Final Project Synopsis 1 (2).Docx s.docx 1

S.S.J.C.O.EMfg of Liquid BromineAcknowledgementWe experience great pleasure in presenting the project report entitled Manufacturing of Liquid Bromine.With the profound feelings of immense gratitude we express our whole hearted thanks to our guide Prof. Ananya Dey for her valuable support and guidance throughout the process without which it would have been impossible.We would like to thank our principle Dr. J. W. Bakal and HOD Mrs. Leelamani for their never ending encouragement, moral support and patience during the preparation of our project.We therefore sincerely thank the company Excel Industries Ltd. for guiding us in our project.We also sincerely acknowledge our sense of gratitude to the Chemical Engineering Department, Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering who has extended their support and outmost co-operation for our project.We also thank all those who have directly or indirectly contribute for making this report. Mr. Shyam Yadav Mr. Paresh Agarwal. Mr. Anil Jain.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The project is about the production of Liquid Bromine in our chosen liquid brome producing company.This project contains all the details about the plant of hazardous chemicals both reactant & product included in this project. It will give an idea about how actually a hazardous chemical is handled and what are the preventing measures has to be followed.Our main aim for selecting this project is to study all the information which is covered by our syllabus and to remember the factors to start an industry and to design of all the apparatus & utilities.

PRODUCT HISTORY

PRODUCT HISTORY

Bromine was discovered by two scientists working independently. In the Autumn of 1825, student Karl Lowig took a bottle of a reddish liquid with an unpleasant smell to the Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry of Prof. L. Gemlin, at the University of Heidelberg. Lowig told Gemlin that the liquid, of mineral origin, resulted from the treatment with gaseouschlorine, thus explaining the red colour. The substance responsible for that red colour was extracted with the help of ether, giving origin to a pink liquid later known as bromine.Almost simultaneously, Antoine Balard, who was working in a pharmacy school in Montpellier, isolated a substance with the same properties of the liquid obtained by Lowig. At first he thought that it was achlorineoriodine compound. As he could not isolate the compound, he suggested to have found a new chemical element. Balard suggested the name "muride", from the Latin word "muria" for brine.The French Academy of Science, in turn, proposed the name "brome" from the Greek wordbromosmeaning stench to indicate its strong irritating odour.Bromine occurs in the hydrosphere mainly as soluble bromide salts. Its con-centration ranges from 65 mg/L in seawater up to 6.5 g/L in the southern basin of the Dead Sea. In 1826, Antoine-Jerome Balard in France published the discovery of bromine, which was isolated by chlorinating seawater bitterns and distilling out bromine. Bromine had been prepared earlier by Joss and Liebig but neither of them recognized it as an element. Around 1840 bromine wasused in photography. The rst mineral to contain bromine was apparently silver bromide, discovered in 1941 by Berthier. Its rst medical use was in 1857 when bromides were used for the treatment of epilepsy. The rst commercial bromine production from salt brines was in 1846 at Freeport, Pennsylvania. In 1858,potash was discovered in the Stassfurt salt deposits in Germany and bromine was a by-product from the potash production. Herbert Dow invented the blowing out process for Midland (Michigan) brines in 1889. The antiknock properties of tetraethyllead, (CH3CH2)4Pb, were discovered in 1921 and soon after ethylene dibromide, C2H4Br2, was found to aid the removal of leadfrom combustion chambers. At one time, 80% of all bromine was used to produce ethylene dibromide. Bromine was rst commercially extracted from sea-water in 1934, using the Dow process. The richest source of Br in the world is found in the Dead Sea brines, which contain up to 12 g/L of Br. Its commercial exploitation by DSBG started in 1957. In the 1950s, bromine was discovered in south Arkansas brines, the only significant source of bromine in the United States, with a bromine content of 25 g/L. The biggest single bromine plant was erected by the Dead Sea in Israel, and is operated by the Dead Sea Bromine Group (DSBG)

PHYSICAL&CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of BrominePhysical properties:-Molecular formula BrAtomic number 35Solubility in water Slightly souluble Solubility in organic solvents - highly soluble.Molar mass 79.901 g/molAppearance Reddish Brown LiquidDensity 3.1028 g/cm3Melting point - -7.2C (265.8 K)Boiling point 58.8 C (332 K)Critical Point 588 K, 10.34 MPaHeat of fusion - 10.571KJmol1Heat of vaporization - 29.96 kJmol1Molar heat capacity - 75.69 Jmol1K1Chemical properties:-Being less reactive thanchlorinebut more reactive thaniodine, bromine reacts vigorously with metals, especially in the presence of water, to give bromide salts. It is also reactive toward most organic compounds, especially uponillumination, conditions that favour the dissociation of the diatomic molecule into bromine radicals:Br22 BrItbondseasily with many elements and has a strongbleachingaction.Bromine is slightlysolubleinwater, but it is highly soluble in organic solvents such ascarbon disulfide,carbon tetrachloride,aliphaticalcohols, and acetic acid.

Properties of Chlorine GeneralChlorine has a characteristic penetrating and irritating odour. The gas is greenish yellow in colour and the liquid is clear amber.Atomic and Molecular Properties:Atomic Symbol ........... Cl2Atomic Weight ........... 35.453Atomic Number .......... 17Molecular Weight ....... 70.906Chemical Properties:Flammability - Gas or liquid, is non-explosive and non-flammable. It is an oxidizer and is capable of supporting combustion. Many organic chemicals react readily with chlorine, sometimes violently.Valence - Chlorine usually forms compounds with a valence of -1 but it can combine with a valence of +1, +3, +4, +5 or +7.Reactions With Water - Chlorine is only slightly soluble in water. (0.3 to 0.7 percent)Reactions With Metals - At ordinary temperatures dry chlorine, gas or liquid, reacts with aluminium, arsenic, gold, mercury, selenium,tellurium, tin, and titanium. Carbon steel ignites near 251C.Reactions With Organic Compounds - Chlorine reacts with many organic compounds. Some reactions can be extremely violent or explosive.Physical Properties:-The following properties are for pure chlorine. Standard conditions- At 32F (OC) and an absolute pressure of 14.696 psi (101.325 kPa).Boiling Point (Liquefying Point) = -29.15F (-33.97C)Density- Gas at Standard Conditions = 0.2006 lb/ft3 (3.213 kg/m3) Saturated Gas = At 32F (OC), 0.7632 lb/ft3 (12.23 Kg/m3) Saturated Liquid = 91.56 lb/ft3 (1467 kg/m3) at 32F (0C); Latent Heat of Vaporization = 123.9 Btu/lb (288.1 kJ/kg)Melting Point - Freezing Point = -149.76F (-100.98C)Solubility in Water = 6.93 lbs/100 gals. (60F and 14.696 psi)Specific Gravity = Gas- 2.485 (air); Liquid, 1.467 0/4C (water)Vapour Pressure = 53.51 psi (368.9 kPa) at 32F (0C); 112.95 psi (778.8 kPa) at 77F (25C).Viscosity - Sat. Gas = 0.0125 cP (0.0125 mPas) at 32F (0C); Liquid = 0.3863 cP (0.3863 mPas) at 32F (0C)Chlorine, liquefied under a pressure of 8 bar at room temp. The liquid column size is ca. 0.33 cm.

Properties of HBrPhysical properties:-Molecular formula HBrSolubility in water Slightly soluble Solubility in organic solvents - highly soluble.Molar mass 80.901 g/molAppearance ColourlessDensity 3.645 g/cm3Melting point -86.9C (186.1 K)Boiling point -66.8 C (206 K)Vapour Pressure 2.308 MPa (at 21 C)Critical Point 363.15 K, 85.52 bar Refractive Index 1.325Specific heat capacity 350.7 mJg1K1

Properties of NaBr

Physical properties:-Molecular formula NaBrAppearance White powderMolar mass 102.89 g/molDensity 3.21 g/cm3(anhydrous) 2.18 g/cm3(dihydrate)Melting point 747 C (anhydrous) 36 C (dihydrate)Boiling point 1396 C Vapour Pressure 2.308 MPa (at 21 C)Solubility in water Miscible Solubility in organic solvents highly soluble.Refractive index 1.6459Std enthalpy of formation -369 kJ.mol-1 Std molar entropy 84 J.mol-1.K-1Flash Point 800 C

Properties of H2SO4 Physical properties:-Molecular formula H2SO4Appearance ColourlessMolar mass 98 g/molDensity 1.845 g/cm3Melting point 10C (283.15 K)Boiling point 337 C (610 K)Vapour Pressure 2.308 MPa (at 21 C)Solubility in water Miscible Solubility in organic solvents - highly soluble.Std enthalpy of formation -814 kJ.mol-1 Std molar entropy 157 J.mol-1.K-1

APPLICATIONS/ USES

Uses/Applications of Bromine In its liquid form, bromine is reddish-brown in colour. Its vapours give off a pungent smell and are reddish in colour. It was found that bromine is more soluble in carbon disulfide and solvents, like methanol and acetic acid than in the water. It needs only one electron to complete an octet of electron in its outermost shell. This enables it to take part in various chemical reactions and act as a strong oxidizing agent.

In Fire Retardant ChemicalsOne of the important bromine applications is in manufacturing brominated flame retardants. These are used as chemical flame retardants in the plastic industry and in products, such as cables, connectors, plastic covers. Bromine's flame retardant property is also employed to make products, like carpets, upholstery, paints and kitchen appliances safe. It is also used in the clothing and furniture industries, to prevent the products from catching fire. In the electronics industries, especially in computers, it is used to make fireproof printed circuit boards. Polybrominated diphenyl ether, polybrominated biphenyl, decabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenol are of flame retardant.

As a DisinfectantBromine is a bleaching agent, and is used to disinfect water in cooling towers and the swimming pools. In this case, bromine test strips are used to detect phenols and unsaturated double bond compounds as well as alkalinity, pH and hardness of water. In hospitals and commercial industries and homes, it is manly used as a sanitizer and a germicide to neutralize bacteria, algae and fungi. It is also employed as a sanitizer, in areas where there is less or no chances of it coming in contact with food. Bromine is also preferred for disinfection of industrial water.

In Water Purification CompoundsBromine can be found in products that are used in water purification systems. Tralomethrin is one such product used to purify drinking water. The amount of bromine present in water should not be more than 100mg/decilitre, which is its lowest toxic level. In PesticidesBromine is also used in agricultural products such as pesticides to destroy pests. It is most preferred to get rid of pests which targets crops, such as potatoes, tomatoes, etc. Methyl bromide, is a compound that acts as a fumigate. It is used to protect stored grains and other produces by destroying pests.

In Photography FilmThe most well-known use of bromine is in making photographic films. Silver bromide is light-sensitive and is used to manufacture photography plates. Its microscopic particles when exposed to light undergo a change as a result of chemical reaction. This property of silver bromide is responsible for the production of the image, when the photographic film is exposed to light when you click the shutter. Potassium bromide is used in photography, to prevent undesired reduction of silver, which causes fogging in a photograph.

IN medicinesBromine has been used as a drug, for a long time, in one or the other form. Primarily, chemical compounds derived from it are used as oral sedatives, to treat epilepsy and as diuretics. It is well-known for its central nervous system depressive role in bromide poisoning. In the past, as late as the start of 20th century, potassium bromide was used as a sedative. In DyesIt was in 1909, when a German chemist Paul Friedlander found that the Tyrian purple (red-purple to deep purple) contains bromine. In this form, it was known to man for hundreds of years. Tyrian purple dye is nothing but a chemical 6,6'-dibromoindigo. Another such dye used is tetra butyl ammonium bromide. These have many other applications in the textile industry.

Other UsesSalts of bromine formed with calcium, sodium, and zinc are water-soluble. The dense solution thus, formed is used as a drilling fluid while drilling boreholes.Ethidium bromide or EtBr is used as a DNA stainer, in the process of gel electrophoresis. Normally this chemical, under ultraviolet light, gives out orange-glow which intensifies, if EtBr binds with a DNA.Bromine is employed to reduce mercury pollution that the coal consuming power plants cause. Activated carbon and coal treated with bromine, does the trick.5-bromouracil, is used as an artificial mutagen which helps scientists in forcing the genetic materials, such as, DNA to change the bromides of the alkali and alkaline earth elements find usage in pharmacy because of their sedative actions, in photography for preparing silver bromideemulsions, and in the industrial drying of air as desiccants.Zincbromine storage batteries (qv) are under development as load-levellingdevices in electric utilities.Photovoltaic batteries have been made of selenium or boron doped with bromine.Bromine and its salts are known to recover gold and other precious metals from their ores.

SELECTION OF PROCESS

SELECTION OF PROCESSThe two primary stripping vapours are steam and air. Steam is used when the concentration of bromine in brine is>1000 ppm. The advantage is that bromine can be condensed directly from the steam. Air is used, when seawater is the source of bromine because very large volumes of stripping gas are needed and steam would be too expensive. When air is used the bromine needs to be trapped in an alkaline or reducing solution to concentrate it.Blowing-out ProcessBlowing-out process, used when the source of bromine is sea water, air is used instead of steam to strip bromine from solution. At the pH of seawater, the liberated bromine hydrolyzes to hypobromous acid and bromide. Bromide traps bromine as the tribromide ion and little bromine is released. Before stripping, enough sulphuric acid is added to the seawater to reduce the pH to 33.5. The exiting air containing bromine is absorbed in a sodium carbonate solution.3 Na2CO3 + 3 Br2 5 NaBr + NaBrO3+3 CO2When the alkalinity of the absorbing solution becomes low it is moved to storage. Acidifying the absorbing solution with sulphuric acid reconstitutes the bromine that can then be steamed out.NaBrO3 +5NaBr +3 H2SO43 Br2 + 3 Na2SO4+ 3 H2OAn alternative absorbing solution uses sulphur dioxide.Br2 + SO2 +2 H2O 2 HBr + H2SO4The bromine is recovered by oxidizing the bromide with chlorine and steaming it out of solution. Treatment with sulphuric acid and fractional distillation are the main methods used to purify bromine. It is especially important to reduce the water content to0.1ppm, a self-contained breathing apparatus can be used until the air supply gets low.

Safe production of bromineIn bromine production, as in any other production process in which bromine is involved strict safety rules have to be observed11, based on a thorough understanding of the hazards inherent in each of the processes, raw materials, intermediate products and products.

The following precautions should be taken:- All the production systems should be hermetically sealed.- All outputs of the system should be treated appropriately (products, by products, exhaust fumes, sewage and solid waste) to prevent compromising safety and endangering the environment.- Appropriate steps must be taken to prevent emission of toxic gases.- All parts of the installation must be constructed from bromine-resistant materials.

Safe handling of bromine leakage If an accident occurs and there is a bromine leakage, it is important to deal with the leakage immediately in such a way as to limit the harm done to people and the environment as much as possible. We saw how bromine is neutralized in the laboratory. Different considerations may be put forward for the establishment of suitable industrial bromine-neutralizing methods, adapted to large-scale processes. The use of larger quantities of material requires that serious thought be given to such questions as: - Ease of handling - Availability of neutralizing agents - Costs - Reaction enthalpy.Safe storage of bromine Safe storage of materials is an important issue, which over the years has itself become a special expertise. Storage rules and methods must comply with the particular properties of each material, its reactions with other materials and the different hazards involved. The properties of bromine also have an important bearing on its storage: - The volatility of bromine dictates the need to store it in a place protected from external damage. - Its oxidizing capacity dictates the need to avoid contact with reducing agents, organic compounds and combustible materials. - Its highly corrosive action in the presence of water dictates the need to store it in a dry place and to build storage tanks with suitable resistant coating. - Its ability to form light-induced free radicals requires storage in a dark place. - In addition there are other requirements, such as: protection against static electricity, etc.Safe transportation of bromineAccidents in which toxic materials are involved, and plants producing such materials, quickly make headlines and are widely publicized. Usually these accidents are caused by carelessness, negligence or human error. Many accidents during transportation of hazardous materials occur as a result of speeding. These accidents could have been prevented if everybody involved in the transportation of materials in general, and hazardous materials in particular, had obeyed the rules that apply to them. Transportation of hazardous materials requires particular expertise and bromine is no exception. International and local transportation of bromine is subject to international control and regulations on transportation of hazardous materials.Bromine is transported in liquid form, but its volatility and toxicity demand that it be transported in the safest possible way, with complete sealing of the transporters and precautions against the danger of bromine leakage to the air.Safe use of bromine Bromine is used for many purposes in research and industry. All safety rules observed during the production, storage and transportation of bromine must also be obeyed during its handling and use. Every customer who uses large amounts of bromine must have an unloading station. The bromine is unloaded while connected to the isotank or the container of the absorption tower to prevent bromine vapours escaping into the air. Emptying of the isotank is monitored by weighing or by watching through a glass window. When all the bromine is removed, the colour of the windows changes from brownish-red to a light hue. At any such unloading station suitable neutralizing materials and protective equipment must be available.

Section 1Chemical Product and Company IdentificationProduct Name: Liquid BromineCatalog Codes: SLB4777CAS#: 7726-95-6RTECS: EF9100000TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: BromineCI#: Not available.Synonym: Chemical Name: BromineChemical Formula: Br2Contact Information: Sciencelab.com, Inc.14025 Smith Rd. Houston, Texas 77396 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400

Section 2Composition and Information on IngredientsName CAS # % by WeightBromine 7726-95-6 100Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Bromine: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3100 mg/kg [Mouse]. 4160 mg/kg [Rabbit]. 2600 mg/kg [Rat].

Section 3Hazards IdentificationPotential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin Contact (irritant), of eye contact(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified.POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.

Section 4First Aid MeasuresEye Contact:Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact , immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for atleast 15 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.Skin Contact:In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.

Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.Inhalation:If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.

Serious Inhalation:Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.Ingestion:Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.Serious Ingestion:Not available.Section 5:Fire and Explosion DataFlammability of the Product:NonflammableAuto-Ignition Temperature:Not applicableFlash Points:Not applicableFlammable Limits: Not applicableProducts of Combustion: Not availableFire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances :Flammable in presence of combustible materials of reducing materials of organic material of aluminium.Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:Risks of explosion of product in presenceof mechanical impact : not available.Risks of explosions of the product in Presence of static discharge: not available.Fire fighting Media and instructions: Not applicable

Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Flammable in the form of liquid or vapour by spontaneous chemical reaction with reducing materials. May cause fire in contact with wood, sawdust, cotton, straw, etc.Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards : Reacts explosively with Acetylene, Acrylonitrile, Ammonia, Dimethyl Formaldehyde, EthylPhosphine, H2, Ni, Nitrogen Triiodide, O3, O2, P, K, Ag, Na.

Section 6: Accidental Release MeasuresSmall Spill:Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.Large Spill:Corrosive liquid. Poisonous liquid. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapour drift. Use water spray to reduce vapours. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.Section 7: Handling and StoragePrecautions:Keep locked up. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapour/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materialsStorage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.Section 8:Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionEngineering Controls:Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapours below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.Personal Protection: Face shield, Full suit, Vapour respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent, Gloves, Boots.Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:Splash goggles, Full suit, Vapour respirator. Boots, Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.Exposure Limits: TWA: 0.66 STEL: 1.3 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 0.1 STEL: 0.2 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 0.1 from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 0.7 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 0.66 STEL: 2 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1 STEL: 0.3 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits..Section 9: Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical state and appearance: LiquidOdor: Pungent (Suffocating)Taste: Not available.Molecular Weight: 159.808 g/moleColour: Reddish BrownpH (1% soln/water): Not available.Boiling Point: 58.78 oCMelting Point: -7.25 oC.Critical Temperature: 315 oC.Specific Gravity: 3.11Vapor Pressure: 23.3 kPa.Vapor Density: 7.1 (Air)Volatility: Not available.Odor Threshold: 0.05 ppm.Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.Ionicity (in Water): Not available.Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl etherSolubility: Easily soluble in diethyl ether. Very slightly soluble in cold water. Freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, concentrated hydrochloric acid, and aqueous solution of bromides.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity DataStability: The product is stable.Instability Temperature: Not available.Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials.Incompatibility with various Substances: Not available.Corrosivity:Extremely corrosive in presence of aluminum, of zinc, of stainless steel(304), of stainless steel(316). Highly corrosive in presence of copper. Non-corrosive in presence of glassSpecial Remarks on Reactivity:Incompatible with organic compounds containing active hydrogen atoms adjacent to the carbonyl group (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids).Special Remarks on Corrosivity:Corrodes iron, stainless steel and copper. Severe corrosive effect on bronzePolymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11:Toxicological InformationRoutes of Entry:Inhalation, Ingestion.Dermal contact.Toxicity to Animals:Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1271 mg/kg [Rat].TERATOGENIC EFFECTS:Classified POSSIBLE for human.Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.

Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals : Not available.

Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:Not available.Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Contact with liquid is corrosive and causes ulceration and skin burns. In milder cases, it might cause skin rash, pustles, measle-like erruptions, furuncles, and cold and clammy skin with cyanosis or pale color. Eyes: It is a lacrymator and causes eye irritation, eyelid inflammation at low concentration. At higher concentrations it may cause blepharospasm, photophobia, conjunctivitis, and burns. Inhalation: Inhalation of smaller amounts may cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract with coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and nosebleed. Inhalation of larger amounts may cause pulmonary edema, chemical pneumonitis, bronchospasm, pneumomidiastinum, glottal spasm, glottal edema, inflammatory lesions in the mucous membranes, inflammed tongue and palate, chemical burns of the lungs, asthmatic bronchitis, and severe choking. Death may occur due to circulatory collapse, asphyxiation from edema of the glottis, aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema. It may also affect behavior/central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, thyroid, Symptoms may include dizziness, headache, fatigue, disturbances of sleep and sexual function, feeling of opression, vertigo, anxiety, depression, muscle incoordination, emotional instabililty, delirium, stupor, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension. Ingestion: May cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. It may cause gastrointestinal tract burns, burning pain of the mouth and esphagous, corrosive gastroenteritis with vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and possible bloody feces. It may cause kidney damage (hemmorrhagic nephritis with oliguria or anuria, and liver damage, brownish discoloration of lips, tongue and mucous membranes It may also affect the cardiovascular system (tachycardia, hypotension, and cyanosis and behavior/central nervous system (symptoms similar to inhalation) Chronic Potential Health Effects: Inhalationand Ingestion: Prolonged or repeated exposure may affect respiration and endocrine system (thyroid), metabolism, behavior/central nervous system, and cardiovascular system, and cause kidney and liver damage. Effects may be delayed.

Section 12: Ecological InformationEcotoxicity:Not available.BOD5 and COD:Not available.Products of Biodegradation:Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However,long term degradation products may arise.Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation : The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13:Disposal ConsiderationsWaste Disposal:Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Section 14: Transport InformationDOT Classification:Class 8: Corrosive material CLASS 6.1: Poisonous material Identification:Bromine UNNA: 1744 PG: I.Special Provisions for Transport: Poison-inhalation hazard, Zone A

Section 15: Other Regulatory InformationFederal and State Regulations:Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Bromine Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Bromine Illinois chemical safety act: Bromine New York release reporting list: Bromine Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Bromine Pennsylvania RTK: Bromine Minnesota: Bromine Massachusetts RTK: Bromine Massachusetts spill list: Bromine New Jersey: Bromine New Jersey spill list: Bromine Louisiana RTK reporting list: Bromine California Director's list of Hazardous Substances: Bromine TSCA 8(b) inventory: Bromine SARA 302/304/311/312 extremely hazardous substances: Bromine SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Bromine.Other Regulations:OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.Other Classifications:WHMIS (Canada):CLASS D-1A: Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). CLASS E: Corrosive liquid.DSCL (EEC):R26- Very toxic by inhalation. R35- Causes severe burns. R50- Very toxic to aquatic organisms. S1/2- Keep locked up and out of the reach of children. S7/9- Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated place. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). S61- Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheetsHMIS (U.S.A.)Health Hazard: 3Fire Hazard: 0Reactivity: 0National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.)Health: 3Flammability:0Reactivity:0

Specific hazard:Protective Equipment: Gloves. Lab coat. Vapour respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Safety glasses.Section 16: Other InformationReferences: Not available.Other Special Considerations: Not available.Created: 10/11/2005 1:06 PMLast Updated: 06/09/2012 12:00 PM

MARKET SURVEY

Bromine Production by area in 2008

Bromine Consumption in 2008

Bromine demand by applications

SITE SELECTION

SITE SELECTIONSelected Site Badlapur The location of the plant has a very significant effect on the profitability of a project and the scope for future expansion. The following are the factors which were examined for our site selection.Raw Material supplyThis is one of the most important aspect to be examined to finalize a site. The availability of raw materials for NaBr & HBr at the above selected site is discussed below. A) NaBr: NaBr is obtained from pharmaceutical and fertilizer industry as an effluent. These industries are situated in the nearby area so obtaining raw material is a very easy task.B) Chlorine in quantitative terms chlorine is the largest required raw material. Chlorine is obtained from nearby plants in the MIDC regionC) Steam is easily available from boilers.Location with respect of marketing areaLiquid Bromine is chiefly used in pharmaceutical indistries in manufacturing of plastisicers as additive I hydraulic fluids, in lubricants amongst others. The badlapur region and the Mumbai Ahmadabad industrial belt offer a very good potential market for the product. Therefore the site is well located with respect to marketing area. Transport facility.Therefore transport facility is easily available for raw materials, products and equipments. The proximity to railways also plays an important role in selecting this site.

Availability of labourThe labour for plant construction and operation is readily available locally and cheaply. Also due to its proximity to education center like Mumbai and being an already developed industrial area it attracts semi skilled plant operators and managers from neighbors statesAvailability of UtilitiesThe site is located near chikhaloli dam thus; water and power are supplied at reasonable rates. Also the availability of fuel is no problem due to excellent facilities.Availability of suitable landBadlapur being an industrial zone, acquiring land is not difficult. The land soil has a good bearing capacity and not terrain.Local community considerationThe proposed plant would be acceptable to the local community since it is a chemical zone. Also the plant is solely located away from the residential area. Adequate schools, banks, housing, recreational and cultural faculties are available for the plant employees near the site. Also there are no significant inter community tension. Climate The region experiences moderate to hot climate throughout the year and seasonal rainfall. It is not prone to high winds or earthquakes. Political and strategic consideration There are no restrictions on development of industry at the location as it is allocated for industrial development. Besides the above factors communication, industrial infrastructure, medical and fire fighting services are well established. Thus the above actors will give a strategic advantage to a liquid Bromine plant located at the recommended site.

PROJECT COST ESTIMATION

PROJECT COST ESTIMATION

The cost of the individual equipment is calculated on the basis of the Weight of the equipment and the material of construction required for the particular equipment. The cost is rounded up to the higher Value depending upon the complexity of the equipment.The basic purchase of equipment used in the plant is calculated.EquipmentCost Rs. LakhsDemister Tank4.0POCl3 Reactor with Jacket and2.0 AgitatorsCondenser8.0Distillation Tower5.0Disaster Vessel1.0Noah Scrubber0.8Packed Tower along with Packing1.2Silica Gel Column2.0Storage of PCl3 & POCl32.0Liquid O2 storage8.0Pump (4)3.2A = 35.20

INSTALLATIONPiping8,80,000Insulation70,000llUtilities7,04,000Electrical5,28,000Instruments3,52,000Effluent treatment plant 5,28,000B =3,06,24,000MAN POWER EMPLOYEDManager3,25,000Plant Superintendent1,95,000Engineer 23,90,000Skilled workers 103,90,000Office staff 82,60,000Transportation 46,24,000C = 2,18,40,000Total Cost = A + B + C = Rs.5,39,84,000

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

After completing this project, we have concluded that this project gives all that knowledge for establishing a plant of such hazardous chemicals.The complete project is arranged by taking consideration of properties, safety, precaution, prevention method & various manufacturing method. This project gives brief idea about behavior of such hazardous chemical. Project itself describes importance of such chemical because not only these both chemicals are very dangerous but also very importance especially for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, such projects are guideline for future aspects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sr. No.Name of bookAuthor

1.Perrys chemical engineering Handbook.Robert.H.Perry, Don Green

2.Material Handbook.Brady & Clauser

3.Safety management.Greemaldi, Simonds.

4.Chemical process & Equipment design .

K.A.Gavhane.

5.Chemical Reaction Engineering.K.A.Gavhane.

6.Encyclopedia of Chemical Engg.Kirk Othmer.

7.Piping Handbook.Nayyar

8.Industrial Gases.Downie

9.Property of gases & liquids.Reid, Prausnitz, Paling

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