Final Report of Minor Research Project Titled DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH /POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR ELECTRRONIC MATERIALS APPLICATIONS UGC Reference No: File No. 47-1337/10(WRO) Submitted by Dr. A. D. Dahegaonkar Department of Physics N. S. Science & Arts College Bhadrawati Dist: Chandrapur Maharashtra State 1 | Page
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Final Report of Minor Research Project
Titled
DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH /POLYMER COMPOSITES FORELECTRRONIC MATERIALS APPLICATIONS
UGC Reference No: File No. 47-1337/10(WRO)
Submitted by
Dr. A. D. DahegaonkarDepartment of Physics
N. S. Science & Arts College Bhadrawati Dist: Chandrapur
Maharashtra State
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Conducting polymers
A polymer (materials containing a long chain of molecular structures) is first and
foremost an insulator. The idea that polymers or plastics could conduct electricity is considered
absurd. In fact these materials are commonly used for surrounding copper wires and
manufacturing the outer structures of electrical appliances that prevent human from coming in
direct contact with electricity.
Approximately three decades ago, scientists discovered that a type of conjugated polymer called
‘polyacetylene’ could become highly electrically conductive after undergoing a structural
modification process called doping. The polymer is called a ‘conjugated polymer’ because of the
alternating single and double bonds in polymer chain. The de-localized electrons may move
around the whole system and become the charge carriers to make them conductive. This polymer
can be transformed into a conducting form when electrons are removed from the backbone
resulting in added to the backbone resulting in anions. Anions and cations act as charge carriers,
hopping from one site to another under the influence of an electrical field, thus increasing
conductivity.
1.2 Polyaniline
Among the conducting polymers, polyaniline has attracted a considerable scientific
interest in recent decades because of its diverse structure, low cost, good electrical properties and
wide application in different field, such as microelectronics, corrosion protection, sensor and
electrodes for batteries. Since these conducting polymer are usually obtained as power, they are
difficult to process.
1.3 Poly (o-anisidine) The practical applications of polyaniline have been limited due to harsh chemical conditions in the
synthesis and purification procedure that often lead to an inflexible polymer. To address this problem and
improve processability, a diverse set of modified polymerizations have been investigated.
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1.4 Poly (o-toluidine)
Much attention of many researchers is due to its ease of synthesis, processibility, good
thermal stability and good environmental stability. MacDiarmid investigated Poly (o-toluidine)
as an electrically conducting polymer, which is emerging as a promising synthetic metal. The
possibility of synthesizing and doping of Poly (o-toluidine) with photonic acid dopants
containing different types of counter ions is one of the key factors responsible for the versatility
of this class of polymers. Photoluminescent organic molecules are a new class of compounds
with interesting properties. They undergo emission over a wide range from the violet to the red.
They can also be combined in several different forms to produce white light. One category of
organic material with photoluminescence properties is conjugated organic polymers .
1.5 Fly ash
Fly ash, a waste product of coal combustion in thermal power plant, contains many
hazardous substances such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds and thus is a major
source for environment pollution. Currently in China a small percentage of this waste is mainly
utilized for the manufacture of concrete, cement and brick products, and the remainder being
directly buried in fly ash ponds or landfills, which is an unsatisfactory solution both from the
ecological and economical points of view. As a consequence, new economical and reliable means
have to be found out in order to safeguard the environment and provide useful way for its
disposal. Because the fly ash contains large amount of SiO2 and Al2O3, which are main glass
network formers, many research and development investigations recently have been conducted in
its utilization as a starting material for glass and glass-ceramic production.
1.6 Literature Review
Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, Polyacetylene, etc continue to be the
focus of active research in diverse fields including electronics, energy storage catalysis,
chemical sensing and optochemistry. Polyaniline is unique among conducting polymers
in its wide range of electrical, electrochemical and optical properties as well as good
stability. Polyaniline can be doped to highly conducted state by protonic acids or by
electrochemical methods and show moderate conductivity upon doping. In literature
survey the invention of conducting polymers has been carried into various aspects such as
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Developments in the field of conducting polymers, Development of Polyaniline,
Synthesis, Properties, Recent trends.
Fig.1.1 Books purchased under M.R.P.
2. SYNTHESIS
There are different methods by which conducting polymers can be synthesized.
Conducting polymers can be synthesized in the presence of different protonic acid media by
different methods. The most widely accepted methods are chemical oxidative polymerization
method and electrochemical method Chemical oxidative method is preferred over
electrochemical polymerization because of its cost effectiveness and bulk quantity of the
polymer that can be prepared during the onset of the reaction. Other techniques include solid
state polymerization, plasma polymerization, precursor polymer route, template polymerization.
In present investigation deals with the synthesis of conducting polymer polyaniline,
poly(o-anisidine), poly(o-toulidine) and its composites with various weight percentage of fly ash.
These composites have the ability to enhance their material properties with desirable mechanical
and physical characteristics. One way of making these composites involves synthesizing the
conductive polymer inside the matrices of conventional polymers using chemical or
electrochemical polymerization.
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Fig. 2.1 Weight Balance Fig. 2.2 Synthesis process