Final Project Flexible music genres in Peru Flexible music genres in Peru& Fado in Brazil.

Final ProjectFinal Project

Flexible music genres in Flexible music genres in PeruPeru

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Fado in BrazilFado in Brazil

1.Flexible musical genres 1.Flexible musical genres in Peruin Peru

• Contrasting with the fixed Contrasting with the fixed genres, flexible musical genres, flexible musical genres have not a concrete genres have not a concrete musical form. They are musical form. They are organically linked to organically linked to specific rituals such as specific rituals such as agricultural communal agricultural communal work, the cleaning of work, the cleaning of canals, fertility rituals and canals, fertility rituals and phases of life cycle phases of life cycle (baptism, courting, (baptism, courting, funerals and marriage). funerals and marriage). The music accompanying The music accompanying the ceremonies carries the the ceremonies carries the name of the ritual involved. name of the ritual involved.

Fiesta del agua ( water Fiesta del agua ( water festival)festival)

• The cleaning of irrigation The cleaning of irrigation canals called the fiesta del canals called the fiesta del agua ( water festival), is a agua ( water festival), is a ceremonial task performed ceremonial task performed by all the members of the by all the members of the community. It is a strong community. It is a strong tradition in Lima and San tradition in Lima and San Pedro de Casa. The men Pedro de Casa. The men who perform the ceremonial who perform the ceremonial cleaning is accompanied by cleaning is accompanied by the chirimia (type of oboe)the chirimia (type of oboe)

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Day of the dead Day of the dead

• Specialist sing Specialist sing funeral music funeral funeral music funeral music at wakes, music at wakes, burials and during burials and during festivities of the day festivities of the day of the dead in 2end of of the dead in 2end of November. The November. The repertory has repertory has QechuaQechua text with strong text with strong European influences.European influences.

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Harvest ceremoniesHarvest ceremonies

• In the Mantaro Valley music In the Mantaro Valley music from pincullo (vertical flute) from pincullo (vertical flute) and tinya (small drum) are and tinya (small drum) are played by one performer is played by one performer is reserved for times when reserved for times when workers or farmers gather in workers or farmers gather in the field at specific dates of the field at specific dates of the agricultural calendar-the agricultural calendar-turning of the soil, the first turning of the soil, the first tillage of the land, and tillage of the land, and harvest. A group of other harvest. A group of other people sing a cappella or people sing a cappella or sometimes with guitar sometimes with guitar accompaniment.accompaniment.

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The importance of flexible The importance of flexible music in Peruvian culturemusic in Peruvian culture

• Music is a major marker of the ethnicity Music is a major marker of the ethnicity and nationality and a crucial component and nationality and a crucial component of the ceremonial, spiritual and social of the ceremonial, spiritual and social life of Peru. It is the most powerful way life of Peru. It is the most powerful way that people use to express their that people use to express their feelings. Music gathers them and it feelings. Music gathers them and it gives them force to move forward. gives them force to move forward. Specially, flexible musical genres are a Specially, flexible musical genres are a significant part of the arsenal of cultural significant part of the arsenal of cultural survival and revival. The importance of survival and revival. The importance of this musical genre is illustrated by its this musical genre is illustrated by its prominent appearance in virtually many prominent appearance in virtually many events events

2.Fado2.Fado• ETYMOLOGYETYMOLOGY

The word The word FadoFado comes from the latin word comes from the latin word fatumfatum, from which the English word , from which the English word fatefate also originate.The word is linked to the also originate.The word is linked to the music genre itself and, although both music genre itself and, although both meanings are the same in the two meanings are the same in the two languages, Portuguese speakers seldom languages, Portuguese speakers seldom utilize the word utilize the word fadofado referring to destiny referring to destiny or fate.or fate.

HistoryHistory• Fado is one of the most popular Fado is one of the most popular

music in Portugal, but Fado has music in Portugal, but Fado has its roots in Brasil.its roots in Brasil.

Recent histories detail the Recent histories detail the evolution of fado, first as dance evolution of fado, first as dance form in Brazil, then later as a form in Brazil, then later as a sung form in Lisbon. In its sung form in Lisbon. In its earliest appearances in Brazil earliest appearances in Brazil at the end of the 18th century. at the end of the 18th century. Fado emerged as a fusion of Fado emerged as a fusion of older dances such as the older dances such as the African-derived fofa and lundu African-derived fofa and lundu and the Iberian fandango. The and the Iberian fandango. The lundu, a dance so similar to lundu, a dance so similar to fado as to be interchangeable fado as to be interchangeable in the accounts of foreign in the accounts of foreign travelers.travelers.

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Manuel Antonio de Almeida’s Manuel Antonio de Almeida’s

researchesresearches • In a novel by nineteenth century Brazilian writer Manuel António deIn a novel by nineteenth century Brazilian writer Manuel António de• Almeida based on the 1817 reports of a military sergeant, for example, Almeida based on the 1817 reports of a military sergeant, for example,

fado isfado is• described as having “diverse forms, each one more original than the described as having “diverse forms, each one more original than the

next” (1941,next” (1941,• 52). Almeida describes several different types of danced fado 52). Almeida describes several different types of danced fado

performed in earlyperformed in early• nineteenth century Rio de Janeiro; one where a single performer nineteenth century Rio de Janeiro; one where a single performer

dances alone,dances alone,• executing difficult steps and lofty poses; and another where a pair of executing difficult steps and lofty poses; and another where a pair of

dancers play adancers play a• seductive game of approach and retreat. And across the ocean in early seductive game of approach and retreat. And across the ocean in early

nineteenthnineteenth• century Lisbon, fado’s diverse array of expressions not only replicated century Lisbon, fado’s diverse array of expressions not only replicated

thethe• song/dance vocabularies developed in Brazil, but also initiated a new song/dance vocabularies developed in Brazil, but also initiated a new

locallocal• offshoot called “fado batido,” spawned within Lisbon’s community ofoffshoot called “fado batido,” spawned within Lisbon’s community of• transplanted Africanstransplanted Africans

Ernesto Nazareth---- Ernesto Nazareth---- Modern Fado in BrazilModern Fado in Brazil

• Ernesto Nazareth Ernesto Nazareth (pronounced: nah-zah-(pronounced: nah-zah-rayray)) was born in Rio de Janeiro, was born in Rio de Janeiro, one of five children. His first one of five children. His first concert as a pianist took concert as a pianist took place in 1898 . He is place in 1898 . He is composer and pianist, composer and pianist, especially noted for his especially noted for his creative Maxixe and Choro creative Maxixe and Choro compositions. Influenced by compositions. Influenced by African rhythms and many African rhythms and many musical styles like the musical styles like the LunduLundu, , FadoFado and the Choro he never and the Choro he never fully accepted this influence, fully accepted this influence, refusing to give popular refusing to give popular names to his compositions. names to his compositions.

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SimilaritiesSimilarities

• Dance performances are present in Dance performances are present in both of these musical stylesboth of these musical styles

• Both of them have a fast rhythm. Both of them have a fast rhythm.

DifferencesDifferences• Different location, Peru// BrazilDifferent location, Peru// Brazil

• Fado has a concrete musical Fado has a concrete musical form, but the other type is form, but the other type is more flexiblemore flexible

• Flexible musical genres in Peru Flexible musical genres in Peru involved a larger number of involved a larger number of people who perform, compared people who perform, compared to Fado.to Fado.

• Fado appeared in Brazil and Fado appeared in Brazil and later was transformed in later was transformed in Portugal. No such Portugal. No such transformation for Flexible transformation for Flexible musical genre in Peru.musical genre in Peru.

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