FINAL PRESENTATION

) CPAPs(Continuous Positive Air

Pressure)For Premature Infants

Outline Aim & objective Introduction History Physiology of Respiration Method & Material Other Ideas Failures of CPAPs Cost Evaluation References

Aims & Objective

To reduce the cost User friendly Simplicity Minimizing the power consumption by giving

power other then electrical source

Introduction

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is the;

Mechanical mean to deliver positive air pressure Delivered by nasal prong or face mask Non-invasive technique Pt. breathes through mask against a continuous

positive a/w pressure Can be delivered by either volume or pressure

controlled ventilator Delivers set pressure with each breath,

maintained throughout the respiratory cycle

Introduction(cont’d)

CPAPs are used; For patients with breathing problems In case of sleep apnea Babies with immature lungs/ babies To maintain O2 concentration in blood mostly

in premature babies To Prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation

by maintaining a positive intra-alveolar pressure

Historical Background

Von Reuss,German article,the disease of New born

1914, basic design of CPAPs First successful CPAP device, 1971 Dr. George Gregory(University of California,

San Francisco) Prof.C.Sullivan (Royal Prince Alfred

Hospital, Sydney, Australia,1981)

Physiology of Respiratory System

Breathing Mechanism

Breathing Mechanism (cont’d)

Graphical Representation Of Respiration

Methods & Materials

Power source (other then electrical) DC Motor (to generate air flow) Air flow sensor( check air flow in cm

H2O) Nasal prong (to attach with patient) Beaker with water & a graduated scale(in

cm H2O) to control pressure according to lungs volume

Basic Flow Diagram

Methods & Materials(cont’d)

Power Source

DC motor/

Fan

Pressure r

sensor

Flow sensor circuit

O/P To Patient

Methods & Materials (cont’d)

Power source Solar Power (solar cells) photovoltaic effect (e transferred b/w d/f bands)

Manual Power using dynamo using wheel using injection

Methods & Materials (cont’d)

DC motor/fan

12 volts

Methods & Materials (cont’d)

Pressure sensor

convert air pressure into the voltage

o/p voltage is directly prop. to the applied pressure

Pressure ranges according to their Use:

Low Pressure

2-3 cmH2O

Maintenance of lung Volume in very low birth weight infants

During weaning

Medium Pressure

4-7 cmH2O

Increasing lung volume in surfactant deficiency

Stabilizing areas of Atelectasis

Stabilizing obstructive airway

High pressure

8-10 cmH2O

Preventing lungs Collapse with poor lung volume

Improving distribution of ventilation

Ultra High

11-14 cmH2O

Tracheal or bronchial collapse

In severe obstruction

Reestablishing lung volume during ECHO

Methods & Materials (cont’d)

Flow sensor circuit

Methods & Materials (cont’d)

O/P to Patient

Deliver supplemental

airflow

Other Ideas

A simple way to charge the battery is by using a small dynamo, turned by the DC Fan motor through a belt.

Failure Of CPAPs therapy in RDS

Very low birth wt. infants Late application of CPAP Severity of RDS Associated disease e.g, sepsis, hypotension Infants with severe degree of extrapulmonary

shunt

CPAPs in apnea of prematurity Decrease the incidence of apnea of prematurity

(compared to other forms of stimulation) Improve oxygenation Stimulation or inhibition of pulmonary reflexes Alveolar stabilization Mechanical splinting of airway; reduce Supraglottic resistance in both inspiration and

expiration Some investigators recommended the early

use of CPAP as a preventive measure of apnea of prematurity

Adverse effect of CPAP Pulmonary air leak

Type of CPAP Lung compliance Gestational age

Gastric dilation and rupture Hypotension Increase pulmonary vascular resistance Chronic lung disease

Cost EvaluationComponent Price in AUD$

DC Motor ~16.00$

Solar Panel ~40.00$

Rechargeable Battery ~ 25.00$

Tubing Giving by the hospital

Nasal Prongs Giving by the hospital

Flow Sensor ~34.00$

Air Detector Circuit ~12.00$

Other cost ~30.00$

Future prospects

Research work almost have done Aware with basic anatomy & physiology Hardware will have to be implement Can do with some other new ideas

References

Anonymous(21st Nov 2002) , “Obstetric Nursing” Avaliable:http://academic.cuesta.edu/atorrey/neo~comp.pdf

Robert M. Ward*, Joanna C. Beach. (April 2003). “An International Journal of Obstetrics in Gynecology” pp8-16. Avaliable:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.00012.x/pdf

Cheryl Morssette (7th June 2010), “CPAP”. Avaliable:http://preemies.about.com/od/glossaryinthenicu/g/CPAP.htm

Anonymous (2006), “Sleep Disorders”, SA, Australia. Avaliable:http://www.sleepoz.org.au/files/fact_sheets/AT10%20-%20CPAP.pdf

References Anne Waugh, Allison Wynn Grant, Janet S. Ross. “Human

Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness”, 9th Edition , Churchill Livingstone (15 July, 2001)

Carol Dezateux* and Janet Stocks (2004) Vol. 63, “Lung development and early origins of childhood respiratory illness” Avaliable:http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/1/40.full.pdf

Sullivan C. E, Issa F,Berthon-Jones M and Eves L.(1981)” Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares”

Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6112294?dopt=Abstract

Dr.J.Rogers,(1999)”Cardiovasculor Physiology” Available:

http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u10/u1002_01.htm