Final project report 2014 new

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

ABSTRACT

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate. It is one of the

components of the wheel and axle. Wheels in conjunction with axles, allow heavy

objects to be moved easily facilitating movement in machines. A wheel can greatly

reduce friction by rolling together with the use of axles. The main purpose of this

investigation is to find out how an object able to travel maximum distance with

minimum force.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

INTRODUCTION

Origin of wheels

Evidence of wheeled vehicles appears from the second half of the 4th

millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (Sumerian civilization), the

Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe.

Mechanics and function

Mechanism that are used in this experiment are

a. Wheel and axle

The wheel is a device that enables efficient movement of an object across a

surface where there is a force pressing the object to the surface. Common examples

are a cart pulled by a horse, and the rollers on an aircraft flap mechanism. Wheels

are used in conjunction with axles; either the wheel turns on the axle, or the axle

turns in the object body. The mechanics are the same in either case. The low

resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows .The normal

force at the sliding interface is the same. The sliding distance is reduced for a given

distance of travel. The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower. A wheel

can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is

sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.

b. Bearing

A bearing is a device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts,

typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the

interface. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through

which the axle passes.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

c. Inclined plane

An inclined plane is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end

higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined

plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists.

Inclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles. Moving

an object up an inclined plane requires less force than lifting it straight up, at a cost

of an increase in the distance moved. The mechanical advantage of an inclined

plane, the factor by which the force is reduced, is equal to the ratio of the length of

the sloped surface to the height it spans.

d. Mass

Mass is a property of a physical body which determines the body's resistance to

being accelerated by a force and the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction

with other bodies.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

TITLE

MAGIC OF WHEELS

PROBLEM

The wheel of a vehicle rotates to allow the vehicle to move. Design

a mechanical system that

involves minimal force that gives maximum distance travelled by

the vehicle. Discuss the mechanism involved.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

APPARATUS

Wheel Inclined Plane Measuring tape

Wooden Block Bearing Clay

ruler weighing scale add on weights

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

PROCEDURES TO BUILD INCLINED PLANE

1. Thick three layer plywood is cut into length of 90cm x 65cm.( This is the base for

the ramp)

2. Then cut three pieces of wood to fix with the base.

3. Prepare 6cm wooden block to fix at the bottom of base plywood.

PROCEDURES TO BUILT WOODEN CAR

1. Prepare a wooden block with length of 18cm x 7cm x 3 cm.

2. Thighten the both sides of the shaft with the screw.

3. Fix the wheels at the both side of the shaft.

4. Thighten the wheels with nut and bolt.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

5. Repeat step 2 to step 4 to fix another shaft and wheel.

EXPERIMENT 1

PROBLEM

How tyre surface effect the distance travelled by the wooden car?

AIM

To investigate the relationship between tyre surface with distance travelled by

wooden car.

HYPOTHESIS

If tyre surface narrow then distance travelled by wooden car is further.

APPARATUS

Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape

MANIPULATED VARIABLES

Surface of tyre

RESPONDING VARIABLES

Distance travelled by wooden car

FIXED VARIABLE

Mass of car, size of tyre

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

PROCEDURES

1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin.

2. Fix the flat surface tyre at the end of each shaft.

3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold.

4. Release the car on the ramp.

5. Measure the distance travelled by the car.

6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance.

7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with narrow surface tyre.

RESULT

Surface of the tyre

Distance travelled (cm) Average

(cm) T1 T2 T3

Flat surface tyre

Narrow surface tyre

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

GRAPH

DISCUSSION

From the result we know that the narrow surfaced tyre travelled ______cm. while the

flat surfaced tyre travelled _____cm. It shows narrow surfaced tyre travelled further

compare to the flat surfaced tyre. Flat surface tyre has more friction because the

contact with surfaced area is larger. Due to this narrow surfaced tyre able to travel

further.

Conclusion

Narrow surfaced tyre able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted.

EXPERIMENT 2

PROBLEM

How the roller affects the distance travelled by the wooden car?

AIM

To investigate the relationship between presence of roller in wheel with distance

travelled by wooden car.

HYPOTHESIS

Car with roller wheel travelled further

MANIPULATED VARIABLES

Presence of roller in wheel.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

RESPONDING VARIABLES

Distance travelled by wooden car

FIXED VARIABLE

Mass of the car, size of the wheel, narrow surfaced tyre.

APPARATUS

Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape, weighs

PROCEDURES

1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin.

2. Fix the wheel with roller at the end of each shaft.

3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold.

4. Release the car on the ramp.

5. Measure the distance travelled by the car.

6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance.

7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with wheel without roller.

RESULT

Presence of roller Distance travelled (cm) Average

(cm) T1 T2 T3

wheel with roller

wheel without roller

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

GRAPH

DISCUSSION

From the result we know that the wheel with roller travelled ______cm. while the

wheel without roller travelled _____cm. It shows wheel with roller travelled further

compare to the wheel without roller. Wheel with roller has less friction because the

contact with surfaced area is smaller. Due to this wheel with roller able to travel

further.

CONCLUSION

Wheel with roller able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted.

EXPERIMENT 3

PROBLEM

How lubricated roller wheel affects the distance travelled by wooden car?

AIM

To investigate the relationship between presence of lubrication with distance

travelled by car.

HYPOTHESIS

Car with lubricated roller wheel travelled further

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

MANIPULATED VARIABLES

Presence of lubrication.

RESPONDING VARIABLES

Distance travelled by wooden car

FIXED VARIABLE

Mass of the car, size of the wheel, narrow surfaced tyre

APPARATUS

Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape

PROCEDURES

1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin.

2. Fix the wheel with lubricated roller at the end of each shaft.

3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold.

4. Release the car on the ramp.

5. Measure the distance travelled by the car.

6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance.

7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with wheel without lubricated roller.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

RESULT

presence of lubrication Distance travelled Average

T1 T2 T3

Wheel with lubrication

roller

Wheel without

lubrication roller

GRAPH

DISCUSSION

From the result we know that the wheel with lubricated roller travelled ______cm.

while the wheel without lubricated roller travelled _____cm. It shows wheel with

lubricated roller travelled further compare to the wheel without lubricate roller. Wheel

with lubricated roller has less friction because the contact with surfaced area is

smaller. Due to this wheel with lubricated roller able to travel further.

CONCLUSION

Wheel with lubricated roller able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

EXPERIMENT 4

PROBLEM

How size of wheel affects the distance travelled by wooden car?

AIM

To investigate the relationship between size of wheel with distance travelled by car.

HYPOTHESIS

Car with larger size of wheel travelled further

MANIPULATED VARIABLES

Size of wheel.

RESPONDING VARIABLES

Distance travelled by wooden car

FIXED VARIABLE

Mass of the car, type of wheel, narrow surfaced tyre

APPARATUS

Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

PROCEDURES

1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin.

2. Fix the wheel with larger size of wheel at the end of each shaft.

3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold.

4. Release the car on the ramp.

5. Measure the distance travelled by the car.

6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance.

7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with small size of wheel.

RESULT

Size of wheel (cm) Distance travelled Average

T1 T2 T3

GRAPH

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

DISCUSSION

From the result we know that the larger size of wheel travelled ______cm. while the

small size of wheel travelled _____cm. It shows larger size of wheel travelled further

compare to the small size of wheel. Wheel with larger size rotate further than small

size of wheel. Due to this larger size of wheel able to travel further.

CONCLUSION

Larger size of wheel able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted.

LIFE EXAMPLE

Wheel Bearing

Wheel bearings function very much like typical bearings found in car steering.

The wheels spin smoothly and quietly. Without wheel bearings, the wheel of our

vehicles will instantly wear out of friction.

As for 4-wheeled vehicles, each has a pair of front wheel bearings and a pair

of rear wheel bearings. They perform two main jobs. That is allowing the wheels with

minimal friction and supporting the vehicles' weight.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

Similarly, we used bearing in our wooden car to get extra distance. It is

because by decreasing the friction, the car can travel further. The bearing helps to

reduce friction. So with minimum force we could get more distance.

ERRORS / PROBLEM FACED

1. The screw that fix with wheels always loosen.

2. The mass of the wooden car with bearing and without bearing is not same.

3. The size of the ramp was narrow.

HOW WE OVERCOME THE ERRORS

1. We make sure the screw is tight before start doing the experiment.

2. We add clay on wooden car without bearing to make the mass as same as

the wooden car with bearing.

3. We build the ramp again.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Pupils used gloves when dealing with ramp.

2. Pupils must be careful when using saw to cut shaft.

3. Pupils must use mask when cutting the shaft.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

FUTURE RESEARCH / SUGGESTION

In future research, we want to develop the project by improvising the innovation. We

want to bui ld a turbine with bearing to produce electricity. In this innovation we want

to use wind energy to produce electricity. Since wind energy is a renewable energy it

uses minimum cost but can get maximum electricity. It is also earth friendly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project book would not have been possible without the guidance and

help of the several individuals who have helped and contributed and extended their

valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this project.

First and foremost our utmost gratitude to out headmistress Mrs Anthony

Mary Abel whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. Mrs Selvy

Ramasamy, our senior assistant has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the

obstacles in the completion of this project. Not forgotten our unselfish and unfailed

supporter, our dissertation Mrs Puspah Kandasamy and also encouragement from

all the teachers.

Last but not least, our families and the one above all of us the omnipresent God for

answering our prayers for giving the strength to pass through the project.

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)

3. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing1.htm

4. http://www.wheels.ca/

5. http://www.mechanicalebook.com/videos/cwheel.htm

6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167892299800492

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-motion_bearing

8. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing.htm

9. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bearing

10. http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/machinery-tools-supplies/bearing-types

11. http://www.nmbtc.com/bearings/engineering/bearing-types.html

12. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing3.htm

13. http://www.ahrinternational.com/introduction_to_bearings.htm

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

PHOTHOS

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NUM CONTENTS PAGE

1 ABSTRACT 1

2 INTRODUCTION 1

6 PROBLEM 3

7 APPARATUS 4

8 PROCEDURES TO BUILD INCLINED PLANE 5

8 EXPERIMENT 1 6

9 EXPERIMENT 2 9

10 EXPERIMENT 3 12

11 LIFE EXAMPLES 15

12 ERRORS 16

13 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 16

14 FUTURE RESEARCH 17

MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014

16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 18

17 REFERENCES 19

18 PHOTHOS 20

19 APPENDICES 22