes to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
Part of innate immunity is the body trapping or eliminating iron
so as to make it unavailable for bacteria. Iron is a cofactor
required for certain bacterial enzyme reactions. True False
Some bacteria are able to successfully compete for iron by
having receptors for human iron chelating proteins and taking in
that bound iron. True FalseLactoferrin, transferrin, and ferritin
are common bacteria-produced iron chelatorrs that trap iron for
bacterial use. True FalseBy stimulating the production of heat
shock proteins, fever can promote the production of inflammatory
cytokines. True False
Hyperpyrexia is a fever with an extreme elevation of body
temperature greater thanor equal to 41.5 C (106.7 F) and is
considered a medical emergency. True False
Fever is essentially harmful to the body and should normally be
suppressed. True FalseVasoconstriction increases heat loss from the
skin and helps lower body temperature. True
-
FalseBy elevating the body's temperature, fever speeds up the
rate of enzyme reactions in the body and this increased rate of
enzyme activity is harmful to the body. True FalseC-reactive
protein (CRP), produced during the acute phase response, functions
to dowhat? a. Bind to membrane phospholipids in microbial membranes
and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the classical complement
pathway. b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to
phagocytes; activate the lectin pathway. c. Bind to mannose-rich
glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the alternative
complement pathway.In response to ____________________, acute phase
proteins are produced by hepatocytes in the liver. a. interferons
b. complement proteins c. inflammatory cytokines d. antibacterial
peptidesMannan-binding lectin(MBL), produced during the acute phase
response, functions to do what? a. Bind to membrane phospholipids
in microbial membranes and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate
the classical complement pathway. b. Bind to mannose-rich glycans
and stick microbes to phagocytes; activate the lectin pathway. c.
Bind to mannose-rich glycans and stick microbes to phagocytes;
activate the classical complement pathwayThese cells have a limited
diversity of antigen receptors that recognize molecules associated
with epithelial cells but expressed only when those cells
arestressed or infected. They kill those cells by inducing
apoptosis, a programmed cell suicide. a. gamma:delta T-lymphocytes
b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes c. B-1 cells d. marginal zone B
cells
-
These cells have a limited diversity of antigen receptors that
initially produce a classof antibody molecule called IgM against
common polysaccharide and lipid antigens of microbes and against
PAMPs of bacteria that invade body cavities. a. gamma:delta
T-lymphocytes b. alpha:beta T-lymphocytes c. B-1 cells d. marginal
zone B cells
U6L1Molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are
essential for the survival ofthose organisms and are not found
associated with mammalian cells that initiate early induced innate
immunity are called what? a. antigens b. epitopes c. PAMPs d.
PRRsAn antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses
immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any
microbe. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity b. innate
immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunityThe actual
portion or fragment of an antigen that reacts with the receptors on
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called what? a. a B-cell
receptor (BCR) b. a T-cell receptor (TCR) c. an antibody d. an
epitopeThe immunity one is born with and is the initial response by
the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection. This best
describes what? a. adaptive immunity
-
b. innate immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated
immunityAny substance that reacts with antibody molecules and with
receptors on B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is called an antigen.
True FalseThe immunity one develops throughout life that allows us
to recognize any antigen the body encounters. This best describes
what? a. adaptive immunity b. innate immunity c. humoralimmunity d.
cell-mediated immunity
An antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to
become protective and are designed to react with and remove a
specific antigen. This best describes what? a. adaptive immunity b.
innate immunity c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunity
Begins 0 - 4 hours after exposure to an infectious agent and
involves the action of soluble preformed antimicrobial molecules
that circulate in the blood and in extracellular tissue fluids best
describes what? a. immediate innate immunity b. early induced
innate immunity c. adaptive immunity d. humoral immunitya.
antigenb. immunogenc. autoantigens
-
d. endogenous antigense. B-cell receptor (BCR)f. exogenous
antigensg. epitopeh. T-cell receptor (TCR) 1. A substance that
reacts with antibody molecules and antigen receptors on
lymphocytes.2. An antigen that is recognized by the body as
non-self and stimulates an adaptive immune response.3. The actual
portions or fragments of an antigen that react with receptors on
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes as well as with free antibody
molecules.4. An antibody molecule composed of 4 glycoprotein chains
whose Fc portion is anchored to the membrane of certain
lymphocytes; able to recognize epitopes on protein and
polysaccharide antigens.5. A molecule composed of 2 glycoprotein
chains anchored to the membrane of certain lymphocytes; able to
recognize peptide epitopes from protein antigens presented by the
body's own cells by way of MHC molecules.6. Antigens are proteins
found within the cytosol of human cells such as viral proteins,
proteins from intracellular bacteria, and tumor antigens.7. An
organism's own antigens (self-antigens) that stimulate an
autoimmune reaction.8. Antigens that enter from outside the body,
such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and free virusesMHC molecules
function to do what? a. Enable B-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes
of antigens. b. Enable T-lymphocytes to recognize epitopes of
antigens. c. Enable lymphocytes to recognize PAMPs.Sorry, incorrect
answer.
Points scored this item: 0
correctValue: 1
-
Antigens from inside a body cell such as viral antigens, tumor
antigens, and antigens from intracellular bacteria are called what?
a. Exogenous antigens. b. Endogenous antigens. c. Autoantigens. d.
PAMPs.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1MHC-I molecules present peptide epitopes from
endogenous antigens to what? a. TCR and CD4 molecules on nave
T4-lymphocytes and effectorT4-lymphocytes. b. TCR and CD8 molecules
on nave T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. BCR
molecules on B-lymphocytes.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Antigens from outside the body cell such as free
viruses, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria are called what? a.
Exogenous antigens. b. Endogenous antigens. c. Autoantigens d.
PAMPs.Right! Good job!
-
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Made by all nucleated cells of the body; binds
primarily to peptide epitopes from endogenous antigens. This best
describes what? a. MHC-I molecules. b. MHC-II molecules. c. CD4
molecules. d. CD8 molecules.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Made by antigen-presenting cells such as
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes; primarily binds
peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens. This best describes what?
a. MHC-I molecules. b. MHC-II molecules. c. CD4 molecules. d. CD8
molecules.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1MHC-II molecules present peptide epitopes from
exogenous antigens to what?
-
a. TCR and CD4 molecules on on nave T4-lymphocytes and
effectorT4-lymphocytes. b. TCR and CD8 molecules on nave
T8-lymphocytes and cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. BCR molecules
on B-lymphocytes.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 4Match the items.The task is to match the lettered
items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of
lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each
numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the
drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered
alternatives.a. TCR of T8-lymphocytesb. MHC-II moleculesc. TCR of
T4-lymphocytesd. MHC-I molecules 1. Produced by all nucleated cells
in the body.2. Produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells such
as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes.3. Recognize
peptides bound to MHC-II molecules.4. Recognize peptides bound to
MHC-I molecules.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 4
correctValue: 1
-
Exogenous antigens are processed into peptides by organelles
called ______________ and are bound to _______________. a.
Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules. b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules. c.
Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules. d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.Right!
Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Endogenous antigens are processed into peptides
by organelles called _____________ and are bound to ______________.
a. Lysosomes; MHC-II molecules. b. Proteasomes; MHC-I molecules. c.
Lysosomes; MHC-I molecules. d. Proteasomes; MHC-II molecules.
Which best describes the function of effectorT4-lymphocytes? a.
Activate macrophages and NK cells. b. Produce cytokines that enable
activated B-lymphocytes to rapidly proliferate, differentiate into
effector cells, and produce different classes of antibodies. c.
Produce cytokines that enable activated T-lymphocytes to rapidly
proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. d. All of the
above.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correct
-
Value: 1Nave T4-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR and CD4
molecules recognizing what? a. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide
epitopes on B-lymphocytes. b. MHC-II molecules with bound peptide
epitopes on dendritic cells. c. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide
epitopes on dendritic cells. d. MHC-I molecules with bound peptide
epitopes on macrophages.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1The overall function of effector T4-lymphocytes
is to do what? a. Activate nave T8-lymphocytes by way of the
cytokines they produce. b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the
cytokines they produce. c. Activate PRRs on defense cells so they
can recognize PAMPs and DAMPs. d. Activate nave dendritic cells by
way of the cytokines they produce.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
incorrectValue: 6Match the items.The task is to match the
lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is
a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of
numbereditems. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down.
Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered
item with the lettered alternatives.a. CD4 TH2 cellsb. peptides
from exogenous antigens bound to MHC-II moleculesc. CD4 TH17
cells
-
d. CD4 Treg cellse. CD4 TH1 cellsf. T-cell receptors (TCRs) 1.
Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T4-lymphocytes by way of
their ____________.2. The TCR/CD4 molecules of T4-lymphocytes
recognize ________________________ on antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes.3.
Promote cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens;
enhance the killing ability of macrophages, promote diapedesis and
chemotaxis of macrophages,and promote the production of opsonizing
antibodies.4. Help to limit immune responses and prevent
autoimmunity by suppressing T-lymphocyte activies, promote immune
memory, help to sustain pregnancy, and control established
inflammation.5. Promote a local inflammatory response to stimulate
a strong neutrophil response and promote the integrity of the skin
and mucous membranes.6. Promote the production of the antibody
isotype IgE in response to helminthsand allergens, attract and
activate eosinophils and mast cells, promote the production
ofantibodies that neutralize microbesand toxins, and promote the
removal of microbes in mucosal tissues.
CTLs bind to and induce apoptosis of infected cells and cancer
cells by what mechanism? a. Binding to the Fc portion of IgG that
has reacted with epitopes on the surface of these cells. b. Binding
to peptide epitope on MHC-II molecules on these cells by way of
their TCR and CD8 molecules. c. Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I
molecules on these cells by way of their TCRand CD8 molecules. d.
Binding to peptide epitope on MHC-I molecules on these cells by way
of their TCRand CD4 molecules.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
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correctValue: 3Match the items.The task is to match the lettered
items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of
lettered items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each
numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the
drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered
alternatives.a. cytotoxic T-lymphocytesb. peptides from endogenous
antigens bound to MHC-I moleculesc. T-cell receptors (TCRs) 1.
Epitopes of antigens are recognized by T8-lymphocytes by way of
their ____________.2. The TCR/CD8 molecules of naive T8-lymphocytes
recognize ________________________ on antigen-presenting dendritic
cells.3. After activation, T8-lymphocytes proliferate and
differentiate into _____________________.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 3
correctValue: 1Nave T8-lymphocytes are activated by their TCR
and CD8 molecules recognizing what? a. MHC-II molecules with bound
peptide epitopes on B-lymphocytes. b. MHC-II molecules with bound
peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. c. MHC-I molecules with bound
peptide epitopes on dendritic cells. d. MHC-II molecules with bound
peptide epitopes on macrophages.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
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correctValue: 1What is the primary function of effector
T8-lymphocytes? a. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by inducing
apoptosis. b. Regulate adaptive immunity by way of the cytokines
they produce. c. Kill cancer cells and infected cells by binding to
the Fc portion of IgG that have bound to these cells. d. Produce
antibodies that promote opsonization
iNKT lymphocytes can also be activated by the cytokine
__________ produced by activated dendritic cells. a. interleukin-2
b. interleukin-1 c. interleukin-12 d. interleukin-6Right! Good
job!
Points scored this item: 1
incorrectValue: 1Epitopes of glycolipid antigens are recognized
by iNKT lymphocytes by way of their _______. a. MHC-i molecules b.
MHC-II molecules c. B-cell receptors d. T-cell receptorsSorry,
incorrect answer.
Points scored this item: 0
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correctValue: 1The TCR molecules of iNKT lymphocytes recognize
________________________ on antigen-presenting dendritic cells. a.
exogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD4 molecules b.
endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules c.
endogenous self glycolipid antigens bound to CD8 moleculesRight!
Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1iNKT cells promote both innate and adaptive
immunity and may also regulate immune responses by way of the
____________ they produce once activated. a. cytokines b.
antibodies c. PAMPs d. PRRsWhere do macrophages, dendritic cells,
nave Blymphocytes, and nave T-lymphocytes gather to recognize
epitopes of antigens? a. Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph
nodules, lymph nodes, and the spleen. b. In the bone marrow and the
thymus. c. In the lymph and the blood.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 8
-
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the
correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered
items. Following that is a list of numbereditems. Each numbered
item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down
that best matches the numbered item with the lettered
alternatives.a. lymphb. spleenc. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)d. tissue fluide. primary lymphoid organsf. lymph nodesg.
secondary lymphoid organsh. plasma 1. Contain antigen-presenting
cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and ever changing
populations ofB-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes. Examples include
the tonsils, the appendix, Peyer's patches, MALT, SALT, lymph
nodes, and the spleen.2. Produce B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
The bone marrow and the thymus.3. The fluid surrounding cells in
the body.4. The liquid portion of the blood.5. A diffuse system of
small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of
the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract,
eye, and skin. It is populated by loose clusters of T-lymphocytes,
B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, activated TH cells, and macrophages.6.
The liquid found in lymph vessels.7. Expose antigens found in the
lymph to dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes.8.
Expose antigens found in the blood to dendritic cells,
B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes.
If an antigen enters tmucous membranes, where does it encounters
the APCs, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes needed to initiate
adaptive immunity? a. The bone marrow and the thymus. b. The
spleen.
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c. The MALT. d. The blood. e. The lymph nodes.Right! Good
job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1If an antigen enters through the bloodstream,
where does it encounters the APCs, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes
needed to initiate adaptive immunity? a. The bone marrow and the
thymus. b. The spleen. c. The MALT. d. The blood. e. The lymph
nodes.a. B-lymphocytesb. T4-lymphocytesc. T8-lymphocytes 1. Uses
TCRs and CD8 molecules to recognize peptide epitopes from
endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I molecules of cells.2. Uses BCRs
to recognize epitopes of antigens; a few antigens are recognized by
toll-like receptors.3. Uses TCRs and CD4 molecules to recognize
peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens bound to MHC-II molecules
of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macrophages, and
B-lymphocytes.The ability of the body to initiate and direct
adaptive immune responses against antigenic molecules foreign to
the body but not against antigenic molecules that area normal
component of the body is called what? a. immunologic memory b.
anamnestic response
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c. immulologic tolerance d. receptor editingRight! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
incorrectValue: 1Clonal expansion of B-lymphocytes,
T4-lymphocytes, and T8-lymphocytes that have bound to epitopes that
fit their BCRs or TCRs is mediated by what? a. Cytokines produced
by effector dendritic cells. b. Cytokines produced by macrophages.
c. Cytokines produced by NK cells. d. Cytokines produced by
effectorT4-lymphocytes.Sorry, incorrect answer.
Points scored this item: 0
incorrectValue: 1How do B-lymphocytes, T4-lymphocytes, and
T8-lymphocytes recognize epitopes of antigens? a. By their B-cell
receptors and their T-cell receptors. b. By their MHC-I and MHC-II
molecules. c. By their CD4 and CD8 molecules. d. By their
pattern-recognition receptors.Sorry, incorrect answer.
Points scored this item: 0
correct
-
Value: 1How are naiveT8-lymphocytes primarily activated? a. By
binding to MHC-I molecules with bound peptide epitopes from
endogenous antigens on dendritic cells. b. By binding to MHC-I
molecules with bound peptide epitopes from exogenous antigens on
dendritic. c. By binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide
epitopes from endogenous antigens on dendritic cells.. d. By
binding to MHC-II molecules with bound peptide epitopes from
exogenous antigens on dendritic cells.
Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1After proliferation, most activated
B-lymphocytes, differentiate into what? a. Dendritic cells. b.
Plasma cells. c. Macrophages. d. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). e.
Mast cells.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1After proliferation, most activated
T4-lymphocytes differentiate into what?
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a. Cells such as Th1-lymphocytes, Th2-lymphocytes, and
Th17-lymphocytes, and Treg lymphocytes. b. CytotoxicT-lymphocytes
(CTLs). c. Antibody-secreting plasma cells. d. T8-effector cells.
e. iNKT cells.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1What is the primary role of dendritic cells? a.
To activate macrophages through the cytokines they produce. b. To
activate NK cells through the cytokines they produce. c. To
activate nave T4-lymphocytes and nave T8-lymphocytes through the
cytokines they produce. d. To activate nave B-lymphocytes through
the cytokines they produce and enable them to differentiate into
plasma cells.
Right! Good job!a. Fcb. IgMc. IgGd. IgAe. Fab 1. The region of
the antibody that provide specificity for binding an epitope on an
antigen.2. The region of the antibody that is responsible for the
biological activity of the antibody.
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3. Composed of four glycoprotein chains. There are two identical
heavy chains having a high molecular weight and two identical light
chains.4. A pentamer, consisting of 5 "Y"-like molecules connected
at their Fc portions by a"J" or joining chain.5. A dimer consisting
of 2 "Y"-like molecules connected at their Fc portions by a "J"
chain and stabilized to resist enzymatic digestion.Right! Good
job!
Points scored this item: 5
correctValue: 1Which of the following are functions associated
with the Fc portion of various isotypes of antibody molecules? a.
Bind to epitopes of antigens. b. Bind antigens to phagocytes. c.
Activate the complement pathways. d. Bind antigens to NK cells. e.
A, B, and C. f. B, C, and D.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Antibodies are produced by what cells?[mark all
correct answers]
a. T4-effector cells b. B-lymphocytes
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c. mast cells d. plasma cells e. dendritic cellsRight! Good
job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1The Fab portion of antibody molecules functions
to do what? a. Bind to epitopes of antigens. b. Bind antigens to
phagocytes. c. Activate the complement pathways. d. Bind antigens
to NK cells. e. A, B, and C. f. B, C, and D.Both IgG and IgM can
promote opsonization by what mechanism? a. Sticking microbes
directly to phagocytes. b. Sticking microbes directly to CTLs. c.
C. Activating the classical complement pathway to generate C3b and
C4b. d. Sticking microbes to mast cells and basophils.Right! Good
job!MAC cytolysis is a result of what? a. Antibodies sticking
microbes to phagocytes. b. Antibodies sticking microbes to NK
cells. c. Proteins produced during the complement pathways. d.
CytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs) triggering apoptosis. e.
Extracellular killing by eosinophils.Right! Good job!
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Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1_______ are antibodies that can contribute to MAC
lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, infected cells,
and tumor cells by activating the classical complement pathway. a.
IgG and IgE. b. IgG and IgM. c. IgG and IgD. d. IgA and IgM.Right!
Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1During MAC cytolysis, the Fab portion of the
antibody _____________while the Fc portion _______________. a.
binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway
b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an
antigen c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic
T-lymphocytes (CTLs) d. activates the complement pathway; binds to
NK cellsRight! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1MAC affects viruses by what mechanism? a.
Attaching viruses to phagocytes for opsonization.
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b. Activating NK cells that kill viruses. c. Attaching viruses
to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that kill viruses. d. Damaging the
envelope of enveloped viruses.During ADCC, the Fab portion of the
antibody _____________while the Fc portion _______________. a.
binds to epitopes of an antigen; activates the complement pathway
b. activates the complement pathway; binds to epitopes of an
antigen c. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to cytotoxic
T-lymphocytes d. binds to epitopes of an antigen; binds to NK
cells.Right! Good job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
is a result of what? a. Antibodies sticking infected cells and
cancer cells to phagocytes. b. Antibodies sticking infected cells
and cancer cells to cytotoxicT-lymphocytes (CTLs). c. Antibodies
sticking infected cells and cancer cells to NK cells. d. MAC lysing
the membranes of infected cells and cancer cells.Right! Good
job!
Points scored this item: 1
correctValue: 1NK cells kill the cells they bind to by what
mechanism? a. Triggering apoptosis. b. Dumping the contents of
their lysosomes on the cell. c. Producing cytolytic exotoxins that
lyse the cell.
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d. Inducing extracellular killing by eosinophils.