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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Company profile............................................................................................................1
Sik 66,387 54,466 11,921 78308Yan 66,606 60,483 6,123 72729
Table 1: Estimation Kedah’s population
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State : Perlis
Figure 9: Perlis map
Administrative District Total in 2010 (peoples) Estimation in 2020 ( peoples)Kaki Bukit 663 729.3Kangar 10,024 11026.4Arau 1,530 1683Kuala Perlis 686 754.6Padang Besar 729 801.9Simpang Empat 2,379 2616.9Pauh 1,546 1700.6
Table 2: Estimation Perlis's Population
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State : Pulau Pinang
Figure 10: Pulau Pinang map
Administrative District
Total in 2010 (peoples)
Total in 1991 (peoples)
Changes between 1991 and 2010 (people)
Estimation in 2020 ( peoples)
SEBERANG PERAI TENGAH 362,820 236,270 126550 489370
SEBERANG PERAI UTARA 288,692 224,647 64045 352737
SEBERANG PERAI SELATAN 166,685 84,771 81914 248599
TIMUR LAUT 510,996 395,714 115282 626278BARAT DAYA 197,131 122,764 74367 271498
Hilir Perak 128,143 202,059 -73916 54227Ulu Perak 60 547 81,636 -81636 -81636
Perak Tengah 58,816 75,574 -16758 42058Table 4: Estimation Perak's Population
4.2 Geographical Analysis
State: Kedah
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Figure 12: Kedah's map
The main key to be noted is Baling, Bandar Baharu, Kota Setar , Kuala Muda while Sik and small part of Baling considered to highland. Langkawi is an island.
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Figure 13: Perlis's map
Perlis ia mainly all lowland.
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State: Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinag is separated into two. 1 part is in the island another part is in the mainland. Both of them are considered as the lowland since it does not have high hills.
State : Perak
The northern part Perak is highland while centre part of Perak is lowland. The east side of Perak, there’s a
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Figure 14:Pulau Pinang's Map
Figure 15: Perak's map
bit of high land. Mostly Perak is a lowland state.
4.3 Socioeconomic
State: Kedah
Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Kubang Pasu, Kota Star, Yan, BalingTourism Langkawi, Bukit Kayu Hitam, Balai Nobat ,Balai
Seni Negeri ,Batu Hampar Waterfall,Junjong Waterfall,Kota Kuala Kedah,Lata Mengkuang Waterfall,Lembah Bujang Archaeological Park
Residential Kulim, Sungai Petani
State: Perlis
Economic culture PlacesAgriculture PerlisResidential Kangar, Kuala Perlis
State: Pulau Pinang
Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Tasek Gelugor, Nibong TebalTourism Georgetown, Bukit BenderaIndustrial Butterworth, Bayan LepasResidential Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Tinggi,
State: Perak
Economic culture PlacesAgriculture Tapah, Teluk Intan, Langkap, LenggongTourism Ipoh, Sitiawan, Taiping Industrial Simpang Pulai, Batu Gajar, Lumut Residential Ipoh, Kampar
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5.0 DESIGN STRUCTURE
5.1 Criteria for Key Decision
1. The potential subscribers are determined based on the economics and main activities (socioeconomic) of an area.
2. The number of local exchange is determined based on population and area size.
3. All of the local exchanges should be connected to the tandem switch for routing purposes.
4. The tandem switch should be placed at flat area and avoid the high mountain or soft coil. This is aim to cut down the budget and future maintenance fees.
5. The trunks needed between local exchanges and tandem switch is calculated by using Erlang B Calculator.
6. The Erlang is obtained by assuming number of calls carried in certain minutes for an hour. The blocking calls rate is assumed as 0.01%.
7. The number of calculated trunks should be adding some more in order to solve the congestion problems due to the festival season and tourism season.
8. Every tandem switch should be connected to the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch so that the calls can be route from one state to another state.
9. The four states’ primary switch exchange should be connected in full mesh network so that all the states are being connected and easier to route the calls.
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Figure 16: Kedah's Design
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- Tandem
- Server Exchange
Transmission connecting between tandem and primary exchange
- Transmission connecting tandem and server
- Transmission connecting tandem and server below sea level.
Primary exchange
Figure 17:Area coverage for each server
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Server 1
Server 1
Server 2
Server 3
Server 4
Server 5
Server 6
Server 7
Server 9
5.2 State: Perlis
Tandem 1 : Kuala Perlis
Population 1700629Potential Subscribers 50% from 1700629= 850 314Local Exchange Kaki Bukit, Kuah, KangarTotal Trunks 72
Justification : assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes. Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator, it is calculated 24 trunks. Hence it is advisable to have 24 trunks for Kangar, Kaki Bukit, and Kuah. The total trunks will be 72.
Figure 18: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Perlis)
5.3 State : Kedah
Tandem 1 : Changlun
Population 705165Potential Subscribers 50% from 705165 is 352 580Local Exchange Gunung Keriang, Kuala NerangTotal Trunks 48
Justification: Assuming that 180 calls in average 5 minutes since it’s not industrial area . Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Earlang B calculator we have 24 trunks each exchange, we do not want much trunks since to avoid wastage.
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Figure 19: Earlang for Tandem 1 ( Kedah)
Tandem 2 : Pokok Sena
Population 122411Potential Subscribers 50% from 122411 is 61 206Local Exchange Pendang, Tasik MudaTotal Trunks 52 trunks
Justification: assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks but for Tasik Muda is 25 trunks.
Figure 20:Earlang for Tandem 2 ( Kedah)
Tandem 3 : Jeniang
Population 861036Potential Subscribers 50% from 861 518 is 430518Local Exchange Gunung Jerai, Sungai Petani , Baling
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Total Trunks 20+ 28+28= 76
Justification: assuming that 213 calls in average in 5 minutes since its centre of Kedah. Erlangs = ( 213x5)/60=18 . Hence each server is 28 but we would assingn 20 for Gunung Jerai
Figure 21:Earlang for Tandem 3 ( Kedah)
Tandem 4 : Kulim
Population 483862Potential Subscribers 50% from 483862 is 9678Local Exchange Bandar Baharu ,Sungai PetaniTotal Trunks 54
Justification:
Assuming that 200 calls in average 5 minutes since there are few big cities in this area. Erlangs = ( 200x5) /60= 17. Using Earlang B calculator is 27 trunks for each trunks.
Figure 22:Earlang for Tandem 4 ( Kedah)
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5.4 State: PERAK
Tandem1: Ipoh
Notes:
Tandem Switch:
Local Exchange:
Economic and Activities
Tourism, Residential Areas, Administrative Center, Education Center
Area Size Covered 600 km2
Population 657,892 peoplePotential Subscribers 50 % = 328,946 peopleEthnics 39.1% Malays, 45.4% Chinese, 14.5% India, 1% othersLocal Exchange Majlis Perbandaran Ipoh ,Simpang Pulai, Tambun, Tanjung
Rambutan, Chemor , Jelapang , Lahat Total Trunks 336
Justification:
Since Ipoh is a big city with administrative center and residential area, it is estimated an amount of 50% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, seven exchanges will support almost 350 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as a tourism places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 400 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (400x5)/60 = 33.33
Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks are 45. Consider the possible problem of congestion due to the large population, 48 trunks are used. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 1 are 336 trunks.
Population 79,969 peoplePotential Subscribers 35 % = 27,989 peopleEthnics 46.39% Malays, 36.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 1.9% othersLocal Exchange Batu Gajar ,Gunong Hijau, Tronoh, Bali, Sungai Durian Total Trunks 130
Justification:
Since the area surrounded Batu Gajar is consists of industrial zone and transportation, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscribers. Thus, five exchanges will support almost 28 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as an industrial and transportation places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 200 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (200x5)/60 = 16.67
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Figure 25: Placement Tandem 2 (Perak)
Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 26. The percentage of ethnics is balance; congestion is hard to occur during festival season. Thus, we remain the number of trunks to save cost. The total trunks for Tandem 2 are 130 trunks.
Figure 26:Earlang for Tandem 2 ( Perak)
Tandem 3: Tapah
Figure 27: Placement Tandem 3 (Perak)
Economics and Activities
Agricultural, Farming and Forest, Residential Area
Area Size Covered 2712 km2
Population 125,867 peoplePotential Subscribers 20 % = 25,173 peopleEthnics 62.39% Malays, 17.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 1.9% othersLocal Exchange Bidor, Tapah, Tanjung Malim, Cendering, Sungkai Total Trunks 92
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Justification:
Tandem is placed at Tapah since it is located at the center and lowest place in the district. The area inside district Batang Padang is mostly agricultural area, it is estimated an amount of 20% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, six local exchanges will support almost 26 thousand subscribers. As an agricultural place, it is expected that not many calls will be made. It is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x10)/60 = 13.33Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 22. After consider the issue of congestion during festival season, it is better to use 23 trunks. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 3 are 92 trunks.
Figure 28:Earlang for Tandem 3 ( Perak)
Tandem 4: Sitiawan
Figure 29:Placement Tandem 4 (Perak)
Economics and Activities
Industrial Zone, Tourism, Fishing, Residential Area
Area Size Covered 1158 km2
Population 211,113 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 73,889 peopleEthnics 62.94% Malays, 13.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 8.35% othersLocal Exchange Sitiawan, Lumut, Pengkalan Baharu, Beruas, Pulau Pangkor Total Trunks 109
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Justification:
Tandem is placed at Sitiawan since it is located at the center of surrounded local exhanges. The area consists of industrial zone and tourism places, it is estimated an amount of 35% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, five local exchanges will support almost 75 thousand subscribers. Different area types have different called time. In tourism place (Pulau Pangkor), it is expected that many calls will be made in a long duration. It is estimated to have 150 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (150x10)/60 = 25
Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 36. After consider the issue of congestion during tourism season, it is better to use 40 trunks.
In Industrial zone (Lumut, Setiawan), it is expected that many calls will made in a short duration. It is estimated to have 120 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 18.
In fishing or residential area, it is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlang = (80x5)/60 = 6.67. Using Erlang Traffic calculator, we obtained 14 trunks. In order to avoid congestion problem, we use 17 trunks instead. The total trunk for tandem 4 is 40 + 18 + 17 +17+17= 109 trunks.
Tandem 5: Teluk Intan
Figure 30:Placement Tandem 5 (Perak)
Economics and Activities
Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural
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Area Size Covered 3009 km2
Population 186,959 peoplePotential Subscribers 30% = 56,087 peopleEthnics 53.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 5.35% othersLocal Exchange Teluk Intan , Hutan Melintang, Langkap , Parit, Seri IskandarTotal Trunks 90
Justification:
Tandem is placed at the Teluk Intan since it is situated at the center with higher population. Five exchanges are connected to the tandem. Three of the tandem (Teluk Intan, Hutan Melintang, Langkap) support the potential subscriber at District Hilir Perak, while the other two exchanges (Parit, Seri Iskandar) support subscriber at District Perak Tengah. Since the main activity in this area is transportation and agricultural, it is estimated that 30% people will be the potential subscribers. For traffic analysis, it is assumed that 100 calls is made in 5 minutes for one hour, Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 16. After future consideration, it is wise to add the trunks into 18. Hence, the total trunks for the tandem 5 are 90.
Population 395,656 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 138,479 peopleEthnics 43.94% Malays, 32.54% Chinese, 19.17% India, 4.35% othersLocal Exchange Taiping, Parit Bundar, Bukit Gantang, Batu Kurau, Selama, SelinsingTotal Trunks 84
Justification:
Two exchanges (Taiping, Bukit Gantang) are support the subscriber at zone taiping and two exchanges (Selama, Batu Kurau) support the subscriber at zone Selama. The remaining two exchanges (Parit Buntar, Selinsing) support the subscribers at District Kerian. Since it is tourism and agricultural places, it is estimated that 35% people could be the potential subscribers.
In Zone Taiping, the main activity is tourism. It is estimated have many calls in a short duration. Let assume it has 120 calls in average 5 minutes per hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 18. Consider the tourism season, it is better to has 20 trunks.
In the remaining zone, most of the places are rural area and the main activity is agricultural. It is estimated to have fewer calls in long duration. Let assume it has 30 calls in average 10 minutes
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for an hour. Erlang = (30x10)/60 = 5. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 11. Since it is a rural area with bigger area size, it is not suitable to add more trunks. Thus, we remain the 11 trunks in order to save cost. The total trunks for tandem 6 is 2(20) + 4(11) = 84.
Tandem 7: Kuala Kangsar
Figure 33:Placement Tandem 7 (Perak)
Economics and Activities
Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural
Area Size Covered 9104 km2
Population 245,518 peoplePotential Subscribers 25% = 61,379 peopleEthnics 63.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 9.17% India, 4.35% othersLocal Exchange Kuala Kangsar, Sungai Siput Utara, Lenggong, TemengorTotal Trunks 44
Justification:
The tandem is situated between the area of Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara because it is lower place in that area. Although District Ulu Perak is big, but the population is too small, two exchanges are able to support all the subscriber at that district. In District Kuala Kangsar, two exchanges are placed at Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara to support the high population subscribers at that area. Since it is mainly agricultural and transportation area, it is assumed that fewer calls made in short duration. Let assume there are 50 calls made in average 5
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minutes for an hour, Erlang = 4.167. Using the calculator, the trunks needed are 10. The exchanges at district Kuala Kangsar with high population can add some trunks in order to backup. The trunks used are 12. The District Ulu Perak is quite big and less population, it is not wise to add some trunks. Thus, the trunk number is remained. The total trunks for tandem 7 are 12+12+10+10 = 44
Tandem 8: Kampar
Figure 34:Placement Tandem 8 (Perak)
Types of Area Education Center, Residential Area, TransportationArea Size 783.2 km2
Justification: The main activity in Kampar is education center and transportation. Thus, we put three exchanges in this area. Two of the exchanges in Kampar are connect together to backup if one of them faces problems. The potential subscribers are estimated 40% of the population. Since this area is education and transportation area, we estimated it will be 180 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 24. Sometimes, it will be some congestion due to high traffic; it is wise to use more trunks, which are 26. The total trunks for tandem 8 are 78.
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Figure 35: Earlang for Tandem 8 ( Perak )
Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak
Figure 36:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in State Perak
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represents primary switch exchange
represents Tandem Switch
In the diagram above, every tandem switch is connected to a primary switch exchange. The purpose of the primary switch exchange is to route the local call to the other states easily. Every tandem switch is connected to their nearby tandem switch (mesh topology) to make a connection for routing purposes.
5.5 State : PENANG
Tandem 1: Seberang Perai Tengah
Economics and Activities
Residential Area, Transportation, Industrial Zone
Area Size 239 km2
Population 362,820 peoplePotential Subscribers 35% = 126,987 peopleEthnics 45.8% Malays, 35.9% Chinese, 17.3% India, 1% othersLocal Exchange Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Pauh, Simpang 4 Bukit Tengah,
Seberang Perai Tengah is an area that consists of residential area and industrial zone. Thus, we can estimate that 35% people of this area could be our potential customers. The six local exchanges have higher capacity to support almost 130 thousand people.
Since this place is industrial zone, it is assumed that many calls will made in shorter duration. Let assume it has 120 calls made in average 5 minutes from one hour, Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01 % blocking, the trunks needed are 18. It is better to has two more trunks for backup from the problems.
Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 1 are 120.
Figure 38: Earlang tandem 1 ( Penang)
Tandem 2: Seberang Perai Utara
Figure 39:Tandem 2 Placement (Penang)
Economic and Activities
Residential Area, Industrial zone, Agricultural
Area Size 269 km2
Population 288,692 peoplePotential Subscribers 30% = 86,607 peopleEthnics 58.8% Malays, 30.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others
This area has two main activities: Industrial and Agricultural. In southern region, it is mostly Industrial zone where northern region consists of agricultural area. Thus, we assume that 30% of the people would be our potential subscribers. There are three exchanges going to support the subscribers in industrial zone. Since it is industrial zone, we assume that there are 120 calls made in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. From the calculator, the trunks needed are 18. We add two more trunks for backup reason.
In agricultural area, it is estimated to have 40 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. From the calculated results, the trunks needed are 9. Due to the big area size for agricultural zone, there are no more trunks to be added in order to save the cost.
Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 2 are 20+20+20+9+9 = 78.
Seberang Perai Selatan is an area focus on agricultural and transportation activities. Thus, we assumed that only 25% people could be our potential customers. We use six local exchanges to support nearly 42 thousand people.
Let us assume in this agricultural area, there are 40 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. The trunks needed would be 9. It is not wise to add more trunks for a big area with less population. Thus, we remained the number of trunk calculated.
The total trunks needed for tandem switch 3 are 45.
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Figure 42:Earlang Tandem 3( Penang)
Tandem 4: Timur Laut Pulau Pinang
Figure 43:Tandem 4 Placement (Penang)
Economics and Activities
Big residential area, Administrative Center, Tourism, Education Center.
Area Size 121 km2
Population 510,996 peoplePotential Subscribers 50% = 255,498 peopleEthnics 25.8% Malays, 62% Chinese, 12% India, 1.2% othersLocal Exchange Geogetown (3), Batu Feringgi, Gelugor, Tanjung Tokong, Bukit
Bendera Total Trunks 245
Justification:
District Timur Laut Pulau Pinang is a small place with high population. Since Georgetown has a higher population, we put three high capacity local exchanges to serve the subscribers. The three local exchanges are connected together so that when one of the exchanges break down,
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the other two exchanges can still serve the subscribers temporarily. Due to this area is an administrative center and tourism area, it is logical to assume 50% people could be our potential customers. To serve the high population subscribers in this area, 7 high capacity local exchanges are built for this purpose. Let us assume there are 250 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour, Erlang = (250x5)/60 = 20.83 Using the calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 31. Due to the high number of incoming tourists, it is assume to make 35 trunks. Total Trunks for this tandem switch are 245.
Population 197,131peoplePotential Subscribers 40% = 78,852 peopleEthnics 55.8% Malays, 32% Chinese, 11% India, 2.2% othersLocal Exchange Ginting, Pulau Betong, Teluk Kumbar, Bayan Lepas, Sungai Pinang Total Trunks 74
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Justification: This area consists of industrial zone and tourism area. These two type activities could bring many subscribers. Thus, we assume it is 40% people would be our potential subscribers. Five high capacity local exchanges are capable to support over 80 thousand peoples. In this case, only Bayan Lepas would be considered as industrial zone while the others are tourism area. For industrial zone, it is assume that 120 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (120x5)/60 = 10. The trunks needed are 18. For Tourism area, it is assume that 100 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlang = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. The trunks needed are 16. For backup reason, it is better to add two more trunks for each local exchange. The total trunks for this tandem are 20+18+18+18+18 = 74
Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang
Figure 46:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Penang
Primary Switch Exchange:
Tandem Switch:
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Penang is divided into two places: peninsula mainland and Islands. Therefore, we need to use underwater cable to make the connection between two places. In order to save cost, these two primary switch exchanges are located as near as possible. One primary switch exchange will serve the area of Islands while another switch exchange will serve the peninsula mainland. Every tandem switch is connected with the primary switch exchange and nearby tandem switch to form a mesh topology network for routing purposes.
Placement of Primary Switch Exchange in Northern Region ( Perlis,Kedah,Perak and Penang)
Figure 47:Placement of Primary Switch Exchange Whole Network
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Primary Switch ExchangeTransmission line
5.6 EXCHANGE NUMBERS PROTOCOL
State : Perlis (5)
TANDEM NUMBER EXCHANGE NUMBER NUMBERING SCHEME
TANDEM 1 ( Kuala Perlis)
EXCHANGE 1 (KAKI BUKIT )
08-51100000 to 08-511XXXXX
EXCHANGE 2 (KANGAR) 08-51200000 to 08-512XXXXXEXCHANGE 3 (KUAH) 08-51300000 to 08-513XXXXX
Potential Subscribers in Year of 2010: 1,276,956 peoples
Service Charges:
The call rate charge offered: RM 0.015 per minutes
The leased lines charge for household: RM 300 annually
The leased lines charge for corporate: average RM 10,000 annually
Assumptions:
1. 10000 corporations used the leased lines.
2. 1 million household used the leased lines.
3. Every day one subscriber makes calls for average 20 minutes.
Annual income:
Leased line: (10000x RM 10000) + (1 million x RM 300) = RM 400 million
Call Charges: (RM 0.015x20x30x12) x 1.2 million = RM 110.16 million
Total Annual Gross Income = RM 510.16 million
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7.0 CONCLUSIONOur company is just newly growing company in telecommunication. We manage to build a network connecting the northern region which has been assigned to each us. We did applied the Earlang class B software that is a useful software for telecommunication engineers.
8.0 REFERENCES1. P.GNANASIVAM, Telecommunication Switching and Networks, New Age International(P) Limited Publishers, 20062. Andy Valdar, Understanding Telecommunications Networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 20063. R.E.Farr, Telecommunications traffic, tariffs and costs, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 20064. J.E.Flood, Telecommunication networks, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006