Final Report for History

8/16/2019 Final Report for History

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1

SUBJECT: HISTORY

CLASS : XII

HIGH ORDER THINKING

SKILLS QUESTIONS

2008-09


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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

JAIPUR REGION

CHIEF PATRON * SH K P CHAMOLA

Asstt commissioner

KVS (RO) JAIPUR

PATRON * 1. Mrs. S. Mirdh! ".O.#. Sh. H.C. Ch$%! ".O.

&. Sh. '.K. hrd$! ".O

CONVENER * Smt R Ar$%

Princi+%K.V. 'o.1 Ji+,r

RESOURCE PERSONS

1. Sh. Prh%d Sinh

P- (Histor/) K V Ch,r,

#. Sh. 0.C. SristP- (Histor/) K V 'o.# Ji+,r

&. Sh. H H L%%

P- (Histor/) K V 1 A2S Jodh+,r

3. Sh. 0i%ee+ Srist

P- (Histor/) K V hrt+,r

4. Sh. 0 K Shrm

P- (Histor/) K V 1 A2S S,rtrh

5. Sh. Rhendr L%sntni

P- (Histor/) K V 1 Ji+,r

#


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan enjoys enviable reputation

among all educational institutions in India. It has become the torch-

bearer in the field of education. As a giant step toards greater

e!cellence" the #onorable Assistant $ommissioner KVS %aipur region

&r. K.'. $hamola has ta(en it as a challenge to improve the results of

$)S* $lass-+II e!aminations in #istory. The tas( of preparing and

developing a #igh ,rder S(ills uestions as a poerful tool to

materialise the dream as assigned to me as a convenor along ith

a team of highly e!perienced and talented teachers of #istory.

I ish to e!tend my heart-felt than(s to our #onorable Assistant

$ommissioner &r. K.'. $hamola for magnificent faith and trust he

posed in me hile assigning the tas( and for his encouragement and

constant guidance throughout the great endeavour. It is a pleasure to

record my gratitude to our esteemed *ducation ,fficers /rs. S.

/irdha" Sh. #.$. $hala" Sh. 0.K. )haradaj for their valuable

support" suggestions and motivation provided to me from time to

time. I ish to offer my than(s to '..Ts Sh. Prh%d Sinh KV Ch,r,!

Sh. 0.C. Srist KV 'o.# Ji+,r! Sh. H.H. L% KV 'o.1 A2S Jodh+,r!

Sh. 0i%ee+ Srist KV hrt+,r Sh. 0.K. Shrm KV 1 A2S S,rtrh

6 Sh. R.L. Sntni KV 1 Ji+,r for their concerted hard-or( and

diligence in the production of this #igh ,rder S(ills uestions.

Smt. Raj Aggarwal$onvenor 2 'rincipal

K.V. 0o. 1 %aipur

&


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INDEX

S No To!"# P$%&

1. ric7s! eds nd ones! he Hr++n Cii%istion 489

#. Kins! 2rmers nd o$n8 "r%/ sttes nd economics 1:814

&. Kinshi+! Cste nd C%ss8 "r%/ Societies 158#4

3. hin7ers! e%ie;s nd


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CHAPTER '

BRICKS( BEADS AND BONES

)T*& H$+$!!$, C""."/$"o,/1

B1. Ho$ cn /o, s/ tht the Hr++n c,%t,re $s n ,r


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thro,h 7no$%ede


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cn%s! -rnries $ere constr,cted. Rods %nes nd drins $ere %so

constr,cted nd c%en%iness $s mintined ,nder the oer %%

s,+erision o; the r,%er.

he r,%er miht he t7en interest in econom/ o; the stte or cit/

sttes. He ,se to ins+ire the ;rmer to increse ric,%t,r% +rod,ction.

He ,se to motite the cr;tmn to +romote di;;erent hndicr;ts.

Intern% s $e%% s e@tern% trde $s +romoted


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x;s vkSj uxj h/u #xHkx gkj /@k) rd %s$kus dks ugha

f7#k

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gS 'fd v=; lH;rkvksa ds l"'=k 7sas kudkjh dk

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vku@Bkfud izFkk,a vHkh rd Bhd izdkj ls l7Ph ugha k

ldh gS vkSj u gh ;g kuus ds lkku !i#Qk gS fd 4;k ks

#ksx 5u vu@Bkuksa dk fu@ik%u djrs Fks !=gha ds ikl

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kkld ugah Fks rFkk lHkh dh lk7kfd fLFkfr l7ku Fkh

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d5) kkld Fks Sls 7ksguks%Mksa gM+Iik vkf% ds vius

9


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5d6BVs ,sls f6# fuk); f#;s rFkk dk;k)f=/r fd;s krs

gksaxs

1:


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CHAPTER 2

KINGS( FARERS AND TO3NS

E$+.4 S$&/ $,5 E#o,o6"#/ )A7o 00 BCE-00 CE1

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¼$xHkx %&& bZ' i("Z ls %&& bZ' rd½

B3. 0isc,ss the eidence ;or cr;t +rod,ction in er%/ historic cities. In

$ht $/s is this di;;erent ;rom the eidence ;rom Hr++n cities GAns. "@ction he


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B4. "@mine the so,rces o; 7no$%ede $ith ,s to 7no$


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$ritin $ith ;ir mo,nt o; +recision. 2or instnce the %etter $s

$ritten %i7e this c.#4: C"


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13


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14


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15


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1=


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CHAPTER =

KINSHIP( CASTE AND CLASS EARLY SOCIETIES

)C 00 BCE-00 CE1

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chnd%sG ht some Chinese tre%ers he $ritten


19/147

Ans. (i) he Mn,smriti (com+i%ed c. #nd cent,r/ (C") %id do$n $ht

it descri


20/147

0ronNNI ho%d the ;eet o; o,r +rece+tor Kri+N. (nd) the chie; o;

the K,r,s! the ret hishm. I


21/147

) At ne@t +%ce ,dhisthir sho$ed hono,red to Vidh,r


22/147

Historins ,s,%%/ c%ssi;/ the contents o; the +resent te@t ,nder

t$o


23/147

$ere o;ten re+%ced


24/147

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#3


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#4


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f#;s ugh 'fRd :;/gkfjd ka2s 7sa Hkh izkIr Fkk- 'zkg7kksa ds !ijkar ;fkf@Bj us xK %zksk ds izfr g`%;

ls ur7Lrd gkssj vius l"7ku dh vfHk:;f4r dh /s %zksk dh

rjg d`ik2k;) dks Hkh l"7kuuh; ds f#;s xK 7kurs Fks

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3- !=gksus dKvksa ds izkku vkSj l'ls !7z 7sa 'M+s

Hkh@7 Erk7g dks l"7ku f%;k 4;ksafd /s viuh ;ks^;rk ds

lkFk&lkFk !7z vkSj vuHk/ dh %`f@6 ls Hkh l"7kuuh;

Fksa

8- ;XE k`rjk@6] dksj/ksa ds Erk Fks #sfdu !=gsa Hkh

;fkf@Bj us l"7ku f%;k 4;ksafd /s /` vksj ikaM/ 'ak ds

lkFk j4r ds kjk l"'f=kr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk gfLrukij ds

ujs(k Hkh Fks

9- ;fkf@Bj 7;k)%k iK@kks*r7ksa 7sa ls ,d Fks /s 7gkHkkjr

ds ; kK gksus ls i?/) 5l dk# dk vTOk iz7kk %srs gS

5alkfu;r !uds :;/gkj vkSj f/2kjksa ls vfHk:;4r gksrh

gS ;XE lkfg*;dkjksa us %;ks)ku dks ,d vTOs ikU ds KIk

7sa !ifLFkr ugh fd;k gS #sfdu ;s@B ikaM/ ;fkf@Bj us

kgk%ksa 7sa ls s@B %;ks)ku vkSj !lds vusd Oks6s

Hkk5);ksa ds 'kjs 7sa jk%?r la; ls i?Odj f(k@6k2kj dk

fu/k)g fd;k vkSj viuh kHkdk7uk,a !ls izLrr dh

fula%sg ;g f(k@6k2kj dk rdkk gS

- ,d u;s l"'=k ds KIk 7sa g7 vuTOs% ;k !i;)4r v/rjk dh

vx#h iaf4r ls ;g kurs gS fd !l dk# 7sa ,d /hj %?ljs /hj ;k;ksk dk l"7ku djrk Fkk la; ls ;fkf@Bj us dgk YY7Sa

!u l' ;/k dK ;kskvksa dk vfHk/k%u djrk g?a ks

g7kjs Hkk5) iU vkSj ikSU gSYY

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,sfrgkd LUksr gS 5lds 7g*/ dks u ds/# Hkkjrh;

5frgkldkjksa us 'fRd if(27 5frgkldkjksa us Hkh L/hdkj

fd;k gS Hkkjrh; 5frgkl 7sa 5frgkldkj 7kSfjl f/a6jf/6V us

5ls ,d 7gku dk:; dgk gS !uds vulkj ;g ,d lkfgf*;d d`fr

ds KIk 7sa l"i?k) izk2hu Hkkjrh; lkfg*; dk izfrfufk*/

djrk gS 5ldk vkdkj 'M+k f/(kk# gS 4;ksafd 5ldh f/@k;

lk7xzh 'gr f/Lr`r gS 5l7sa 'gr lkjh vkSj f/fHk=u izdkj

dh /Lra, fufgr gS gka rd 5ldk lk7kfd 7g*/ gS ;g

#ksxksa ds h/u ds vusd Ikg#vksa /k) :;/LFkk kfr

:;/LFkk fLU;ksa dks lk7kfd l"7ku f/fHk=u izdkj ds

f//kg lk7kfd 7uksjau ds lkku kuf/)kk ikfj/kfjd

l"'=k jkuhfr 7sa d#hu 7fg#kvksa dh Kf2 vkf% dks

O?rk gS f/ku 5frgkldkj Bhd gh f#$krs gS fd /g

CvFkk)r 7gkHkkjrD Hkkjrh;ksa dh vk*7k dh vkxkk

xgjk5) dks ,d varj%`f@6 iz%ku djrk gS 7gkHkkjr dh j2uk

laLd`r Hkk@kk 7sas g5) fula%sg ,d lkfgf*;d Hkk@kk dh

vksj 5ldks Ik+us f#$kus 7sa izk;N 5ldk iz;ksx 'zkg7k

ikjh vksj f/f(k@6 ifj/kjksa ds #ksx gh djrs Fks ks Hkh

gks "kgkHkkjr 7sa fl laLd`r dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS /g/s%ksa ds f#;s iz;ksx dh x5) laLd`r ls vfkd lj# gS 5lhf#,

5ls vfkd ;k%k la$;k 7sa #ksxksa kjk laHk/rN l7Pk k

ldk

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5frgkldkj 5l xazaFk dh f/@k;/Lr dks %ks 7$;

kh@k)dksa ds v=rx)r j$krs gS vk$;ku rFkk

!i%s(kk*7d&vk$;ku 7sa dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg gS vkSj

!i%s(kk*7d Hkkx 7sa lk7kfd vk2kj&f/2kj ds 7ku%aMksa

dk f2Uk gS fd=r ;g f/Hkku i?jh rjg vius 7sa ,dkadh

ugh gS !i%s(kk*7d va(kks 7sa Hkh dgkfu;k gksrh gS

vkSj 'gkk vk$;kuks 7sa l7k ds f#, ,d l'd fufgr jgrk gS

vfkdrj 5frgkldkj 5l 'kr ij ,d7r gS fd 7gkHkkjr /LrrN ,d

!i%s(kk*7d Hkkx 7sa uk6dh; dFkkud Fkk fl7sa

!i%s(kk*7d va(k 'k% 7sa ksM+s x;s

vkjafHkd laLd`r ij"ijk 7sa 7gkHkkjr dks Y5frgklY dh

skh 7sa j$kk x;k gS 5l kQ% dk vFk) gS & ,slk gh Fkk

4;k 7gkHkkjr 7sa l272 7sas g, fdlh ; dk L7jk fd;k k

jgk Fkk 5l 'kjs 7sa g7 fuf(2r KIk ls dO ugha dg ldrs

dO 5frgkldkjksa dk 7kuuk gS fd L/uksa ds 'h2 g, ;

dh L7`fr gh 7gkHkkjr dk 7$; dFkkud gS v=; 5l 'kr dh

vksj 5afxr djrs gS fd g7s ; dh if@6 fdlh vkSj lkA; ls

ugh gksrh

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ikB&8

f/2kjd f//kl vkSj 57kjrsa lkaL_frdf/dkl5)lk i?/) 00 ls 5)lk la/rV 00 rd

Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, Cultural

Developments

(600 BCE to 600 CE)

Q.1 Why had Magadha become the centre of the new religious

movement?

Ans.(i) The people of Magadha responded readily to the

Budhism

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because they were looked down upon the orthodox

Brahmanas.

(ii) The role of the rulers of the Magadha. They took

keen interest on spreading the religion in India as well in other countries.

(iii) The wealth of Magadha also helped in spreading

new religious movements.

Q.2 How far the Indian Rulers were responsible for the

preservation of the Stupa of Sanchi?

Ans.The role played by Rulers of India special the rulers of

Bhopal could protect the many monuments. The role of

the kings of Bhopal for protection of Sanchi monuments

is as under.

(i) In nineteenth century Europeans were very much

interested in structure at Sanchi. In fact, the Frenchrequested Shahjehan Begum for permission to take

away eastern gateway, which was the best

preserved, to be displayed in a Museum in French.

For a while some Englishmen also wished to do the

same but fortunately both the French and the

English were satisfied with carefully prepared

plaster cast copies and the original remained at thesite, part of the Bhopal state.

(ii) The ruler of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her

successor Sultan Jehan Begum provided money for

preservation of the ancient site. She funded the

Museum that was built there as well as the guest


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house where she lived. She funded the publication

of the volumes as well.

(iii) So if the Stupa complex has survived, it is in no

small measure due to wise decisions of Begums andto good luck in escaping from the eyes of railway

and to carry away to the Museums of Europe.

Q.3 Why do you think the Budha advised his followers to be

lamps unto yourselves?

Ans.We think the Budha advised his followers to be lamps

unto yourselves because he regarded the social world as

the creation of human according to him is has no divine

origin. Therefore he advised rulers and chief of the

families to be human and athetical according to him.

Only individual efforts were expected to transformed

social relation. It was also expected to lead to self

realisation and nirbhan, literally the blowing out of the

ego and desire, and thus and the cycle of suffering for

those who renounced the world. According to Budhist

tradition, his last words to his followers were "I am

reaching the end to my life."

Q.4 Why do you think men and women joined the Sangha?

Ans.We think men and women joined the Sangha to studyBudhism and its texts more systematically and regularly.

They wanted to become the teachers of the dharma.

These Sangha were good place to lead to simple life in

required environment. They desired to process only

essential requisites for survival, such as a robe and bowl

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to receive food colleted once a day from the liaty, to whom

they taught the dharma.

Q.5 Evaluate the circumstances which were responsible for

the spread of Buddhism?

Ans.(i) Appropriate atmosphere in 600 BC as many bad

evils were

practiced in the society.

(ii) Effect of royal family, people also followed the king.

(iii) Use of simplePali language of common people.

(iv) The teachings of Lord Buddha were usual

(v) Kept away this religion from unnecessary

expenditure

(vi) Away from casteism

(vii)Ideal preacher of this dhurma

(viii)Patronage by the state.

(ix) Boddh monasteries

(x) Acceptability of change.

Q.6 Explain the differences between the Hinyana and

Mahayana sets of Buddhism on the basis of the concept

of Bodhisata?

Ans. By the first century CE, there is evidence of changes inBuddhist ideas and practices. Early Buddhist teaching

head given importance to self efforts in achieving

nibbana. Besides, the Buddha was regarded as a human

being who attained enlightenment and nibbana through

his own efforts. Gradually the idea of a saviour emerged.

It was believed that he was the one who could ensure&3


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salvation. Simulanetously the concept of the Bodhisata

was also developed. Bodhisata were perceived as deeply

compassionate being who accumulated merit through

their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana andthereby abandon the world, but to help others. The

worship of images of t he Buddha and Bodhisattas

became an important part of this tradition.

This new way of thinking was called Mahayana.

Literally the ‘Great vehicle’. Those who adopted these

beliefs described the older tradition as Hinayana or “the

lesser vehicle”

Boddha dharm was divided into two different sects

named Hinayana and Mahayana. The differences between

them were the following :

Mahayana Hinayana

1. They treated Lord

Buddha as deity and

worshipped his idol.

They treated the Lord

Buddha as a symbol of

idealism and purity.

2. They over stressed belief

and devotion.

They believed the

religious teachings only

after getting it confirmed

on the basis of debate.

3. They used Sanskrit. Their entire literature

was in Pali language.4. They thought it essential

to follow the religious

rules to attain the

objective of life.

They stressed pure and

good conduct to attain

the objective of live.

5. The word meaning ofThe word meaning of

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Mahayana is the greater

yana (or bigger ship). The

sect believes that every

body should care for hisown 'nirvana' as well as

for the salvation of

others.

Hinayana is the lesser

yaan (or shorter ship).

The followers of this sect

believes that everybodyshould care only for his

own 'nirvana' or

salvation because this

philosophical thought is

concerned to every

person individually.

Q.7 Assess the importance of Budhism for the enrichment of

Indian culture.

Ans.The contribution of Buddhism to the enrichment of

Indian culture was as below :

(i) Buddhism created and developed a new awareness

in the field of intellect and culture. It taught the

people not to take things for granted but to argueand judge them on merits. To certain extent the

place of superstition was taken by logic.

(ii) In order to preach the doctrines of the new religion

the Buddhists compiled a new type of literature.

They enormously enriched Pali by their writings.

(iii) The Buddhist monasteries developed as greatcentres of learning and can be called residential

universities. Mention may be made of Nalanda and

Vikramshila in Bihar, and Valabhi in Gujarat.

(iv) The first human statues worshipped in India were

probably those of the Buddha. The panels found at

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Gaya in Bihar and at Sanchi and Bharhut in

Madhya Pradesh are illuminating examples of

artistic activity.

(v) The Gandhara and Mathura Schools of sculptures

were purely based on the Bodh subjects and its

culminated the art of Indian Sculptures.

Q.8 Read this short inscription and answer :

In the year 33 of the Maharaja Huvishka (a

Kushana ruler), in the first month of the hot season on

the eighth day, a Bodhisatta was set up at Madhuvanaka

by the bhikkhuni Dhanavati, the sister is daughter of the

bikkhsi Buddha Mitra, who known the Tipitaka, the

female pupil of the bhikkhu Bala, who known the

Tipitika, together with her father and Mother.

(i) How did Dhanvanti date her inscription?

Ans.The first month of the hot season (i.e. summer) on the

eighth day and in the year 33 of the Maharaja (i.e. the

emperor) named Huvishkas

(ii) Why do you think she installed an image of the

Bodhisatta?

Ans.To show that Mahayana sect of Budhism was becoming

popular day by day and Bodhisatta were considered

impresent and great personality in Buddhism during the

reign of the Kushana rulers.

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(iii)Who were the relatives she mentioned?

Ans. She had mentioned her own mother's sister named

Buddhamita.

(iv)What Budhist text did she know?

Ans.She knew the Tipitaka, the Buddhist text.

(v) From whom did she learn this text?

Ans.She learnt this text from bhikkhuni Buddhmita.

Q.9 On an outline world map, mark five countries to which

Buddhism spread.

Q.1 7xk u;s&u;s kkf7)d vka%ks#uksa dk ds= 4;ksa 'uk

(i) 4;ksafd 7xk dh urk ijkus f/2kjksa dks *;kxus 7sag7skk rS;kj jgrh Fkh vkSj u;s kkf7)d f/2kjksa dksviukus / JS#kus 7sa viuk i?jk lg;ksx %srh Fkh

(ii) 7xk ds kkldksa dk 5u7sa ;ksx%ku jgk /s g7skkkkf7)d f//klksa dks vius %sk / 'kgj JS#kus 7salgk;rk / lg;ksx %srs Fks Sls vkksd us 'kS k7) dsb2kj gsr viuh iUkh / iUk dks f/%skksa 7saHksk

(iii) 7xk dh vkfFk)d l7`f dk Hkh u;s kkf7)d f/2kjksads JS#kus 7sa ;ksx%ku jgk

Q.2 lka2h ds Lr?i ds lajAkk 7sa Hkkjrh; kkldks dh 'sx7ksadh Hk?f7dk dk 7?R;kkdu dhf,

Hkkjr ds f/fHk=u Hkkxks 7s JS#s g;s f/fHk=u L7kjdks7s ls vxzsh dk# 7s vusd dk# ds xr) 7s l7k x;s#sfdu dO kkldks us vius ;ksx%kuks ls f/(ks@k Ki lsHkksik# ds kkldks us lkW2h Sls L7kjdks dks '2k

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f#;k5uds kjk L7kjdks '2kus ds f#;s f%;k x;k;ksx%ku fu"u izdkj ls gS

(i) !=uhl/ha l%h ds ;?jksih;ksa 7sa lka2h ds Lr?i dks

#sdj dkJh f%#2Lih Fkh ckalh;ksa us l'ls vTOhgk#r 7sa '2s lka2h ds i?/h) rksjk kj dks ckal dslaxzgk#; 7sa b%fk)r djus ds f#, kggka 'sx7 ls ckal#s kus dh 5kr 7kaxh dO l7; ds f#, vaxzsksa usHkh ,slh gh dksfkk dh lkSHk^;/k ckalhlh vkSjvaxzs %ksuksa gh 'M+h lk/kkuh ls 'uk5) I#kL6jbfr_fr;ksa ls lar@6 gks x;s 5l bdkj 7?# _frHkksik# jk; 7sa viuh xg ij gh jgh

(ii) Hkksik# ds kkldksa kkggka 'sx7 vkSj !udh!kjkfkdkjh lRrku gka 'sx7 us 5l bk2hu LFkkuds j$kj$kk/ ds f#, ku dk vu%ku f%;k !lusk7)kk#k fu7k)k iLrdk#; :;/LFkk / xzaFkksa dh

j2uk ds f#, lgk;rk b%ku dh

(iii) 'sx7ksa ds l7P%kjhi?k) fuk); dk gh ifjkk7 gS fdlka2h ds Lr?i dks js#/s f/Hkkx / ;?jksE;ksa kjk

v=;U #skus ls !ls '2k;k k ldk

Q.3 vki ds kjk ;g lks2us dk 4;k dkjk gS fd ' us viusvu;kf;;ksa dks ;g ijk7k) f%;k fd /s L/;a vius f#, ;ksfr'usa

g7 lks2rs gSa fd ' us vius vu;kf;;ksa dks ;g fkAkk %hfd /s L/;a vius f#, ;ksfr 'usa 4;ksafd /s 7kurs Fks fdl7k dk fu7k)k 5alku us fd;k Fkk u fd 5)/j us 5lf#,

!=gksaus jkkvksa vkSj x`gifr;ksa dks %;k/ku vkSjvk2kj/ku gksus dh l#kg %h ,slk 7kuk krk Fkk fd:;e4rxr b;kl ls lk7kfd ifj/sk '%#k k ldrk gS ' us =77`*; ds 2Z ls 7e4r vk*7Gku vkSj fu/k)k ds f#,:;f4r dsf=r gLrAksi vkSj l";dV d7) dh dRiuk dhfu/k)k dk 7r#' Fkk vga vkSj 5TOk dk $k*7 gks kuk fllsx`g*;kx djus /k#ksa ds %N$k ds 2Z dk var gks ldrk

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Fkk 'kS ij"ijk ds vulkj vius fk@;ksa dk vafr7 fu%s)kFkk YYr7 l' vius f#, $k% gh ;ksfr 'uks 4;ksafdr"gsa $k% gh viuh 7f4r jkLrk ?auk gS

Q.4 vkids vulkj LUh&i@k la.k 7sa fdl b;ksu ls krs Fksg7 lks2rs gSa fd i@k vkSj 7fg#kvksa us 'kS la.k 7sa5lf#, b/sk fd;k 4;ksafd /gka /s k7) dk vfkd fu;f7r vkSj:;/eLFkr ax ls v;;u 7uu !ikluk kkf7)d f/@k;ksa ijf/2kj&f/7k) dj ldsa /s /gka k7) dh l"i?k) fkAkk bkIrdj !l Gku / %k)u dks :;/gkj 7sa #k ldsa gj 'kSfHkAkd /gka jgdj fu;7ksa dk ik#u djuk lkkkjk h/u:;rhr djuk vukklu 7sa jguk !f2r ax ls vius f/2kjksa

dh vfHk:;e4r djuk vkSj fHkAkk 7kaxdj vius L/;a dkHkksu vkf% 6kuk lh$k lds

la.k 7sa jgrs g, 'kS&fHkAkd v;;u v;kiu dj ldrs FksvkSj fu/k)k ds f#, 'rk;s x;s 7kx) karksa vkSjfkAkkvksa dk vuljk djds 7ksAk bkIr dj ldrs Fks

Q.5 !u ifjfLFkfr;ks dk 7?R;kdu dhf;s ks 'kS k7) dsiz2kj&izlkj ds f#;s !*rj%k;h 'uh

(i) Hkkjr 7sa 'kS k7) ,sls l7; 7sa / ,sls /krk/jk 7saJS#k ' 'zkg7kh; l7k 7s vusd bdkj dh 6h#rk;s:;kIr Fkh

(ii) 7gk*7k ' L/;a ,d jkd7kj Fks !uds *;kx vfgalkl*; 'ak*/ vkf% Hkk/ukvksa ls #ksxksa 7sa !udsbfr k kx !Bh

iii ik#h Slh lj# Hkk@kk ds b;ksx ls urk dks l7Pus 7sa

dfBuk5) ugha g5)(iv) 'kS k7) ds !i%sk l*; / vfgalk ij vkkkfjr Fks ks

:;k/gkfjd Hkh Fks f=gsa vklkuh ls viuk;k k ldrkFkk

(v) 'kS k7) ;G g/u vkSj ik 'f# Sls :;; ls %?j Fkk

(vi) 'kS k7) 7sa lHkh kfr;ksa dk L/kxr Fkk3:


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(vii)'kS k7) ds b2kjd vk%k) vk2jk /k#s Fks vrN#ksxksa us !udk vuljk fd;k

(viii)vkksd dfu@d / g@k) Sls jkkvksa kjk lajAkk

f7#us ls 5ldk b2kj gvk(ix) 'kS 7Bksa ls fHkAkvksa / fHkAkfk;ksa dks

vk%k) / *;kxi?k) h/u :;rhr djus dk /krk/jkf7#uk

(x) 'kS k7) 7sa l7; ds lkFk 7gk;ku kk$kk ds Ki 7saifj/r)u ls #ksxksa dks vlf/kk ugha g5) vkSj 'dh 7?fr) i?k djus dh vu7fr ls 5l k7) dk vkSjf/Lrkj gvk

Q.6 'ksfklrk dh v/kkjkk dks vkkkj 7kurs g;s ghu;ku /7gk;ku l"iz%k;ks ds 7; v=rjks dks Li@6 dhf;s

"k?# 'kS k7) 7s fu/k)k izkIr djus ds f#, :;f4rxriz;klks ij ;k%k ksj f%;k krk Fkk L/a; ' dks Hkh ,d7u@; 7kuk krk Fkk #sfdu izFk7 l%h ds vkl&ikl ,d

7f4r%krk dh dRiuk !Hkjus #xh fls 'kfklrk dgk krkFkk 'ksfklrksa dks ij7 dKkk7; h/ 7kuk x;k ks viusl*dk;ks) ls i; d7krsa Fks #sfdu /s 5l i; dk iz;ksx%fu;k dks %N$kks 7sa OksM %sus ds f#;s vkSj fuQ'kuizkfIr ds f#;s ugh djrs Fksa'fRd /s %?ljksa dh lgk;rk djrsFksa ' vkSj 'kSfklrks dh 7?fr);ks dh i?k 5l ij"ijk dk,d 7g*/i?k) vax 'u x;h f2aru dh 5l u;h ij"ijk dks7gk;ku ds uk7 ls kuk x;k rFkk ijkuh ij"ijk dks ghu;ku ds

uk7 ls la'ksfkr fd;k

5u7s 7?#rN fu"uf#f$kr v=rj Fkk

7gk;ku ghu;ku

1-

7gk;ku 7r ds7kuus /k#s xkSr7

ghu;ku /k#s xkSr7' dks vk%k) vkSj

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' dks %s/rk7kudj !udh 7?fr)dh i?k djrs gSa

if/Ukrk dk brhd i@k7kurs gSa

-

;g f//kl vkSj k ijvfkd '# %srs gSa

;s fdlh Hkh 'kr dksrd) dh dlkS6h ij dl djf//kl djrs gSa

3-

5uds kjk laL_rHkk@kk ij ksj f%;kx;k

5udk i?jk lkfg*; ik#hHkk@kk 7sa Fkk

8

-

5udk f//kl Fkk fd

h/u dk #A; bkIrdjus ds f#, kkf7)dfu;7ksa dk ik#udjuk vk/;d gS

5udk f//kl Fkk fd

h/u dk #A; bkIr djusds f#, k rFkk vTOsd7ks ij '# %suk2kfg,

9-

5udk lks2uk Fkkfd vius 7ksAk dslkFk %?ljksa dsfu/k)k ij ;ku%suk 2kfg,vFkk)r 'kSfkl*/i% izkIr djuk !udk#A; Fkk

ghu;ku dk vFk)Oks6k ;ku gS 5udklks2uk Fkk fd 7ksAkdh bkeIr ds f#, h/dks L/;a dks f2ark /b;*u djuk 2kfg,

Q.7 Hkkjrh; laL_fr dks l7` 'ukus 7sa 'kS k7) ds ;ksx%kudk 7?R;kdu dhf;sa

Hkkjrh; laL_fr dks l7` 'ukus 7sa 'kS k7) dk fu"u;ksx%ku jgk &

(i) 'kS k7) us fkAkk / laL_fr ds AksUk 7sa ;g Hkk/iS%k fd;k fd fdlh 'kr ij rd) ds vkkkj ij lgh !rjus ij ghf//kl djuk 2kfg, 5lls vakf//klksa ij bfr'ak #xk

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(ii) xkSr7 ' ds !i%skksa ds lad#u ls g7kjh laL_fr 7saik#h Hkk@kk ds lkfg*; 7sa f/dkl / /`f g5)

(iii) uk#=%k f/Z7kh#k / 'R#Hkh Sls f//f/Xk#; 'kS

k7) dh gh %su gS fuds dkjk 5u ds=ksa ls Gkudh xaxk i?js Hkkjr / f// 7sa JS#h

(iv) 'kSx;k lka2h / Hkjg?r dh 7?fr);ka 5l 'kr ds!%kgjk gS fd 'kS k7) us 7?fr)d#k dks 7gkuV;ksx%ku f%;k gS

(v) 7?fr)d#k dh xakkj / 7Fkjk kSf#;k f/(k Ki ls 'kSf/@k;ks ij vkkkfjr Fkh flus Hkkjrh; 7?fr)d#k

dks ,d u;h ijkdk@Bk ij igW2k;k

Q.8 7gkjk gf/@d C,d d@kkk kkldD dsrSarhl/sa lk# 7sa x7) 7kSl7 ds ig#s 7ghus ds vkB/sa f%ufUkE6d kuus /k#s fHk4$k '# dh fk@;k fUkE6d kuus/k#h 'f7rk ds 'gu dh 's6h fHk4$kuh ku/rh us vius7krk&Erk ds lkFk 7k/ud 7sa 'ksfkl*/ dh 7?fr) LFkkErdh

(i) ku/rh us vius vfHk#s$k dh rkjh$k dSls fue2r dh

rSarhl/sa lk# 7sa x7) 7kSl7 ds ig#s 7ghus dsvkB/sa f%u

(ii) vius vulkj !=gksaus 'kSfkl*/ dh 7?fr) 4;ksa LFkkErdh

rkfd khjs&khjs 'kS k7) 7sa 7fg#k fHkAkvksa dkbHkk/ vkSj 7?fr) i?k '+s 'ksfkl*/ fu/k)k bkIr:;f4r gksrs Fks

(iii) /s vius fdu fjrs%kjksa dk uk7 #srh gS

3&


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viuh 7ka dh 'fgu C7kSlhD 'f7rk dk

(iv) /s dkSu&ls 'kS xzaFkksa dks kurh Fkh

'kS xzaFk fUkE6d dks

(v) !=gksaus ;s ikB fdlls lh$ks Fks

viuh 7kSlh 'f7rk ls

f// ds js$kk 7kuf2U 7sa fd=gha ,sls ika2 jk@6]ksa dks %kk)vks gka 'kS k7) JS#k

L&//o,->

T*+o%* *& E4&/ o T+$&..&+/

33


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Hih order hin7in S7i%% B,estion nd Ans$ers

B.1 ht re the com+risons tht I


46/147

(i) O$in to cro$n o$nershi+ o; %nd! %ndho%ders co,%d not +ss on

their %nd to their chi%dren. So the/ $ere erse to n/ %on! term inestment

in the s,stinnce nd e@+nsion o; +rod,ction.

(ii) It hd %ed to the ,ni;orm r,intion o; ric,%t,re e@cessie ++ression

o; the +esnt%/ nd contin,o,s dec%ine in the %iin stndrds o; %%

sections o; societ/.

(iii) O; the st trcts o; co,ntr/ constit,tin the em+ire o; Hind,stn!

mn/ re %itt%e more thn snd! or


47/147

Ans. 'o! A%8ir,ni did not de+end on%/ on Sn7srit te@ts ;or his

in;ormtion nd ,nderstndin o; Indin histor/ ;or it


48/147

I. 0escri+tion 8 I


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hd mos,e nd tem+%e nd in some o; them t %est s+ces $ere mr7ed

;or +,


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C1D ;s /ÀkL/Ki ls l'ls vuks$ks rFkk iz_fr 7sa l'ls

f/L7;dkjh /Àkksa 7sa ls ,d gSa ;s g?&'g? $k?j ds /Àk

Sls f%$krs gSa 5u7sa dks5) varj ugha gS /k; ,d vi/k% ds &,d ls dk@BJ# izkIr gksrk gS vkSj %?ljs ls $k?j

CD ukfj;# ds /Àk dk J# 7ku/ j ls 7s# $kkrk gS

4;ksafd 5l7sa Hkh 7kuks %ks vka$ksa rFkk ,d 7$k gS vkSj

va%j dk Hkkx gjk gksus ij 7fLr@d Slk f%$krk gS vkSj 5lls M+k

jskk 'k#ksa Slk f%$kk5) %srk gS /s 5lls jLlh 'ukrs gSa

#ksgs dh dh#ksa ds iz;ksx ds 'k; 5uls gk dks #rs gSa /s

5lls 'r)uksa ds f#, jLlh Hkh 'ukrs gSa

iz=k - 'fu);j ds vulkj !i7gkhi 7sa fdlkuksa dks fdu&fdu

l7L;kvksa ls ?Puk iM+rk Fkk 4;k vkidks #xrk gS fd !ldkf//jk !lds iAk dks l%`+ djus 7sa lgk;d gksrk gS

!*rj & gk 7Ps #xrk gS fd !ldk f//jk !lds iAk dks l`%`+

djus 7sa lgk;d gksrk !i7gkhi 7sa fdlkuksa dks fu"uf#f$kr

l7L;kvksa ls ?Puk iM+rk Fkk&

C1D jkdh; Hk?L/kf7*/ ds dkjk Hk?kkjd vius 'T2ksa

dks Hk?f7 ugha %s ldrs Fks 5lf#, /s !*ik%u ds Lrj dks 'uk,

j$kus vkSj !l7sa '+ksrjh ds f#, %?jxk7h fu/sk ds izfr

!%klhu Fks

4:


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CD 5lh ds 2#rs _f@k dk l7ku Ki ls f/ukk fdlkuksa dk

vlh7 !*ihM+u rFkk l7k ds lHkh /xks ds h/u Lrj 7sa vu/jr

iru dh fLFkfr !*i=u g5)

C3D fg=%Lrku ds lk7zk; ds f/kk# xzk7hk va2#ksas

7sa jsrh#h Hk?f7;k ;k 'aj i/)r gh gSa

C8D ;gk rd fd _f@k ;ks^; Hk?f7 dk ,d 'M+k fgLlk Hkh

f7dksa ds vHkk/ 7sa _f@k f/ghu jg krk gS

C9D 5u7sa ls d5) f7d x/u)jksa kjk fd, x, 'js :;/gkj

ds J#kL/Ki 7j krs gSa

CD xjh' #ksx ' vius #ksHkh L/kf7;ksa dh 7kaxksa dks

i?jk djus 7sa vl7Fk) gks krs gSa rks !=gsa u ds/#

h/u&fu/)gu ds lkkuksa ls /af2r dj f%;k krk gS 'fRd !=gsa

vius 'T2ksa ls Hkh gkFk kksuk iM+rk gS f=gsa %kl 'ukdj #s

k;k krk gS 5l izdkj ,slk gksrk gS fd 5l v*;ar fujadkrk ls

grkk gks fdlku xka/ OksM+dj 2#s krs gSa

iz=k 3- 4;k vkidks #xrk gS fd v#f'Kuh Hkkjrh; l7k ds f/@k; 7sa

viuh kudkjh vkSj l7P ds f#, ds/# laL_r xzaFkksa ij vkfr jgk

41


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!*rj & ugha v#f'Kuh Hkkjrh; l7k ds f/@k; 7sa viuh kudkjh

vkSj l7P ds f#, ds/# laL_r xzaFkksa ij vkfr ugha jgk 5lds f#,

/g fu"uf#f$kr rF;ksa dk !R#s$k djrk gS &

C1D ;kfU;ksa us !i7gkhi 7sa ks Hkh %s$kk lk7k=;rN

!ldh r#uk !=gksaus !u izFkkvksa ls dh fuls /s ifjf2r Fks

CD iz*;sd ;kUh us ks %s$kk !ls l7Pus ds f#, ,d v#x

f/fk viuk5) v#&f'Kuh vius f#, fukk)fjr !s; 7sa fufgr

l7L;kvksa ls ifjf2r Fkk

C3D !lds vulkj laL_r vj'h vkSj Jkjlh ls 5ruh fHk=u

Fkh fd f/2kjksa vkSj k=rksa dks ,d Hkk@kk ls %?ljh 7sa

vu/kf%r djuk vklku ugha Fkk

C8D kfr :;/LFkk ds la'ak 7sa 'zkk/k%h :;k$;k dks

7kuus ds 'k/?% v#&f'Kuh us vif/Urk dh 7k=;rk dks vL/hdkj

fd;k

C9D kfr :;/LFkk ds f/@k; 7sa v#&f'Kuh dk f//jk !lds

fu;k7d laL_r xazFkksa ds v;;u ls i?jh rjg ls xgurk ls izHkkf/r

Fkk 5u xzaFkksa 7sa 'zkkksa ds %`f@6dksk ls kfr :;/LFkk

dks la2kf#r djus /k#s fu;7ksa dk izfrik%u fd;k x;k Fkk #sfdu

/kLrf/d h/u 7sa ;g :;/LFkk 5ruh Hkh dM+h ugha Fkh

4#


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iz=k 8- 4;k vkidks #xrk gS fd l7dk#hu kgjh ds=ksa 7sa

h/u kS#h dks lgh kudkjh izkIr djus 7sa 5Qu'r?rk dk /`rkar

lgk;d gS vius !kj ds iAk 7sa rd) %hf,

!*rj & gk fu"uf#f$kr f'=%vksa 7sa Li@6 fd;k x;k gS &

C1D /k)u (0escri+tion) & 5Qu'r?rk dk /k)u vusd

%`f@6;ksa ls !i;ksxh 7kuk krk gS !lus Hkkjr ds vusd

kgjksa f%R#h lfgr d5) kgjksa ds #ksxksa dh vk'k%h

lM+dksa 'kkj vkSj kgj dh 2dk2kSak 27d vkf% ds 'kjs 7sa

!i;ksxh f//jk f%;k gS

CD f%R#h (0e%hi) & ' 2kS%g/ha krkQ%h 7sa 5Qu'r?rk

f%R#h vk;k Fkk !l l7; rd i?jk !i7gkhi ,d ,sls /Sf/d la2kj raU

dk fgLlk 'u 2dk Fkk ks i?/) 7sa 2hu ls #sdj if27 7sa

!*rj&if27h vchdk rFkk ;?jksi rd JS#k gvk Fkk

1- f%R#h 'M+s AksU 7sa JS#k .kuh ula$;k /k#k kgj gS

& kgj ds 2kjksa vksj 'uh izk2hu C%h/kjD vr#uh; gS

izk2hjksa ds va%j $kkX lk7xzh gfFk;kj 'kK% izAksikLU rFkk .

ksjs'a%h 7sa dk7 vkus /k#h 7khuksa ds laxzg ds f#,

HkaMkjx`g 'us g, Fks

- 5l kgj ds > kj gSa f=gsa %j/kk dgk krk gS vkSj

5u7sa ls '%k;? %j/kk l'ls f/kk# gS4&


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C3D 5Qu'r?rk vkSj Hkkjrh; kgj (I


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1- lk7kfd fLFkfr & v# 'SKuh ds vulkj Hkkjrh; l7k kfr

izFkk ds dM+s 'akuksa ls dM+k gvk Fkk !l l7; 'k#&f//kg

vkSj lrh izFkk Slh dizFkk,a 7kS?% Fkh

- kkf7)d fLFkfr & !lds vulkj Hkkjr 7sa 7?fr)i?k

iz2f#r Fkh 7af%jksa 7sa 'gr lk ku 7k Fkk lkkkjk urk

vusd %s/h&%s/rkvksa 7sa f//kl j$krh Fkh

3- jkuhfrd %kk & lkjk %sk Oks6s&Oks6s jk;ksa 7sa

'a6k gvk Fkk 5u7sa jk@6]h; Hkk/uk dh d7h Fkh ;s vkil 7sa

5)@;k) ds dkjk l%S/ #M+rs jgrs Fks

8- =;k; :;/LFkk & JkS%kjh dku?u uj7 Fks 'zkkksa

dks 7`*;%M ugha f%;k krk Fkk ds/# 'kj&'kj vijkk djus

/k#s ds gh gkFk&iSj dk6 f%, krs Fks

9- Hkkjrh; %k)u & Hkkjrh; %k)u ls v#f'Kuh 'gr izHkkf/r

gvk !lus Hkx/%Vxhrk vkSj !ifu@k%ksa ds 2s %kk)fud

f/2kjksa dh 7f4r dB ls ljkguk dh gS

- ,sfrgkd Gku & Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,sfrgkd .k6ukvksa dks

frfFk vulkj f#$kus ds 'kjs 7sa 'gr d7 Gku gS


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;g l7Prs gSa fd !lds Slk %sk ugha gS !uds Slk lalkj 7sa

dks5) k7) ugha gS !uds Slk fdlh ds ikl Gku ugha gS

45


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L&//o,-

Hkfr vkSj l(


58/147

* he Lin/ts %so enco,red certin +rctices dis++roed in the

0hrmshstrs! s,ch s +ost+,


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(i) S,;i thin7ers %so %ie $ith +eo+%es. he/ ,ses serer% %n,es.

he/ ,ses Hindi or +ersin %n,e.

(ii)


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(iii) K


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8 At the sme time there $s second +rocess t $or7 tht o; the

rhmnns cce+tin nd re$or7in the


62/147

'kjg/ha krkQ%h 7sa duk)6d 7sa ,d u/hu vka%ks#u dk

!%VHk/ 5uds vu;k;h /hj kS/ / f#axk;r Cf#ax kkjk djus

/k#sD dg#k,

vk Hkh f#axk;r l7%k; dk 5l AksU 7sa 7g/ gS /s fk/

dh vkjkkuk f#ax ds Ki 7sa djrs gSa 5l l7%k; ds iK@k /k7

Ldak ij 2ka%h ds ,d E6kjs 7sa ,d #.k f#ax dks kkjk djrs

gSa f=gsa k dh % f̀@6 ls %s$kk krk gS !u7sa ax7

vFkk)rV ;k;k/j fHkAk kkf7# gSa

k7)kkLU 7sa 'rk, x, k laLdkj dk /s ik#u ugha djrs vkSj

vius 7`rdksa dks f/fki?/)d %Jukrs gSa f#axk;rksa us kfr

dh v/kkjkk vkSj dO l7%k;ksa ds m%?f@krm gksus dh

'zkkh; v/kkjkk dk f/jksk fd;kiu)=7 ds k=r ij 5=gksusiz(u/k2d f2=g #xk;k

iz=k - !%kgjk lfgr f/#s@kk dhf, fd Hkf4r vkSj l?Jh

f2ardksa us vius f/2kjksa dks vfHk:;4r djus ds f#, fdu

Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k

!*rj & Hkf4r larksa kjk f/fHk=u Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx &

C1D l'ls izkjafHkd Hkf4r larksa us laL_r ik#h izk_r

rf7# 7#;k#7 vkf% Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k

5#


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CD %fAkk Hkkjr ds 'zkkksa us LFkkuh; Hkk@kkvksa

ds lkFk&lkFk laL_r 7sa Hkh vius !s; f/2kj vkSj %k)u dks

j$kk

C3D 7;dk#hu Hkf4r larksa us d'hj us i% vkSj %ksgksa

dk LFkkuh; Hkk@kk vkSj 'ksf#;ksa 7sa j2s

C8D 'k'k xK ukud %s/ jf/%kl vkf% us fg=%h vkSj iak'h

Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k

C9D 7hjk'k5) us 'zHkk@kk 7sa jkLFkku 7sa vkSj

fg=%h 7sa i% vkSj Hku xk, vkSj f#$ks

CD 7gkjk@6] 7sa dO larksa us 7jkBh vkSj xjkr 7sa

dO Hk4r larksa us xjkrh dk iz;ksx fd;k

l?Jh f/2kjdksa kjk &

C1D l?Jh f/2kjd Hkh urk ds 7; jgrs Fks !=gksaus

f/fHk=u Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k !=gksaus fg=%/h ;k

ulkkkjk dks fg=%h ds lkFk&lkFk Jkjlh Hkk@kkvksa dk iz;ksx

fd;k

CD 'k'k Jjh% us LFkkuh; Hkk@kk dk iz;ksx fd;k !udh

Hkk@kk 7sa fg=%h Jkjlh iak'h vkf% dks %s$kk k ldrk gS

5&


64/147

C3D %fAkk Hkkjr 7sa ks l?Jh lar jgrs Fks !=gksaus

!%?) Hkk@kk ls f7#rh&#rh %fAkkh u&lkkkjk kjk !i;ksx

7sa #h x5) Hkk@kk 7sa vius f/2kj :;4r fd,

C8D d=uM+ rs#x? 7#;k#7 Hkk@kk 7sa dO larksa us

dO !i;ksx f%, xhr&df/rk, vkSj xzaFk f#$ks

iz=k 3- nd'hj Hkf4rdk# dk ,d iz l=r Fkkn 5l dFku dh l7hAkk

dhf,

!*rj & d'hj Hkf4rdk# dk ,d iz l=r Fkk fldh l7hAkk

fu"uf#f$kr f'=%vksa kjk dh x5) Fkh &

d4*j d* f=k3kk#> .

C1D kkf7)d fkAkk, & k7) ds la'ak 7sa d'hj us v*;ar

7g/i?k) f/2kj f%, gSa !=gksaus fdlh kkf7)d f//kl dks

5lf#, L/hdkj ugha fd;k fd /g k7) dk vax 'u 2dk gS vEr

vakf//klksa /zr 'zkkksa ds d7)dkaM rFkk rhFk) vkf% ij

dldj :;a^; fd,

CD vakf//klksa dk .kksj f/jksk & d'hj usvakf//klksa dk ksj%kj f/jksk fd;k !=gksaus

fg=%?&7fL#7 %ksuksa l"iz%k;ksa ds vakf//klksa

7?fr)i?k u7k rhFk) 5*;kf% ij dldj :;a^; fd,

53


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C3D Hkf4r7kx) ds l7Fk)d & Hkf4r Hkk/uk dk d'hj us

i?jk l7Fk)u fd;k !=gksaus fux)k fujkdkj Hkf4r dk 7kx)

viukdj 7ku/ ds l"7$k Hkf4r dk 7kSf#d Ki j$kk

C8D l7=/;/k%h %`f@6dksk & d'hj us r*dk#hu fg=%?

rFkk 5L#k7 k7ks laL_fr;ksa ,/a lH;rkvksa ds la.k@k) dk

M6dj f/jksk fd;k

C9D x`gLFk h/u ds *;kx dk f/jksk & d'hj ds

f/2kjkulkj lkJ h/u viukus ds f#, x`gLFkh dk lk7k=; h/u

*;kxus dh dks5) vk/;drk ugha fux)k Hkf4r kkjk d'hj ig#s

lars Fks ks lar gksdj Hkh var rd k x`gLFk 'us jgs ,/a

kkjhfjd 7 dh izfr@Bk dks 7ku/ dh lJ#rkvksa dk vkdkj 'rk;k

iz=k 8- !%kgjk lfagr Li@6 dhf, fd laiz%k; ds l7=/; ls 5frgkldkj4;k vFk) fudk#rs gSa

!*rj & 5frgkldkjksa ds vulkj laiz%k;ksa ds l7=/; dk vFk) &

& i?k izkkf#;ksa ds l7=/; dks gh 5frgkldkj l"iz%k; l7=/;

7kurs gSa 5lds v=rx)r /g f/fHk=u l"iz%k; ds #ksxksa ds

f//klksa vkSj vk2jkksa ds f7k vkSj !uds ihOs Ois fufgr

l7ku !s;ksa dks #ksxksa ds lk7us j$krs gSa

& /s kkf7)d f/dkl dh f/fHk=u ifr;ksa vkSj l"iz%k;ksa ds

f/dkl dks l7Pus dk iz;kl djrs gSa !%kgjk ds f#, /s vkB/ha

54


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krkQ%h ds Hkkjr 7sa i?k izkkf#;ksa ds la'ak ds 'kjs 7sa

vius f/2kj f#$krs gSa

& 5frgkldkjksa dk lPk/ gS fd ;gk d7 ls d7 %ks izfZ;k,

dk;)jr Fkh ,d izfZ;k 'zkkh; f/2kjkkjk ds iz2kj dh Fkh

5ldk izlkj ikSjkfkd xzaFkksa dh j2uk lad#u vkSj ifjjAkk kjk

gvk ;s xzaFk lj# laL_r Oa%ksa 7sa Fks ks /Sf%d f/Xk ls

f/ghu fLU;ksa vkSj k?ksa kjk Hkh xzko Fks

& 5lh dk# dh ,d v=; izfZ;k Fkh LUh k?ksa / v=; lk7kfd

/xks dh vkLFkkvksa vkSj vk2jkksa dks 'zkkksa kjk

L/h_r fd;k kuk vkSj !ls ,d u;k Ki iz%ku djuk

!%kgjk & !M+hlk 7sa f/@k ds Ki 7sa x=ukFk dh i?k

f/@k dh i*uh ds Ki 7sa #A7h dh i?k

L&//o,-?

f"t; uxj lke2k;

V"@$4$,$%$+$ E6!"+&55


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B.18 "%,te the im+ortnce o; Amr '/7 S/stem in emerence o;

Vi/nr "m+ire.

Ans. he mr8n/7 s/stem $s mor +o%itic% innotion o; the

Vi/nr "m+ire. It is %i7e%/ tht mn/ ;et,res o; this s/tem $ere

deried ;rom the it s/stem o; the 0e%hi S,%tnte.

here is im+ortnt ro%e o; this s/tem to emerin the Vi/nr

em+ire. ht sho$s in the ;o%%o$in +oints

(i) he mr8n/7s $ere mi%itr/ commnders $ho $ere ien

territories to oern


68/147

B#8 ht do /o, thin7 $ere the dntes nd disdntes o; enc%osin

ric,%t,r% %nd $ithin the ;orti;ied re o; the cit/ G

Ans. here re mn/ dntes nd disdntes o; enc%osin ric,%t,r%

%nd $ithin the ;orti;ied re o; the Vi/nr em+ire.

1. A


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4. heneer! Kindom $s ttc7ed


70/147

7in nd his ,ests


71/147

Port,e,ses. he ei%s o; cste s/stem nd ,nto,ch


72/147

C1D v7j uk;d lSfud d7kaMj Fks f=gsa jk; kjk izkklu ds

f#, jk; AksU f%;s krs Fks /s fdlkuksa fkRidf7);ksa rFkk

:;kikfj;ksa ls Hk?&jkL/ rFkk v=; dj /l?# djrs Fks

CD v7j uk;d jkL/ dk dO Hkkx :;f4rxr !i;ksx rFkk .

kksM+ksa vkSj gkfFk;ksa ds fukk)fjr %# ds j$k&j$kk/ ds f#,

vius ikl j$k #srs Fks

C3D ;s %# f/;uxj kkldksa dks ,d izHkk/h lSfud kf4r

iz%ku djus 7sa lgk;d gksrs Fks fldh 7%% ls !=gksaus i?js

%fAkkh izk;hi dks vius fu;aUk 7sa fd;k

C8D v7j uk;d jkk dks /@k) 7sa ,d 'kj Hksa6 Hksk djrs

Fks vkSj viuh L/kf7Hkf4r izd6 djus ds f#, jkdh; %j'kj 7sa

!igkjksa ds lkFk L/;a !ifLFkr gvk djrs Fks

C9D ;s v7j uk;d jkk ds fu;aUk 7sa jgrs Fks jkk

dHkh&dHkh !=gsa ,d ls %?ljs LFkku ij LFkkukarfjr dj !u ij

viuk fu;aUk %kk)rs Fks

iz=k - kgj ds fd#s'a% AksU 7sa _f@k AksU dks j$kus ds

vkids f/2kj 7sa 4;k Jk;%s vkSj udlku Fks

=#


73/147

!*rj & f/;uxj kgj ds fd#s'a% AksU 7sa _f@k AksU dks

2kj%h/kjh ds va%j j$kus ls g7kjs f/2kj ls vusd #kHk vkSj

gkfu;k Fkh 5ldk f//jk 5l izdkj gS&

1- _f@k AksU 7sa $ksrksa ds vklikl lk7k=;rN lkkkjk urk

vkSj fdlku jgrs Fks 'kxksa vkSj $ksrksa dh j$k/k#h djuk vklku

Fkk

- izk;N 7;dk#hu .ksjk'a%h dk 7$; !s; izfriAk dks $kkX

lk7xzh ls /af2r dj R%h ls R%h vk*7l7i)k CgfFk;kj Mk#us ds

f#,D ds f#, djuk gksrk Fkk

3- ;dk# 7sa kUvksa kjk .ksjk'a%h d5) 7ghuksa rd kjh

j$kh krh Fkh ;gk rd fd /@kks rd 2# ldrh Fkh vk7rkSj ij kkld

,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fui6us ds f#, fd#s'a% AksUksa ds Hkhrj gh

f/kk# v=uxkjksa dk fu7k)k dj/krs Fks f/;uxj ds kkldksa

us i?js _f@k Hk?&Hkkx dks '2kus ds f#, ,d vfkd 7gaxh rFkk

:;kid uhfr dks viuk;k

8- fd#k'a% $ksrh ;ks^; Hk?f7 dks 2kj %h/kjh ds va%j j$kus ls

udlku ;g Fkk fd izk;N 'kgj jgus /k#s fdlkuksa dks vkus kus

7sa kjik#ksa ls 5kr #suh gksrh Fkh lkFk gh kU kjk .

ksjk'a%h gksus ij 'kgj ls _f@k ds f#, vk/;d Kjr iM+us ij 'h

!/)jd ;aU vkf% 'kgj ds 'kkjksa ls #kuk izk;N dfBu Fkk

=&


74/147

9- ;f% kU iAk ds kjk dk6h x5) Jl# dks vkx #xkdj #k f%;k

krk rks vkfFk)d gkfu 'gr :;kid gks ldrh Fkh

iz=k 3- vkids f/2kj 7sa 7gku/7h fMQ'k ls la' vu@Bkuksa dk

4;k 7g/ Fkk

!*rj & g7kjs f/2kj 7sa 7gku/7h fMQ'k ls la' vu@Bkuksa dk

:;kid 7g/ Fkk f/;uxj kgj ds l'ls 2s LFkkuksa ij 7gku/7h

fMQ'k uk7d f/kk# 7a2 gksrk Fkk 5ldh laj2uk ls M+s

vu@Bku laHk/rN r"'j rFkk v46?'j ds kj% 7klksa 7sa 7uk,

kus /k#s %l f%u ds fg=%? *;kSgkj fls %kgjk C!kj HkkjrD

%xk)i?k Cia- 'axk#D rFkk u/jkfU ;k 7gku/7h Cizk;hih;

Hkkjr 7saD uk7ksa ls kuk krk gS ds 7gku/7h ds v/lj ij

fu@ikf%r fd, krs Fks 5l v/lj ij f/;uxj kkld vius Kr's rkdr vkSjvfkjk; dk iz%k)u djrs Fks

& 5l v/lj ij gksus /k#s k7k)u@Bkuksa 7sa 7?fr) dh i?k

jk; ds v/ dh i?k rFkk HkSalksa vkSj v=; ku/jksa dh 'f#

lf"7f#r Fkh u`*; drh izfrLikk) rFkk lk #xs .kksM+ksa

gkfFk;ksa rFkk jFkksa vkSj lSfudksa dh kksHkk;kUk vkSj lkFk

gh iz7$k uk;dksa vkSj vkhuLFk jkkvksa kjk jkk vkSj !lds

vfrfFk;ksa dks %h kus /k#h vkSi2kfjd Hksa6 5l v/lj ds iz7$k

vkd@k)k Fks

=3


75/147

& *;kSgkj ds vf=r7 f%u jkk viuh rFkk vius uk;dksa dh lsuk

dk $k#s 7S%ku 7sa vk;ksfr Hk:; l7kjksg 7sa fujhAkk djrk

Fkk 5l v/lj ij uk;d jkk ds f#, 'M+h 7kUk 7sa Hksa6 rFkk

lkFk gh fu;r dj Hkh #krs Fks

izu 8- f/;uxj lk7zk; ds f/fHk=u f//jkksa ls vki f/;uxj ds

lk7k=; #ksxksa ds h/u dh 4;k Of/ ikrs gSa

!*rj & lk7k=; #ksxksa ds 'kjs 7sa 'gr ;k%k f//jk izkIr

ugha gksrs 4;ksafd lk7k=; #ksxksa ds vk/klksa ks v' vfLr*/

7sa izkIr ugha g, gSa &

& AksU l/s)Akk 5afxr djrs gSa fd 5l i?js AksU 7sa 'gr ls

i?k LFk# vkSj Oks6s 7af%j Fks ks f/f/k izdkj ds laiz%k;ksa

ds iz2#u dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa

& f/;uxj lk7zk; 7sa lkkkjk #ksx f/fHk=u l"iz%k;ksa Sls

fg=%? kS/ /S@kksa Su 'kS vkSj 5L#k7 ds vu;k;h jgrs

Fks /g f/fHk=u Hkk@kkvksa Sls d=uM+ rf7# rs#x? laL_r

vkf% dk iz;ksx djrs Fks

& lk7k=; #ksxksa 7sa dO Oks6s :;kikjh vkSj dO lkS%kxj

Hkh Fks ks xka/ksa dL'ksa vkSj Oks6s kgjksa 7sa jgrs Fks

=4


76/147

5u7sa dO :;kikjh 'a%jxkg kgjksa 7sa Hkh jgrs Fks LFkkuh;

/Lrvksa Sls 7lk#s 7ksrh 2a%u vkf% ds lkFk&lkFk dO

:;kikjh .kksM+s vkSj gkfFk;ksa dk :;kikj Hkh djrs Fks

& fdlku f7d %kl vkf% dks Hkh lkkkjk #ksxksa 7sa kkf7#

fd;k k ldrk Fkk lk7zk; 7sa dO lk7k=; 'zkk :;kikjh vkSj

%kl %k;k Hkh Fks lkkkjk #ksx _f@k dk;ks ds lkFk&lkFk

f/fHk=u izdkj ds rFkkdfFkr Oks6s l7Ps kus /k#s dk;) Hkh

fd;k djrs Fks

& f/; uxj 7sa f7dksa dks f/izk f/uks%fk;u Hkh dgk krk

gS 5l /x) 7sa #kSgkj lukj '+5) 7?fr)dkj vkf% vkrs

Fks

CHAPTER 8

fdlku] te*)kj vkSj jk;d?f8k lekt vkSj e1x$ lke2k;

¼$xHkx lks$g"* vkSj l-g"*a l)*rd½

@EASABS# ZAMIBA0S AB HESAE

Agraria) S"4iet$ a)d t*e Mug*alEC:ire

=5


77/147

(C. Sixteenth and SeventeenthCentury)


78/147

iii h7 s7v7%77%h-'7%ur# Fr7%'h rav7l7r 7a%-Ba2iss av7r%i7r f/u%d i r7!arka5l7ha i% pI%dia a villag7 !us 57 v7r# s!alli%d77d if i has %/ a !/%7# 'ha%g7r 'all7d a

Shr/ h7# a' as 5a%k7rs / !ak7r7!ia%'7s /f !/%7# a%d ?h/ 7%ha%'7 h7ru277 as h7# 2l7as7 f/r 2aisa a%d h7 2aisaf/r h7s7 '/?ri7 sh7llsq

iv % 7x2a%di%g rad7 5r/ugh i% hug7 a!/u%s/f silv7r 5ulli/% i%/ sia / 2a# f/r g//d2r/'ur7d fr/! I%dia, a%d a larg7 2ar /f ha5ulli/% gravia7d /?ards I%dia his ?asg//d f/r I%dia as i did %/ hav7 %auralr7s/ur'7s /f silv7r

v s a r7sul, h7 27ri/d 57?77% h7 six77%ha%d 7igh77%h '7%uri7s ?as als/ !ark7d 5#a r7!arka5l7 sa5ili# i% h7 availa5ili# /f !7al 'urr7%'#, 2ari'ularl# h7 silv7r ru2#ai% I%dia

vi his fa'ilia7d a% u%2r7'7d7%7d 7x2a%si/%/f !i%i%g /f '/i%s a%d h7 'ir'ulai/% /f !/%7# i% h7 7'/%/!# as ?7ll as h7 a5ili#/f h7 Mughal sa7 / 7xra' ax7s a%d

r7v7%u7 i% 'ashvii h7 7si!/%# /f a% Ialia% rav7l7r, i/va%%iQar7ri, ?h/ 2ass7d hr/ugh I%dia ' 1\0,2r/vid7s a gra2hi' a''/u% a5/u h7 ?a#silv7r rav7l7d a'r/ss h7 gl/57 / r7a'hI%dia I als/ giv7s us a% id7a /f h72h7%/!7%al a!/u%s /f 'ash a%d '/!!/di#ra%sa'i/%s i% s7v7%77%h-'7%ur# I%dia


79/147

lik7 disi%'i/%s !7a% ha h7 'uliva/rs?7r7 a highl# h77r/g7%/us gr/u2 !/%gh/s7 ?h/ ill7d h7 la%d, h7r7 ?as asiz7a5l7 %u!57r ?h/ ?/rk7d as !7%ials /r

agri'ulual, la5/ur7rs !aj/rii 47s2i7 h7 a5u%da%'7 /f 'uliva5l7 la%d,'7rai% 'as7 gr/u2s ?7r7 assig%7d !7%ialaks a%d hus r7l7ga7d / 2/v7r# h/ughh7r7 ?as %/ '7%sus a ha i!7, h7 lil7daa ha ?7 hav7 sugg7s ha su'h gr/u2s'/!2ris7d a larg7 s7'i/% /f h7 villag72/2ulai/%, had h7 l7as r7s/ur'7s a%d ?7r7'/%srai%7d 5# h7ir 2/sii/% i% h7 'as7hi7rar'h#, !u'h lik7 h7 4alis /f !/d7r%

I%dia Su'h disi%'i/%s had 57gu%27r!7ai%g i%/ /h7r '/!!u%ii7s //

iii MusliC *alak*"ra) et49 J I% !usli!'/!!u%ii7s !7%ials lik7 h7 halakh/ra%s'av7%g7rs ?7r7 h/us7d /usid7 h75/u%dari7s /f h7 villag7, si!ilarl#!allahzadas li7rall#, s/%s /f 5/a!7% i%Bihar ?7r7 '/!2ara5l7 / slav7s

iv ire4t 4"'relati") bet(ee) 4aste a)d

s"4i" e4")"Ci4 :"siti") J h7r7 ?as adir7' '/rr7lai/% 57?77% 'as7, 2/v7r# a%ds/'ial saus a h7 l/?7r sraa /f s/'i7#su'h '/rr7lai/%s ?7r7 %/ s/ !ar7d ai%7r!7dia7 l7v7ls I% a !a%ual fr/!s7v7%77%h '7%ur# Mar?ar, *aj2us ar7!7%i/%7d as 27asa%s, shari%g h7 sa!7s2a'7 ?ih as, ?h/ ?7r7 a''/rd7d a l/?7rsaus i% h7 'as7 hi7rar'h# h7 auravas,?h/ 'uliva7d la%d ar/u%d 6ri%dava% =arTrad7s, s/ugh *aj2u saus i% h7s7v7%77%h '7%ur#

v 0ise i) *ierar4*$ "f 4aste J Qas7s su'h ash7 hirs, ujars a%d Malis r/s7 i% h7hi7rar'h# 57'aus7 /f h7 2r/Ea5ili# /f 'al7r7ari%g a%d h/ri'ulur7 I% h7 7as7r%r7gi/%s, i%7r!7dia7 2as/ral a%d Eshi%g

=9


80/147

'as7s lik7 h7 sadg/2s a%d Gaivarasa'uir7d h7 saus /f 27asa%s


81/147

iv Fu)di)g "f @a)4*a$at "r s"ur4es "f I)4"Ce @a)4*a$at9 J h7 2a%'ha#ad7riv7d is fu%ds fr/! '/%ri5ui/%s !ad7 5#i%dividuals / a '/!!/% E%a%'ial 2//l

v IteC "f ex:e)diture J h7s7 fu%ds ?7r7us7d f/r d7fra#i%g h7 '/ss /f 7%7rai%i%gr7v7%u7 /t'ials ?h/ visi7d h7 villag7 fr/!i!7 / i!7 "x27%s7s f/r '/!!u%i#?7lfar7 a'ivii7s su'h as idi%g /v7r %aural'ala!ii7s lik7 //ds, ?7r7 als/ !77 fr/!h7s7 fu%ds :f7% h7s7 fu%ds ?7r7 als/d72l/#7d i% '/%sru'i/% /f a 5u%d /r diggi%ga 'a%al ?hi'h 27asa%s usuall# '/uld %/

a/rd / d/ /% h7ir /?%

vi Vari"us fu)4ti") "f :a)4*a$at J :%7i!2/ra% fu%'i/%s /f h7 2a%'ha#a ?as /7%sur7 ha 'as7 5/u%dari7s a!/%g h7vari/us '/!!u%ii7s i%ha5ii%g h7 villag7?7r7 u2h7ld I% 7s7r% I%dia all !arriag7 ?7r7h7ld i% h7 2r7s7%'7 /f h7 !a%dal I% /h7r?/rds /%7 /f h7 dui7s /f h7 villag7

h7ad!a% ?as / /v7rs77 h7 '/%du' /f h7!7!57rs /f h7 villag7 '/!!u%i# p'hi7# /2r7v7% a%# /7%'7 agai%s h7ir 'as7q

vii IC:"si)g )es a)d ex:ulsi") fr"C 4astea)d 4"CCu)it$ J Ta%'ha#a als/ had h7auh/ri# / l7v# E%7s a%d i%i' !/r7 s7ri/usf/r!s /f 2u%ish!7% lik7 7x2ulsi/% fr/! h7'/!!u%i# h7 la7r ?as a drasi' s72 a%d?as i% !/s 'as7s !77d /u f/r a li!i7d27ri/d I !7a% ha a 27rs/% f/r'7d / l7av7h7 villag7 57'a!7 a% /u'as7 a%d l/s hisrigh / 2ra'is7 his 2r/f7ssi/% Su'h a!7asur7 ?as i%7%d7d as a d77rr7% /vi/lai/% /f 'as7 %/r!s

viii Oaste "r Pati @a)4*a$at J I% addii/%/ h7 villag7 2a%'ha#a 7a'h 'as7 /r jai i%

>1


82/147

h7 villag7 had is /?% jai 2a%'ha#a h7s72a%'ha#a7s ?i7ld7d '/%sid7ra5l7 2/?7r i%rural s/'i7# I% *ajasha% jai 2a%'ha#asar5ira7d 'ivil dis2u7s 57?77% !7!57rs /f

di7r7% 'as7s h7# !7dia7d i% '/%7s7d'lai!s /% la%d, d7'id7d ?h7h7r !arriag7s?7r7 27rf/r!7d a''/rdi%g / h7 %/r!s laidd/?% 5# a 2ari'ular 'as7 gr/u2, d77r!i%7d?h/ had riual 2r7'7d7%'7 i% villag7fu%'i/%s, a%d s/ /% I% !/s 'as7s, 7x'72 i%!a7rs /f 'ri!i%al jusi'7, h7 sa7 r7s27'h7 d7'isi/%s /f jai 2a%'ha#as

ix @etiti")s :rese)ted b$ 4aste :a)4*a$at

a)d t*eir iC:a4t J r'hival r7'/rds fr/!?7s7r% I%dia-%/a5l# *ajasha% a%dMaharashra-'/%ai% 27ii/%s 2r7s7%7d /h7 2a%'ha#a '/!2lai%i%g a5/u7x/ri/%a7 axai/% /r h7 d7!a%d f/ru%2aid la5/ur 57ggar i!2/s7d 5# h7psu27ri/rq 'as7s /r /t'ials /f h7 sa7

h7s7 27ii/%s ?7r7 usuall# !ad7 5#villag7rs, fr/! h7 l/?7s ru%gs /f rural

s/'i7# :f7% 27ii/%s ?7r7 !ad7'/ll7'iv7l# as ?7ll, 5# a 'as7 gr/u2 /r a'/!!u%i# 2r/7si%g agai%s ?ha h7#'/%sid7r7d ?7r7 !/rall# ill7gii!a7d7!a%ds /% h7 2ar /f 7li7 gr/u2s h7s7i%'lud7d 7x'7ssiv7 ax d7!a%ds ?hi'h,7s27'iall# i% i!7s /f dr/ugh /r /h7rdisas7rs, 7%da%g7r7d h7 27asa%ssu5sis7%'7 I% h7 7#s /f h7 27ii/%7rs /f righ / h7 5asi' !i%i!u! f/r survival ?assa%'i/%7d 5# 'us/! h7# r7gard7d h7villag7 2a%'ha#a as h7 '/ur /f a227al ha?/uld 7%sur7 ha h7 sa7 'arri7d /u is!/ral /5ligai/%s a%d guara%77d jusi'7

>#


83/147

v6;k; Qfdlku] te*)kj vkSj jk;

d?f8k lekt vkSj e1x$ lke2k;¼$xHkx lks$g"* vkSj l-g"*a l)* rd½

i2=u D' fdlku] te*a)kj vkSj jk; @easa)ts#ZaCi)dars a)d *e Statesd?f8k lekt vkSj e1x$ lke2k; ¼$xHkx D%"*a

vkSj D"*a l)* rd½

iz-1 f/2kjkkhu dk# C1/ha vkSj 1


84/147

vkSj xkW/ksa 7sa /Lrvksa vkSj ls/kvksa dk f/fu7;

gksrk Fkk

vi !%kgjk ds rkSj ij vBkjg/ha l%h ds lzksr 'rkrs

gS fd 'axk# 7sa 7ha%kj !udh ls/kvksa ds '%#s#ksgkjksa '+5) vkSj lukjksa rd dks jks dk

Hk*rk vkSj $kkus ds f#, ud%h #krs Fks 5l :;/LFkk

dks 7kuh dgrs Fks gk#kafd ;g kQ% lks#g/ha /

lUg/ha l%h 7sa 'gr 5Lrs7k# ugha gksrk Fkk ;s

l'?r 7s%kj gSa 4;ksfd 5uls irk 2#rk gS fd xkW/ ds

Oks6s Lrj ij Jsj&'%# ds fjrs fdrus is2h%k Fks ,slkugha gS fd ud% v%k;xh dk 2#u f'#d# gh u%kj%

Fkk

v lUg/ha l%h 7sa Jzkalhlh ;kUh ;ka 'SfI6L6 rS/fua;j

dks ;g 'kr !R#s$kuh; #xh fd Hkkjr 7sa /s xkW/ 'gr gh

Oks6s dgs k,Wxs fu7sa 7%zk dh Jsj '%# djus /k#s

f=gsa ljkJ dgrs gsa u gksa ,d 'Sadj dh rjJ ljkJ g/k#k

Hkxrku djrs gSa CvkSjD viuh 7h) ds 7rkf'd iSls ds

7dk'#s iSls dh

i2G vkids e1rkf4d d?f8k lekt esa lkekftd " vkfFkZd

la4a6kksa dks i2Hkkf"r djus esa tkfr fdl g) rd #d dkjd

Fk*R

C0rj. d`f@k l7k ds f/fHk=u la'akksa dks izHkkf/r djus

7sa ,d dkjd ds KIk 7sa kfr dh Hk?f7dkN&

i kfr vkSj kfr Sls v=; Hks%Hkk/ksa dh /g ls $ksfrgj

fdlku d5) rjg ds l7?gksa 7sa 'kW6s Fks $skrksa dh

rk5) djus /k#ksa 7sa ,d 'M+h rk%k% ,sls #ksxksa dh

>3


85/147

Fkh ks uh2 l7Ps kus /k#s dk7ksa 7sa #xs Fks ;k fJj

$ksrksa 7sa 7%?jh djrs Fks

ii ;XE $ksrh #k;d 7hu dh d7h ugha Fkh fJj Hkh dO kfr

ds #ksxksa dks J) uh2s l7Ps kus /k#s dk7 gh f%, krsFksa 5l rjg /s xjh' jgus ds f#, 7'?j Fks uxkuk rks !l

/4r ugha gksrh Fkh ij ks FkksM+s 'gr vkWdM+s vkSj

rF; g7kjs ikl gSa !uls irk 2#rk gS fd xkW/ dh vk'k%h dk

'gr 'M+k fgLlk ,sls gh l7?gksa dk Fkk 5uds ikl lalkku

l'ls d7 Fks vkSj kfr :;/LFkk dh ik'af%;ksa ls 'Wks Fks

5udh gk#r d7ks'sk /Slh gh Fkh Slh fd vkkfud Hkkjr7sa %f#rksa dh

iii %?ljs laiz%k;ksa 7sa Hkh ,sls Hks%Hkk/ JS#us #xs

Fks 7l#7ku l7%k;ksa 7sa g#k#$kksjku Sls uh2 dk7ksa

ls M+s l7?g xkW/ dh g%ksa ds 'kgj gh jg ldrs Fks 5lh

rjg f'gkj 7sa 7R#kgk+%kvksa CkkfQ%d vFk) ukf/dksa

ds iUD dh r#uk %klks ls dh k ldrh Fkh

iv l7k ds fu2#s rQkds 7sa kfr xjh'h vkSj lk7kfd gS;r

ds 'h2 lhkk fjrk Fkk ,slk 'h2 ds l7?gksa 7sa ugha

Fkk lUg/ha l%h 7sa 7kj/kM+ 7sa f#$kh x5) ,d fdrk'

jki?rksa dh 22k) fdlkuksa ds KIk 7sa djrh gS 5l fdrk'

ds 7rkf'd k6 Hkh fdlku Fks #sfdu kfr :;/LFkk 7sa

!udh xg jki?rksa ds 7dk'#s uh2h Fkh

v lUg/ha l%h 7sa jki?r gksus dk %k/k /`a%k/u

C!*rj iz%skD ds 5#kds 7sa xkSj/ l7%k; us Hkh

fd;k 'k/?% 5lds fd /s 7hu dh rk5) ds dk7

7sa #xs Fks Ikkik#u vkSj 'kx'kuh 7sa '+rs

7ukJs dh /g ls vghj x?j vkSj 7k#h Slh

>4


86/147

kfr;kW lk7kfd kfr;kW Sls l%xksi / dS/r) Hkh

fdlkuksa dh lh lk7kfd fLFkfr ikus #xha

i2K ia:k;r vkSj xk" dk e1f/k;k fdl rjg ls x2ke*9k lektdk fu;eu djrs FksR f""s:uk d*ft;sA

C0rj& xzk7hk l7k dk ia2k;r vkSj 7f$k;k kjk fux7u N

i ia2k;r N xkW/ dh ia2k;r 7sa 'xksa) dk 7k/M+k

gksrk Fkk vk7rkSj ij /s xkW/ ds 7g*/i?k) #ksx gvk

djrs Fks fuds ikl viuh laif*r ds irSuh vfkdkj gksrs Fks

fu xkW/ksa 7sa d5) kfr;ksa ds #ksx jgrs Fks /gkW vdljia2k;r 7sa Hkh f/f/krk ik5) krh Fkh

ii vRiraUN ;g ,d ,slk vRiraU Fkk fl7a xkW/ ds v#x&v#x

laiz%k;ksa vkSj kfr;ksa dh u7k5a%xh gksrh Fkh fJj

Hkh 5ldh laHkk/uk d7 gh gS fd Oks6s& 7ks6s vkSj uh2

dk7 djus /k#s $ksfrgj 7%?jksa ds f#, 5l7sa dks5) xg

gksrh gksxh ia2k;r dk JSl#k xkW/ 7sa l'dksa 7kuuk

iM+rk Fkk

iii 7f$k;k ;k 7d%V%7 N ia2k;r dk lj%kj ,d 7f$k;k gksrk

Fkk fls 7d%V%7 ;k 7aM# dgrs Fks dO lzksrks ls ,slk

#xrk gS fd 7f$k;k dk 2uk/ ds 'k% !=gsa 5ldh 7a?jh

7ha%kj ls #suh iM+rh Fkh

iv dk;)dk#N 7f$k;k vius vksg%s ij rHkh rd 'uk jgrk Fkk

' rd xkW/ ds 'xks)a dks !l ij Hkjkslk Fkk ,slk ugha

gksus ij 'x) !ls '$kk)Lr dj ldrs Fks xkW/ ds vk7%uh

/ $k2s) dk fglk'&fdrk' viuh fuxjkuh 7sa 'u/kuk 7f$k;k

dk 7$; dk7 Fkk vkSj 5l7sa ia2k;r dk i6/kjh !ldh 7%%

djrk Fkk

>5


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v $k2k) C:;;D N ia2k;r dk $k2k) !l vk7 $kkus ls 2#rk

Fkk fl7sa gj :;f4r viuk ;ksx%ku %srk Fkk 5l $kkus ls

!uds vfkdkfj;ksa dh $kkfrj%kjh dk $k2k) Hkh fd;k krk

Fkk ks l7;&l7; ij xkW/ dk %kSjk fd;k djrs Fks %?ljh vksj5l dks@k dk 5Lrs7k# 'k+ Slh izkd`frd f/i%kvksa ls

fui6us ds f#, Hkh gksrk Fkk vkSj ,sls Sls fd f76V6h ds

Oks6s&7ks6s 'kWk 'ukuk ;k ugj $kks%uk

vi dk;) rFkk !*rj%kf;*/ N ia2k;r dk ,d 'M+k dk7 ;g

rlR#h djuk Fkk fd xkW/ 7sa jgus /k#s v#x&v#x l7%k;ksa

ds #ksx viuh kfr dh g%ksa ds va%j jgsa i?/h) Hkkjr7sa lHkh kkf%;kW 7aM# dh 7kS?%xh 7sa gksrh

Fkha ;?W dgk k ldrk gS fd kfr dh v/gs#uk jksdus ds

f#, #ksxksa ds vk2jk ij uj j$kuk xkW/ ds 7f$k;k dh

f"7s%kjh 7sa ls ,d Fkk

vii vk; ds lzksrN ia2k;rksa dks 7k)uk #xkus vkSj

l7%k; ls fu@dkr djus Sls ;k%k xaHkhj %aM %sus ds

vfkdkj Fks l7%k; ls 'kgj fudk#uk ,d dM+k d%7 Fkk

ks ,d lhf7r l7; ds f#, #kx? fd;k krk Fkk 5lds rgr %afMr

:;f4r dks Cf%, g, l7; ds f#,D xkW/ OksM+uk iM+rk

Fkk 5l %kSjku /g viuh kfr vkSj isks ls gkFk kks 'SBrk

Fkk ,slh uhfr;ksa dk 7dl% kfrxr fj/kksa dh v/gs#uk

jksduk Fkk

viii kfrxr ia2k;rsa N xzk7 ia2k;r ds v#k/k xkW/ 7sa gj

kfr dh viuh ia2k;r gksrh Fkh l7k 7sa ;s ia2k;rsa

v#x&v#x kfr;ksa ds #ksxksa ds 'h2 %h/kuh ds

PxM+ksa dk fui6kjk djrh Fkha /s 7hu ls M+s

%k/s%kfj;ksa ds PxM+s l#Pkrh Fkh ;g r; djrh Fkha fd

>=


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kkf%;kWa kfrxr 7ku%aMksa ds 7rkf'd gks jgh gSa ;k

ugha vkSj ;g Hkh fd xkW/ ds vk;ksu 7sa fdldks fdlds ij

rjhg %h k,xh d7)dkaMh; /2)L/ fdl Z7 7sa gksxk

JkS%kjh =;k; dks OksM+ %s rks ;k%krj 7k7#ksa 7sa jk; kfr ia2k;r ds JSl#ksa dks 7kurk Fkk

H ! SvH;kl ds f$# i2,u

Exer4ise f"r @ra4ti4e

i2=u D' e1x$dk$ ds v6;;u ds L-ksr ds Ji esaTvkbu.#.vd4j*U ds fd7g*a r*u l,kr rFkk

)ks detksj ig$1vksa d* f""s:uk d*ft#A


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o; the ;rontier de;ined


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A,/&+ Shershh S,ri $s the ret "m+eror o; the Medie% "r. His

$or7s nd s,ccesses o; Shershh S,ri $ere so ret tht these


91/147

/ the micro n%/sis o; the


92/147

$s t7en


93/147

!*rj& vd'j ds kkludk# ls gh lk7fjd 7g*/ ds AksUksa ij f/(ks@k

fuxjkuh j$kh kus #xh Fkh vrN 7x# jkkvksa rFkk 5)jku /

r?jku ds iMkslh %s(kks ds jkuhfrd jkuf;d fj(rs vJxkfuLrku

dks 5)jku / 7; ,f(k;k ds AksUks ls i`Fkd djus /k#s fg=%d(ki/)rks kjk fukk)fjr lh7k ds fu;=Uk ij fuHk)j djrs Fks

7x#uhfr dk ,d iz7$k !%V%s(; dk'# ,/a d=kkj ij

fu;=Uk j$kdj 'kgjh jkuSfrd $krjksa dk Hkkjr 7sa iz/s(k jksduk

Fkk

vkW6ks7u lk7zk; ds lkFk 7x#ksa us vius l"'=k 5l

izdkj 'uk;s fd /s vkW6ks7u fu;=Uk /k#s AksUksa 7sa:;kikfj;ksa vkSj rhFk);kfU;ks ds L/r=U vk/kx7u dks 'jdjkj

j$k/k lds gkW 74dk ,/a 7%huk ds 7g*/&i?k) rhFk)LFk#

fLFkr Fks

d=kkj lJkf';ksa vkSj 7x#ks ds 'h2 PxMs+ dh M+

Fkk ;g fd#k uxj vkjaHk 7sa g7k;W? ds vfkdkj 7sa Fkk fls

19\9 5)- 7sa vd'j kjk iuN hr f#;k x;k 1 5)- 7sa ,d

Jkjlh lsuk us Xsjk Mk# f%;k 7x# lsuk dks i?jh rjg rS;kj u gksus

ds dkjk ijkfr gksuk iM+k vkSj !ls fd#k rFkk uxj lJkf';ks dks

lkSius iMs

vkW6ks7u jk; ds lkFk vius l"'=kksa 7s 7x#'k%(kkg

vk7 rkSj ij k7) vkSj /kfk; ds 7%V%ksa dks f7#kus dh

dksf(k(k djrk Fkk /g #k# lkxj ds '=%jxkg v%u vkSj vks$kk dks

'g7?R; /Lrvksa ds fu;k)r dks izks*lkgu %srk Fkk vkSj 5udh

f'dzh ls vf)r vk; dks !l 5#kds ds k7)&LFk#ks / Jdhjksa 7sa

%ku 7sa 'kW6 %srk Fkk

!i;)4r dkjkks ds vkkkj ij g7 dg ldrs gS fd kK/krh

7x# l7zk6 !-i- lh7k izk=r ds izfr v*;fkd lrd) FkskkggkW

9&


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ds kkludk# rd !l AksU ij fu;=Uk ds dkJh l(k4r iz;kl fd;s x;s

ij=r ij/rh) kkldks ds kjk 5l AksU ds izfr !%klhurk us gh

ukf%j(kkg vkSj vg7% kkg vQ%k#h ds vkdz7k lfuf(2r dj f%;s

iz(u la- & D(ksj(kkg vd'j dk vxzkh FkkF!f2r rdks) dh lgk;rkls 5l dFku dh if@6 dhf,

!*rj ksj(kkg l?jh 7;;xhu Hkkjr dk ,d 7gku kkld Fkk !l dh

lJ#rk,a vkSj dk;) 5rus 7gku Fks fd /s !lds ij/rh) kkldks ds

f#, vk%(k) 'u x,

ksj(kkg ,d dBksj ifj7hd7)(kh# vkSj vu(kkluEz; :;f4r

Fkk/g l7ku =;k; dk iAkikrh Fkk vkSj =;k; dks kklu dk if/U .kkf7)d dr):; 7kurk Fkk

ksj(kkg us vius lk7zk; dks iz(kklu dh lf/kk ds f#;s rFkk

!l7s dk;)d(k#rk #kus ds f#, jk; dks Qljdkj rFkk ljdkj dks

ijxuk 7sa 'kW6k gvk Fkk

ksj(kkg dh vd'j dh l'ls 'M+h %su Hk?f7 iz'=k ds AksU

7s gSlkjh Hk?f7 dh uki dj/kdj Hk?f7 dj fu;r dj f%;k#ksxks

dh lf/.kk gsr lMdks ds fdukjs Ok;k%kj /`Ak #x/k;s

:;kikj dks izks*lkgu %sus ds f#, rFkk xjh' urk ds vkjk7

dks ;ku 7sa j$krs g;s ksj(kkg us vusd Oks6s&'Ms lksus

2kW%h rFkk rkW's ds 4ds 2#k;s Fks !u 4dks 7sa ,d

fuf(2r kkr vuikr Hkh j$kk Fkk

ksj(kkg ig#k l7zk6 Fkk flus kkf7)d !%kjrk rFkk l7ku

:;/gkj dh uhfr dks viuk;k !lus k7) dks jkuhfr ls v#x j$kk

ksj(kkg us f/(kk# ds=%zh; LFkk;h+ lsuk dk fu7k)k

fd;klsuk dks ud% /sru XksMksa dks %kx #x/kuklSfudks ds

izf(kAkk vkSj fujhAkk uhfr;ks ij f/(ks@k '# f%;k

93


95/147

ksj(kkg us fuk)uks ds f#, fuN(kRd Hkksuk#; vkSj

vLirk# $kks#s Fks!lus f(kAkk ds izlkj dks Hkh '+k/k f%;k

ksj(kkg us Hk/u fu7k)k 7sa 'gr Kf2 #hf/gkj 7sa lgljk7

7sa 'u/k;k x;k !ldk 7d'jk !ldh Hk/u fu7k)k d#k dk LFkkuh;rFkk 7fL#7 kSf#;ks 7s l7=/; dk izfrd gS

ksj(kkg ds !i;)4r dk;ks) dk l?A7 f/(#s@kk djus ij ;g Li@6

gksrk gS fd !lds vkxk7h 7x#(kkld vd'j us 5=gh

dk;ks)[lkkjksa dks ;Fkk/r ;k FkksMs 'gr la(kksku ds lkFk

#kx? fd;k gS vrN ksj(kkg dks vd'j dk vxzkh 7kuk k ldrk

gSizu la- 3 7ul'%kjh :;/LFkk 4;k gS 5lds xk vkSj %ks@kks dk

7?R;kdu dhf,

!*rj& kQ% Q7ul' vj'h Hkk@kk ls f#;k x;k gS fldk vFk) gS

LFkku ;k i%7x# :;/LFkk 7s 7ul' ljdkjh vfkdkjh dk /g i% Fkk

ks vfkdkjh /x) 7sa !ldk %k) !ldk /sru vkSj %j'kj 7s !ldk

LFkku fuf(2r djrk Fkk ;g !l vfkdkjh kjk j$ks x, lSfudks

gkfFk;ksa XMl/kjks gdMks vkf% dh la$;kW ds /kjs 7s Hkh

kudkjh %srk Fkk

9000 ;k 5lls d7 ds 7ul'%kjks dks rhu sfk;ks 7s f/Hk4r

fd;k x;k FkkN

1- ;f% fdlh 7ul'%kj ds kr vkSj l/kj i% l7ku gksrs Fks rks !ls

izFk7 skh dk 7ul'%kj dgk krk Fkk - fl 7ul'%kj dk l/kj i% kr

i% ls vkkk ;k !lls vfkd gksrk !ls %?ljh skh dk 7ul'%kj dgk

krk Fkk 3- fl 7ul'%kj dk l/kj i% !lds kr i% ds vkks ls d7

gksrk /g r`rh; skh dk 7ul'%kj dg#krk Fkk

l7zk6 L/;a 7ul'%kj fu;4r djrk Fkk rFkk /gh !ldks W2k

%k) %s ldrk Fkk ;k i%T;r dj ldrk Fkk

94


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kxhj%kjh izFkk dh HkkWfr 7ul'%kjh izFkk /a(kkuxr ugh

Fkh l7zk6 viuh 5TOk ls 7ul'%kj dks LFkkuk=rfjr dj ldrk

Fkk7ul'%kj viuh lsuk 7sa Hkrh) L/7 djrk Fkk ij=r l7zk6

7ul'%kjks dh lsuk dks Hkrh) djus / !udks izf(kAkk rFkk /sru%sus ds fu;7 L/;a 'ukrk Fkk 7ul/%kjksa dks a2s /sru f%,

krs Fks vd'j 5udks /sru ud% %suk il=% djrk Fkk7ul/%kjks

dh 7`*;? ds i2kr !ldh v2# l"if*r dks Qr dj f#;k krk Fkk

!uds f#, vius XksMks dks %kxuk vius lSfudks ds gf#;s %)

djuk vfu/k;) Fkk rkfd /g fuf(2r la$;k 7s l7zk6 dh lgk;rk ds f#,

iS%# lSfud vkSj XksMs rS;kj j$ks 5lh dkjk ;g 7x# lk7zk; dhkf4r dk iz7$k vkkkj 'u ldh 7ul/%kjks us lkfg*; ds f/dkl ds

f#, ifjfLFkfr;kW !*i=u dh ,/a 5=gh ds lajAkk 7s #ksdd#k;sa /

#ksd f2Udkfjrk J#h J?#h

vd'j ds kkludk# 7s 7ul'%kjkas dh lS=; 6dfM;ks 7sa

/sru / Hk*rs dh %`f@6 ls vl7kurk Fkh7ul/%kjksa dh lsuk

ds=%z ds izfr !*rj%k;h ugh Fkh lk7k=;rN 5l idzkj dh lsuk

lSfud d7kMj dh 'kr u 7kudj 7ul/%kj ds vuKi dk;) djrs Fks

!i;)4r izkk#h ds xk %ks@kksa dk 7?R;kdau djus ij

Li@6 gksrk gS fd kf4r kk#h kkldks ds %kSjku rks 5l izkk#h us

lk7zk; ds l%`hdjk 7sa ;ksx%ku f%;k #sfdu ' ij/rh) kkld

d7ksj gksus #xs rks 7ul/%kj !TO`a$k# gksus #xs vkSj ;g

:;/LFkk 7x# lk7zk; ds iru dk ,d dkjk 'uh

95


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CHAPTER-'0

Cifu"s,k"k) vkSj )sgkrljdkj* vfHk$s/kksa dk v6;;u

O!L!BIALISM AB HEO!7B0SIE

Ex:l"ri)g !X4ial Ar4*ives


98/147

E%di%gs ?ih su'h 7vid7%'7s ?hi'h ?asuiliz7 / giv7 auh7%'i# / h7 r72/r /f h7'/!!issi/% h7 '/!!issi/% has 2r7s7%7dhis fa5ri'a7d fa' h7 /v7r%!7% d7!a%d

?as %/ h7 'aus7 h7 27asa%s a%gl7s I?as h7 !/%7#l7%d7rs agai% I%dia% ?h/?7r7 / 5la!7s su'h argu!7% is f/u%d v7r#fr7u7%l# i% Briish '/l/%ial r7'/rds hissh/?s ha h7r7 ?as a 27rsis7% /% h7 2ar/f h7 '/l/%ial g/v7r%!7% / ad!i ha2/2ular dis'/%7% ?as 7v7r /% a''/u% /f /v7r%!7% a'i/%

iv :t'ial r72/rs, hus ar7 i%valua5l7 s/ur'7sf/r h7 r7'/%sru'i/% /f his/r# Bu h7#

hav7 / 57 al?a#s r7ad h7 'as7 a%d jus/22/s7d ?ih 7vid7%'7 'all7d fr/!%7?s2a27rs, u%/t'ial a''/u%s, l7gal r7'/rdsa%d, ?h7r7 2/ssi5l7, /ral s/ur'7s


99/147

iii I% 'as7 a *aja 2/?7rful za!i%dars fail7d /2a# h7 la%d r7v7%u7, a Q/!2a%# /t'ial ?ass277dl# dis2a'h7d / his za!i%dari ?hi'h7x2li'i i%sru'i/% p/ ak7 'harg7 /f h7

4isri' a%d / us7 h7 !/s 77'ual !7a%s/ d7sr/# all h7 i%u7%'7 a%d h7 auh/ri#/f h7 za!i%dar a%d his /t'7rs

iv S/!7 /f h7 s'h/lars 57li7v7 ha s/!7r/u5l7 'r7a7rs ?7r7 als/ us7d as //ls /r7du'7 h7 i%u7%'7 /f *ajahs F/r 7xa!2l7,?h7% h7 za!i%dar d7s2a''h7d h7ir a!lah'/ll7'/r /f r7v7%u7 /r r72r7s7%aiv7 /f za!i%dar S/!7 %augh# 27/2l7 us7 /'r7a7 2r/5l7! f/r za!i%dars S/!7 r#/s

d7li57ra7l# d7la#7d 2a#!7% *i'h r#/s a%dvillag7 h7ad!7% j/7dars a%d !a%dals-?7r7/%l# // ha22# / s77 h7 )a!i%dar i%r/u5l7 h7 za!i%dar '/uld h7r7f/r7 %/7asil# arr7s his 2/?7r /v7r h7!


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ii h7# '/%r/ll7d l/'al rad7 as ?7ll as!/%7#l7%di%g, 7x7r'isi%g i!!7%s7 2/?7r/v7r h7 2//r7r 'uliva/rs /f h7 r7gi/%

iii larg7 2ar /f h7ir la%d ?as 'uliva7d

hr/ugh shar7 'r/227rs adhi#ars /r5argadars ?h/ 5r/ugh h7ir /?% 2l/ugh,l/5/ur7d i% h7 E7ld, a%d ha%d7d /v7r half h7 2r/du'7 / h7 j/7dars af7r h7 harv7s

iv Wihi% h7 villag7s, h7 2/?7r /f j/7dars ?as!/r7 77'iv7 ha% ha /f za!i%dars =%lik7za!i%dars ?h/ /f7% liv7d i% ur5a% ar7as,

j/7dars ?7r7 l/'a7d i% h7 villag7s a%d7x7r'is7d dir7' '/%r/l /v7r a '/%sid7ra5l7s7'i/% /f 2//r villag7rs

v /7dars E7r'7l# r7sis7d 7/rs 5# za!i%dars/ i%'r7as7 h7 ja!a /f h7 villag7, 2r7v7%7dza!i%dari /t'ials fr/! 7x7'ui%g h7irdui7s, !/5iliz7d r#/s ?h/ ?7r7 d727%d7%/% h7!, a%d d7li57ra7l# d7la#7d 2a#!7%/f r7v7%u7 / h7 za!i%dars I% fa', ?h7%h7 7sa7 /f h7 za!i%dars ?7r7 au'i/%7df/r failur7 / !ak7 r7v7%u7 2a#!7%, j/7dars?7r7 /f7% a!/%gs h7 2ur'has7rs

v6;k; D&

i2,u &D' fdlkuksa dk bfrgkl f$/kus esa ljdkj* L-ksrksads Ci;ksx ds 4kjs esa ;k leL;k#> vkr* gSa R

Ckj [ fdlkuksa la4a6k* bfrgkl f$/kus esa ljdkj* Pksrksa ds Ci;ksx ds )kSjku vkus "k$* leL;k#>

@r"bleCs duri)g t*e use "f N"ver)Ce)ts"ur4es t" (rite *ist"r$ "f farCers

1- fdlkuksa ls l"'f=kr 5frgkl f#$kus ds d5) LUksrgSa fu7sa ljdkj kjk j$ks x, jkL/ vfHk#s$k ljdkj kjk fu;4r l/s)Akkdrk)vksa ds kjk %h x5)fjiks6ks) / ifUdk,sa f=gsa g7 ljdkj dh iAkkj dg ldrsgSa ljdkj kjk fu;4r ka2 vk;ksx dh fjiks6) vFk/k

1::


101/147

ljdkj ds fgr 7sa i?/k)xzg ;k lks2 j$kus /k#svaxsz ;kfU;ksa ds f//jk vkSj fjiks6) vkf% kkf7#gS

- ,sls ,sfrgkd LUksrksa ij %`f@6ikr djrs l7; g7sa;g ;k% j$kuk gksxk fd ;s ljdkjh LUksr gSa vkSj /s .k6ukvksa ds 'kjs 7sa ljdkjh ljksdkj vkSj vFk)izfrf'af'r djrs gSa

C)kgj9kkFkZ [ ¼v½ %4du %axk vk;ksx lsf/(ks@k Ki ls ;g ka2 djus ds f#, dgk x;k Fkk fd 4;kljdkjh jkL/ dh 7kax dk Lrj f/%zksg dk dkjk Fkkl"i?k) lkA; izLrr djus ds 'k% vk;ksx us ;g l?f2rfd;k Fkk fd 7kax fdlkuksa ds xLls dh /g ugha

Fkh

¼4½ fjiksVZ dk e1/; lkj #"a )ks8k Mai) Nista)d efe4t "f t*e 0e:"rt N 5l7sa lkjk %ks@k

k%krkvksa ;k lkg?dkjksa dk gh Fkk 5lls ;g 'kr Li@6gksrh gs fd vkSifu/sf(kd ljdkj ;g 7kuus dks dHkhHkh rS;kj ugha Fkh fd urk 7sa vlarks@k ;k jks@kdHkh ljdkjh dk;)/kgh ds dkjk Hkh !*i=u gvkFkk

¼l½ ljdkj* L-ksrksa dk eg" #"a lk"6kkfu;k>IC:"rta)4e "f N"ver)Ce)t s"ur4es a)d:re4auti")s N ljdkjh fjiks6) 5frgkl ds iufu7k)kds f#, 'g7?R; LUksr gksrh gS #sfdu !=gsag7s(kk lk/kkuhi?/)d i+k kuk 2kfg, vkSj l7k2kjiUksa xsj&ljdkjh /`kkarksa /Sfkd vfHk#s$kksavkSj ;FkklaHk/ 7kSf$kd LUksrksa ls ladf#r lkA; dslkFk !udk f7#ku djds !udh f/(/luh;rk dh ka2 dhkuh 2kfg,

i2,u &G' bZLV bf9M;k dEiu* us te*a)kjksa ij viuk fu;a-9k 4\+kus gsr1 ;k.;k d)e CYk# R

Ckj [ 5)L6 5fM;k d"iuh us 7ha%kjksa ij viuk fu;aUk'+kus gsr fu"u d%7 !Bk,&CvD7ha%kjksa dh lS=; 6dfM+;ksa dks Hkax dj

f%;k x;k

1:1


102/147

C'Dlh7k kRd l7kIr dj f%;k x;k kvSj !udh:;/gkfj;ksa dks d"iuh kjk fu;4r d#s46j dh%s$kjs$k 7sa j$k f%;k x;k

ClD 7ha%kjksa ls LFkkuh; =;k; vkSj LFkkuh; if#l

dh :;/LFkk djus dh kf4r Ohu #h x5)C%D l7; ds lkFk&lkFk d#s46j dk dk;k)#; lkkds ,d f/dRih ds=%z ds Ki ls !Hkj vk;k vkSj7ha%kj ds vfkdkj dks i?jh rjg lhf7r ,/aizfr'afkr dj f%;k x;k

i2,u &K' x2ke*9k 4axk$ ds 4g1r ls b$kdksa esatksr)kj #d rkdr"j gLr* ;ksa FksR

Ckj [ xzk7hk 'axk# ds 'gr ls 5#kdksa 7sa ksr%kj ,drkdr/kj gLrh 5lf#, Fks 4;ksafd N

CvD1>/ha krkQ%h ds var 7sa gk ,d vkSj d5)7ha%kj vkfFk)d %`f@6 ls lad6 dh fLFkfr ls xj

jgs Fks /gha ksr%kj kuh fdlkuksa ds Ki 7savusd xk/ksa 7sa viuh fLFkfr 7'?r fd, g,Fks

C'D1\/ha krkQ%h ds kK ds /@kks ds vkrs&vkrs5u ksr%kjksa us 7hu ds 'M+s&'M+sHk?&$kaMksa ij Cks dHkh&dHkh d5) gkj

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selfish interests as these classes now lost their

former importance.

2. What was the system of Subsidiary Alliance? How did it

help the Britishers to consolidate their position in India?

Ans.The Subsidiary Alliance was a Boat of agreement between

the British and on Indian ruler on the basis of Mutual

understanding for performing administrative, military

and political function.

Provisions of the Subsidiary Alliance:

(i) The Indian ruler accepting the Alliance would not

enter into alliance with any other power.

(ii) Would not declare was against any power without

permission of the British.

(iii) World allows the British resident to stay in his state.

(iv) Would acknowledge the Britishers as the paramount

power.

(v) Would maintain some British force at his own

expense in his state.

(vi) In return for accepting all these condition, the

British would protect the Indian ruler from internal

and external danger.

Advantages of the Subsidiary System to the British.

(i) The British were able to raise army at the expense

of the Indian rulers.

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(ii) They were able to raise army at the expense of the

Indian rulers.

(iii) Successful in checking the French.

(iv) Increased their control without waging war.

(v) Chances of revolts on the part of Indian ruler were

minimised.

3. “ A very high degree of Hindu Muslim Unity was observed

in the 1857 revolt” Explain with example.

Ans.Unity of Hindus and Muslims : A very high degree of

Hindu-Muslim unity was reflected in the 1857 Revolt.

There was scarcely a man of either faith who did not

show unity. An English man wrote, "....... the infanticide

Rajput, the bigoted Brahman, the fanatic Musalman and

the luxury living, Martha joined together in the cause.

Cow killer and the cow-worshipper, the pig hater and the

pig eater revolted jointly." Several Hindu rulers acceptedMughal emperor Bahadur Shah as their leader. Bahadur

Shah had many prominent Hindu officers, who fought

togetherly against the Britishers.

In Awadh prominent leaders of the revolt belonged

to both the communities.

4. Analyse the causes of the unrest against the British rulein India.

or

"The revolt of 1857 came as a culmination of popular

discontent with British policies and exploitation, "In the

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light of the statement explain the reasons of discontent of

Indian people before 1857.

Ans.(i) Ruin of Indian economy

(ii) Wealth drain fro India

(iii) Decay of Indian handcrafts

(iv) Dispossession of several Indian rulers from their

kingdoms.

(v) Discriminatory social policies of the rulers.

(vi) Interference in religious affairs of the people of India

(vii)Low salaries to Indian Military personal as

compared with their Europeur counterparts

(viii)Arrogance of the English people.

5. Did the Revolt of 1857 have a popular character? Give

reasons in support of your answer.

Ans.Yes, it was a popular Revolt.

(i) Participation by civilians.

(ii) Common Symbol likechapatis and Red Lotus

(iii) Involvement of several regions

(iv) Hindu-Muslim unity.

(v) Involvement of the local leaders of different part of

India.

6. Explain the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857.

or

"The weaknesses of the Revolt were deeper" Explain why

the Revolt failed inspite of some patriotic leaders.1:=


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Ans.(i) Lack of a common cause

(ii) Lack of National consciousness

(iii) Uncoordinated efforts

(iv) Absence of effective Leadership

(v) Lack of Nation wide Dimensions

(vi) Loyalty of Several Rulers to the British

(vii)Lack of Resources

(viii)Lack of Good Generals

(ix) Regular supply of the British forces

(x) The British Supremacy on the sea.

(xi) British Diplomacy.

(xii)Hostility of several indigenous rulers.

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Final Report for History

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