Final Oral Defense May 11, 2009 Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6 Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. ( Carbon Planet Certificate ID: 231923288592) “Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery Schools” Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed. Doctoral Candidate University of Minnesota Department of Educational Policy and Administration
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Transcript
Final Oral Defense May 11, 2009
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6 Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet Certificate ID: 231923288592)
“Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery Schools”
Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed. Doctoral Candidate University of Minnesota Department of Educational Policy and Administration
The Problem:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
• MN School Choices• Traditional school
setting • Homeschooling• Alternative education
program• Open Enrollment • Online learning• Postsecondary
Enrollment Options• Charter Schools• Recovery-based
Schools
- @ 9% are medically classified as having substance abuse or substance dependence
- 11% (ages12-17) received treatment during the last school year
- Relapse rate is high: 35% to 80%
- Complicating mental health issues for youth (depression, compulsion, bipolar, anxiety, etc)
The Problem:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
• MN School Choices• Traditional school
setting • Homeschooling• Alternative education
program• Open Enrollment • Online learning• Postsecondary
Enrollment Options• Charter Schools• Recovery-based
Schools
- @ 9% are medically classified as having substance abuse or substance dependence
- 11% (ages12-17) received treatment during the last school year
- Relapse rate is high: 35% to 80%
- Complicating mental health issues for youth (depression, compulsion, bipolar, anxiety, etc)
Research Questions:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
Student in Recovery
Substance UseSchool Environment
Research Questions:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
Student
Substance UseSchool Environment
Social Learning Theories
School Role Models
Recovery Schools(15 schools; 358 students)
Recovery Schools1. Schools operate as state
recognized schools. 2. Schools provide treatment
support but do not act primarily as treatment centers.
3. All enrolled students must be sober and working a program of recovery.
4. Students completing required coursework receive high school credit.
5. Each school has a plan to deal with the therapeutic and crisis needs of its students.
Recovery Schools(15 schools; 358 students)
Recovery Schools1. Schools operate as state
recognized schools. 2. Schools provide treatment
support but do not act primarily as treatment centers.
3. All enrolled students must be sober and working a program of recovery.
4. Students completing required coursework receive high school credit.
5. Each school has a plan to deal with the therapeutic and crisis needs of its students.
Participating Schools (50%)1. Aatshing2. Alliance Academy3. Arona Academy4. City West Academy5. Gateway6. INSIGHT7. Lakes Recovery School8. Libre Academy9. North Summit Academy10. Oak Land Sober School11. PEASE12. RSSM13. Safe Harbor14. West Campus15. Solace Alliance
ALC School Programs (350 schools; 12,000 students)
ALC• are performing substantially
below grade level• are at least one year behind in
credits for graduation• are pregnant or parents • have experienced physical or
sexual abuse • are chemically dependent• have mental health problems • have been homeless recently • have withdrawn from school or
been chronically truant• speak English as a second
language or have limited English proficiency
ALC School Programs (350 schools; 12,000 students)
ALC• are performing substantially
below grade level• are at least one year behind in
credits for graduation• are pregnant or parents • have experienced physical or
sexual abuse • are chemically dependent• have mental health problems • have been homeless recently • have withdrawn from school or
been chronically truant• speak English as a second
language or have limited English proficiency
Participating Schools (16% of 794)
1. Carver-Scott Ed Coop 2. Cass-Lake Bena ALC3. Crossroads ALC4. Detroit Lakes ALC5. Harmony ALC 6. Lincoln Hills ALC7. Rose Street Center8. Spring Lake Park ALC9. White Bear Lake ALC
RS and ALC Substance Use
RS, ALC, MN ALC 2007(Survey and Minnesota Department of Education)
86%
4%
87%
34%
20%
51%
22%
43%
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No use in last month binge drinkers/use treatment
RS
ALC
MN ALC
RS and ALC (Survey)
77%
19%
85%
68%
50%
16%11%
30%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
relapse relapse many times support meetings drug-free life
RS
ALC
MN ALC 2007(Minnesota Department of Education)
30% 30%23%
45%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Offered, sold drugson school property
Drank/Used BeforeSchool
Drank/Used DuringSchool
Drank/Used AfterSchool
MN ALC
Approach to Substance UseRecovery Schools
Accountability: Meetings & sober days are tracked. Sponsors are encouraged. Random drug tests (survey: RS 65%).
Support: Licensed drug counselors; Someone at school can talk to (survey: friends 100%; school counselor 98%; teachers 86%; other school adult 73%). Many staff are in recovery. “Group” at school.
Consequences: Restorative justice approach
ALC
Accountability: Random drug tests (survey: 29%), drug dogs (lockdown)
Support: Someone at school can talk to (survey: friends 65%; school counselor 60%; teachers 36%, other school adult 27%)
Consequences: Suspension
Demographics of Population(15 RS, 9 ALC; 306 students)
- Geography - Ethnicity - Gender @50% - Length of School Enrollment - Age (16, 17, 18) - Grade level (11th, 12th)
1. Describe your school. 2. Describe your previous
school. Compare your attendance, grades, and classroom engagement at both schools. Future plans?
3. Describe friends. Influence your decision to use or not use?
4. Role models at school?5. Relapse? If so, why?6. What keeps you sober
today?7. What can schools do to
help kids stay sober?
Data Analysis: Constant Comparative Method - 1
G10001 transcriptIt’s just that we have similar
pasts, and I mean I haven’t really gotten to know a lot of people on a deeper level. Me and Katie were in treatment for six months of our treatment.
So I got to hear a lot of the things that she went through, and I could relate to a lot of the stuff. She really helped me to first understand that I don’t know everything about staying sober and that kind of stuff from prior experience being sober. And that hurting myself and that kind of stuff was not going to get me anywhere but locked up or dead.
Themes
• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand
herself
Data Analysis: Constant Comparative Method - 2
Themes NS10016• Really smart• Gets work done• Long time sobriety
Themes G10001• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand
herself
Common Themes (G10001, NS10016)
• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand
herself• Smart• Gets work done• Long time sobriety
Data Analysis: Constant Comparative Method - 3
Themes NS10017• Seniors• Working a good program• Strong personalities• There for you• Good academically• Gets work done
Common Themes (G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Substance use: shared past, similar pasts, long time sobriety, working a good program
• Academically: gets work done, smart, upper classmen
• Personality: strong personality, helps her to understand herself, relates, available
Results:Definition of role model
Definition• Webster• Admired person and
role model; 93% RS, 86% ALC (survey)
• Attitude differences (interview)
“A person whose behavior in a particular role is imitated by others.”
Results:Concept of positive role model
Examples (survey)• Family members• Sober friends• Teachers• Celebrities• Community members
Behaviors (survey)• Abstains from drugs• Encourages sobriety• Responsible for
actions• Cares for others
Results:Concept of negative role model
Examples (survey)• Family members• Using friends• Celebrities
Behaviors (survey)• User• Pressure to use• Problem with alcohol
or drug• Didn’t care about the
student
Results:Who are the role models in recovery schools?
Existence at school?• 67.4% RS and 41.6%
ALC identified admired person (survey)
• 93.4% RS and 65.2% identified school role model (interview)
Results:Who are the role models?
Existence at school?• 67.4% RS and 41.6%
ALC identified admired person (survey)
• 93.4% RS and 65.2% identified school role model (interview)
Who?• Good friend,
boy/girlfriend, acquaintance, unknown (survey)
• School friend, school staff, “self” (interview)
Who are the role models?(I10013 recovery student)
Results:What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Condone Drinking or Use(Times per Month)
90%
1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 3%
32%40%
4% 8%2% 4% 8%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
0 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 30 over 40
RS
ALC
Substance Use & Attitudes of Admired
Person• current, last year,
lifetime (survey)• Condone use (survey)• Long time sobriety &
shared past (interview)
Substance Use of Admired Person
1%
26%
93%
28%
52%
66%
0%10%20%
30%40%50%60%70%
80%90%
100%
Monthly Last Year Lifetime
RS
ALC
Results:What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Personality traits & Behaviors
• Traits of admired persons (survey)
• Open-ended item (survey)
Results:What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Personality traits & Behaviors
• Traits of admired persons (survey)
• Open-ended item (survey)
Themes (interviews)
1. Enjoys life
2. Motivated
3. Honest & trustworthy
4. Available & dependable
5. Open & sharing
6. Respectful
Behaviors - Summary
“The most popular kids tend to be the kids who work the best programs and
have the most clean time.”
-W10004, RS student
long time sobriety, shared past, continued recovery work, happy & successful
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Conversations about Drugs or Alcohol
68.20% 66.90%63% 60.40%
0.00%10.00%20.00%
30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%
80.00%90.00%
100.00%
AP talks to You You talk to AP
RS
ALC
Time with Admired Person(Often or All of the time)
74.40%
43.90%
25.00%
50.50%
70.10%
52.90%
36.70%31.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
At School Outside of School Phone or Computer School-sponsored
RS
ALC
Time and Conversations• Talked about
substance use with one another (survey)
• After school activities vs school-sponsored activities (survey)
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Non-users Influences
50% 54%
11% 10%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean andsober
RS
ALC
Users Influences
1% 1%1%
2%
0%
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean andsober
RS
ALC
Identifying Influencing Factors
“If you do not use alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs…”
“If you do use alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs…”
• Non-using student• Non-using student’s
encouragement
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Adult Role Model
8% 12%
35%44%45%
9%
28%18%
0%10%20%
30%40%50%60%70%
80%90%
100%
None Not Much Some Most
RS
ALC
Amount of Influence
“How much influence do the following have on keeping you clean and sober?”
1. Adult role model
2. Peer role model
School Peer Role Model
15%20%
32% 33%
50%
19% 22%
10%0%
10%20%
30%40%50%60%70%
80%90%
100%
None Not Much Some Most
RS
ALC
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Most Influence “Who has the most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other
drug use?” - A student at my school who I admire and look up to at school (34%)
Admired Student Has the Most Influence over Drug and Alcohol Use
44%
17%
34%
6%
71%
15%9% 5%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
None Some Great Deal Don't Know
RS
ALC
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Admired Person’s Influence
“How much influence do you think this person (identified admired person) has over your drinking, marijuana use,
or the use of other drugs?”
Admired Person's Influence
21.80%
50.80%
27.40%34.80% 34.80%
30.40%
0.00%10.00%20.00%
30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%
80.00%90.00%
100.00%
None Some Great Deal
RS
ALC
Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?
Interview Statement of InfluenceStatements RS ALC Total
# % # % # %Positive Statements
17 94% 4 80% 21 91%
No Influence Statement
1 6% 1* 20% 2 9%
18 5* 23
Summary Research Questions
• Who are the role models in recovery schools?
• What behaviors do they exhibit?
• To what extent do recovering students emulate those role models?
1. 67-93% RS had role model at school
2. Staff, students, self
3. Long time sobriety, history of use, working a program of recovery, happy and successful
4. Testimonials of influence5. Survey items
Summary Research Questions
• Who are the role models in recovery schools?
• What behaviors do they exhibit?
• To what extent do recovering students emulate those role models?
1. 67-93% RS had role model at school
2. Staff, students, self
3. Long time sobriety, history of use, working a program of recovery, happy and successful
4. Testimonials of influence5. Survey items
Summary Research Questions
• Who are the role models in recovery schools?
• What behaviors do they exhibit?
• To what extent do recovering students emulate those role models?
1. 67-93% RS had role model at school
2. Staff, students, self
3. Long time sobriety, history of use, working a program of recovery, happy and successful
4. Testimonials of influence5. Survey items
Summary
• Sober Students and Recovery Schools
• Sober role models and their influence
• Transforming into role models
• Sober role models and self-empowerment
Summary
• Sober Students and Recovery Schools
• Sober role models and their influence
• Transforming into role models
• Sober role models and self-empowerment
1. RS students 89% (38%) sober last month
2. RS role model 27% (9%) sober over a year
3. 93% had role models4. Role model sober > yr5. Influence of recovery
school environment and role models on transformation
Recommendations(What can schools do?)
Recovery Schools
• Mentoring Programs• Program evaluation
Traditional Schools
• Placement decisions
SS Influences to Drink/Use- Results 1 -
Top 9 reasons "to use" in the past
1. High or buzz (96%)2. Deal with stress (87%)3. Forget problems (87%)4. Easy to get (79%)5. Became addicted (78%)6. Important friends drank/used (73%)7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)8. Family drinks/uses (43%)9. To make friends (42%)
SS Influences to Drink/Use- Results 1 -
Top 10 reasons "to currently Use“
1. Enjoy the high (12%)2. Physical feeling (10%)3. Have more fun (9%)4. Deal with stress (9%)5. Something to do (8%)6. Helps me sleep (7%)7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)8. I'm more creative (6%)9. I'm more fun (6%)10. To celebrate with the community (6%)
SS Influences to Not to Use - Results 2 -
Top 10 reasons "not to use“
1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)3. I have better friends when sober (73%)4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)5. Disappoint parents (67%)6. Higher Power (65%)7. Have more fun when sober (63%)8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)
SS Influences to Not to Use - Results 2 -
Top 7 “Most” Influential (scale 1 – 4)
1. Support group (65%)2. Effects on family and friends (52%)3. Higher Power (51%)4. Sponsor (49%)5. Hurting others (43%)6. School community (42%)7. Parents (40%)
Least Influential1. Community organizations (86%)2. TV Shows (74%)3. TV (72%)4. Religious organizations (65%)
Final Oral Doctoral Defense May 11, 2009
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6 Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet Certificate ID: 231923288592)
“Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery Schools”
Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed. Doctoral Candidate University of Minnesota Department of Educational Policy and Administration
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Interview: “Influences and Reasons
to Use and Not to Use”
“I’m tired of fuckin’ up”
“divorce and breakup with girlfriend”
“my son, higher power, will to live, school”
“I’m pregnant”
“clean ‘till I leave parent’s house”
“to use is to die!”
“It’s fun”
“to lose weight”
“i’m addicted”
“peace drug” “drugs kill fear”
“divorce”
“escape reality”
“to impress a boy… how stupid”
“loved getting fucked up”
“to fit in”
“nothing better to do” “felt important”
“school”
“friends and family”
“sponsor” “meetings”
“daughter”
“the future”
“life style”
SS Influences to Drink/Use- Results 1 -
Top 9 reasons "to use" in the past
1. High or buzz (96%)2. Deal with stress (87%)3. Forget problems (87%)4. Easy to get (79%)5. Became addicted (78%)6. Important friends drank/used (73%)7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)8. Family drinks/uses (43%)9. To make friends (42%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
SS Influences to Drink/Use- Results 1 -
Top 10 reasons "to currently Use“
1. Enjoy the high (12%)2. Physical feeling (10%)3. Have more fun (9%)4. Deal with stress (9%)5. Something to do (8%)6. Helps me sleep (7%)7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)8. I'm more creative (6%)9. I'm more fun (6%)10. To celebrate with the community (6%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
SS Influences to Not to Use - Results 2 -
Top 10 reasons "not to use“
1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)3. I have better friends when sober (73%)4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)5. Disappoint parents (67%)6. Higher Power (65%)7. Have more fun when sober (63%)8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
SS Influences to Not to Use - Results 2 -
Top 7 “Most” Influential (scale 1 – 4)
1. Support group (65%)2. Effects on family and friends (52%)3. Higher Power (51%)4. Sponsor (49%)5. Hurting others (43%)6. School community (42%)7. Parents (40%)
Least Influential1. Community organizations (86%)2. TV Shows (74%)3. TV (72%)4. Religious organizations (65%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
1.Majority of sober school students have school friends who do not drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.
2.Over half of sober school students have non-school friends who drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.
3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends who do NOT drink or use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
4.Non-drinking/non-using friends have more influence than drinking/using friends.
5.They feel that they have better friends and more friends when clean and sober.
6.The majority of students (83%) indicated that they drank/used in the past because friends important to them also drank/used.
7.Students appear to be tolerant of others who do drink/use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of their time with school friends and 22% spend their time with both school and non-school friends.
9.Sober school students feel that their friends from their school and outside of their school care about them.
10. Majority of time spent with school friends. 11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role
models (80%) have some or most influence over decision to use or not use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Past Reasons “To” Drink/Use
Sober Schools ALC’s
75%-100% -High or buzz (96%)
-Deal with stress (87%)
-Forget problems (87%)
-Easy to get (79%)
-Became addicted (78%)
50%- 75% -Important friends drank/used (73%)
-Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)
-High or buzz (66%)-Deal with stress (62%)
-Easy to get (54%)
25%- 50% -Family drinks/uses (43%)
-To make friends (42%)
-Forget problems (48%)
-Important friends drank/used (38%)
-Thrill to be bad or break the law (27%)
-Family drinks/uses (26%)
-Became addicted (26%)
Under 25% -Community celebrations (25%) - Community celebrations (20%)
- Drank/used to make friends (14%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influences decision “to” use: S.S(+80% of SS stated they do “not” use; top 10 Influences)
Self Family School Community
-enjoy the high
(12%)
-physical feeling (10%)
-Have more fun (9%)
-deal with stress (9%)
-helps sleep (7%)
-I’m more creative (6%)
-I’m more fun (6%)
-better concentration (3%)
-feel better about self (3%)
-Believe it’s OK to drink/use (3%)
-Believe drinking/use not dangerous to my health (2%)
-rebel against family rules (3%)
-My brothers or sisters drink/use (3%)
-One or both of my parents encourages me to drink/use (1%)
-school friends drink/use (3%)
-school friends encourage me to drink/use (3%)
-I perform better in school (2%)
-Alcohol and other drugs are available at my school (2%)
-school role model encourages me to drink/use (1%)
-School role model drinks/uses (1%)
-something to do (8%)
-non-school friends drink/use (7%)
-community drinks/uses to celebrate (6%)
-have more friends when drinking/using (5%)
-Drinking/using makes me feel part of the community (2%)
-Have better friends when drinking/using (2%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influences decision “not” to use: S.S (3% use)% Self Family School Tx Community
70%-100%
I feel better about self when sober (77%)
School friends encourage sobriety (78%)
I have better friends when sober (73%)
50%-69%
-Have more fun (63%)
- Bad for health (50%)
-Disappoint parents (67%)
- Parents would object (56%)
-School dismissal (68%)- Non-drinking school friends (60%)
-Against school rules (57%)-Negative school performance (59%)
-Student role model encourages sobriety (53%)
- Nondrinking student (50%)
-Higher power (65%)-Drug Treatment (61%)
- Sponsor (50%)
-Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)
- Police trouble (61%)
25%-49%
-Worried about body in the future (30%)
-Don’t want to look stupid (26%)
-brothers and sisters do not drink/use (23%)
-alcohol and drugs not available at my school (40%)
-school alcohol/drug education (30%)
-Random drug tests (48%)
-have more friends (48%)
-non-school friends do not drink/use (41%)
-not lose job (34%)
Under 25%
-Drinking/using against my principles or religious beliefs (20%)
- Makes me physically sick (14%)
-Community disapproval (20%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #1
No Influence Not much Influence
Some Influence Most Influence
“An” Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
Health 10% 14% 29% 18% 41% 40% 20% 28% 50% 27%
Medication 63% 87% 15% 10% 16% 1% 7% 3% NA NA
Future Body NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30% 14%
Makes me sick NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14% 6%
Appear to others
22% 33% 26% 18% 32% 31% 20% 19% NA NA
My appearance 18% 28% 24% 18% 31% 24% 28% 29% NA NA
Looking Stupid NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26% 14%
10%
63%
22%18%
29%
15%
26% 24%
41%
16%
32% 31%
20%
7%
20%
28%
50%
30%
14%
26%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Health Future Body Makes sick Medication Appear toothers
Myappearance
LookingStupid
None
Not Much
Some
Most
"An"
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #2
No Influence
Not much Influence
Some Influence
Most Influence
“An” Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
My mood 12% 33% 22% 24% 33% 23% 33% 20% NA NA
I decide 20% 18% 21% 14% 25% 19% 34% 49% NA NA
Feel Better about self NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77% 27%
Hurting self 20% 40% 20% 18% 33% 20% 27% 21% NA NA
Hurting others 11% 39% 16% 13% 30% 22% 43% 14% NA NA
My beliefs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20% 27%
Have more fun NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63% 16%
12%20% 20%
11%
22% 22% 20%16%
33%25%
33% 30%33% 34%27%
43%
77%
20%
63%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
My Mood I decide Feel Better Hurt Self HurtOthers
My Beliefs More Fun
None
Not Much
Some
Most
"An"
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influences
1. Past reasons to drink/use
2. Current reasons to drink/use
3. Influences “not” to drink/use
- Self
- Family
-School
- Treatment
-Community
-Friends
-Role Models
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Interview: “Influences and Reasons
to Use and Not to Use”
“I’m tired of fuckin’ up”
“divorce and breakup with girlfriend”
“my son, higher power, will to live, school”
“I’m pregnant”
“clean ‘till I leave parent’s house”
“to use is to die!”
“It’s fun”
“to lose weight”
“i’m addicted”
“peace drug” “drugs kill fear”
“divorce”
“escape reality”
“to impress a boy… how stupid”
“loved getting fucked up”
“to fit in”
“nothing better to do” “felt important”
“school”
“friends and family”
“sponsor” “meetings”
“daughter”
“the future”
“life style”
Friends
1. School friends
2. Non-school friends
3. Sober friends
4. Drinking/using friends
5. Friends care about me
6. Time spent with friends
7. Adult friends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Interview: “Friends(using and non-using)”
“true friend respects your decision”
“using friends are not your friends; they just want someone to use with”
“I’m my own person”
“using friends don’t drink around me”
“all sober”
“It’s their decision; now its not for me”
“they don’t drink to get drunk”
“two friends died”
“ditched
using friends”
“normies; not addicts”
“choosing friends”
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
1.Majority of sober school students have school friends who do not drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.
2.Over half of sober school students have non-school friends who drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.
3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends who do NOT drink or use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
4.Non-drinking/non-using friends have more influence than drinking/using friends.
5.They feel that they have better friends and more friends when clean and sober.
6.The majority of students (83%) indicated that they drank/used in the past because friends important to them also drank/used.
7.Students appear to be tolerant of others who do drink/use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Friends - Sober School Results -
8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of their time with school friends and 22% spend their time with both school and non-school friends.
9.Sober school students feel that their friends from their school and outside of their school care about them.
10. Majority of time spent with school friends. 11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role
models (80%) have some or most influence over decision to use or not use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
School Friends Non School Friends
S.S ALC S.S. ALC
No friends 3% 5% 10% 3%
Not drink/use 60% 11% 41% 16%
Not drink/use 84% 6% 19% 12%
Drinks/uses 3% 33% 7% 37%
Some drink/use 12% 79% 58% 62%
All drink/use 1% 10% 14% 22%
Encourages sobriety 78% 18% 63% 24%
Encourages drink/use 3% 8% 3% 7%
School & Non-School Friends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Sober Schools: Friends
School Friends
Non School Friends
School Friends
Non School Friends
No friends 3% 10% Drinks/uses 3% 7%
Not drink/use 60% 41% All drink/use 1% 14%
Not drink/use 84% 19% Some drink/use 12% 58%
Encourages sobriety
78% 63% Encourages drink/use
3% 3%
3%
60%
84%78%
3% 1%12%
3%10%
41%
19%
63%
7%14%
58%
3%0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Q36/Q38: Nofriends
Q22: Does NOTdrink or use.
Q36/Q38: Doesnot drink or use
Q22:Encourages meto stay clean and
sober.
Q23: Drinks oruses.
Q36/Q38: AllUse
Q36/Q38: SomeUse
Q23: Encourageme to drink or
use.
Sch Friend
Non-Sch Friend
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influence of Friends: To Use
Influences Sober School ALCs
Most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use?
#43: Friends who do NOT attend my school
None 31%
Some 37%
Great Deal 32%
None 46%
Some 30%
Great Deal 24%
#43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22%
Some 38%
Great Deal 40%
None 58%
Some 30%
Great Deal 13%
Past Reasons to Use
Drank/Used to make friends 42% 14%
Friends, important to me, drink or use drugs
83% 38%
To use Q23:I have more friends when I’m drinking or using drugs
5% 5%
Q23:I have better friends when I’m drinking or using drugs
3% 2%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
“Who has the most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use?”
Influences Sober School ALCs
#43: Friends who do NOT attend my school
None 31%
Some 37%
Great Deal 32%
None 46%
Some 30%
Great Deal 24%
#43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22%
Some 38%
Great Deal 40%
None 58%
Some 30%
Great Deal 13%
31%
37%
31%
22%
38%40%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
No Influence SomeInfluence
Great Deal ofInfluence
School Friends
Non-School FriendsSober School Students
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influence of Friends“Not to Use…”
Influences Sober Schools ALC’s
24: Your friends who DO drink/use have on keeping you clean and sober.
None: 55%
Some/Most: 24%
None: 48%
Some/Most: 26%
24: Your friends who do NOT drink/use have on keeping you clean and sober.
None: 5%
Some/Most: 85%
None: 31%
Some/Most: 56%
26: People my age who live clean and sober lives None: 8%
Some/Most: 83%
None: 33%
Some/Most: 43%
24. Non-school friends None: 25%
Some/Most: 52%
None: 38%
Some/Most: 39%
26: School friends None: 8%
Some/Most: 81%
None:22%
Some/Most: 34%
24. Boyfriend None: 62%
Some/Most: 29%
None: 58%
Some/Most: 34%
22: I have more friends when I'm clean and sober.
48% 13%
22: I have better friends when I'm clean and sober
73% 19%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Sober School Students
Influences “not to use” None Not Much Some Most Yes
24: Drink/use 55% 21% 17% 7% NA
24: Do NOT drink/use 5% 10% 38% 47% NA
26: Sober Peers 8% 9% 44% 39% NA
24. Non-school friends 25% 23% 35% 17% NA
26: School friends 8% 11% 35% 46% NA
24. Boyfriend 65% 7% 15% 16% NA
24. Girlfriend 68% 2% 11% 18% NA
22. More friends NA NA NA NA 48%
22. Better friends NA NA NA NA 73%
55%
5% 8%
25%
8%
65% 68%
21%10% 9%
23%
11% 7%2%
17%
38%44%
35% 35%
15% 11%7%
47%39%
17%
46%
16% 18%
48%
73%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
Drinks
/Use
s
Nondrin
k/us
ing
Sober
Pee
rs
NonSch
Friend
s
SchFrie
nds
Boyfri
end
Girlf
riend
Mor
e Frie
nds
Bette
r Frie
nds
None
Not much
Some
Most
Yes
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Other Friend information
Sober School ALC
Peers OK for friends but not for me
SA 23%; A 30%; T 53%
D 22%; SD 26%; T 48%
SA 11%; A 30%; T 41%
D 38%; SD 21%; T 59%
Friends talk to at school about drugs
Yes! 87% 63%
Adult Friends
Sober adult friends None 15% 38%
Not Much 21% 21%
Some 42% 26%
Most 22% 14%
Sober adult friends Role Models
None 8% 45%
Not Much 12% 9%
Some 35% 28%
Most 45% 17%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
“Who do you spend the most time with after school?”
Influences Sober School
ALCs
School Friends
45% 26%
Non-School Friends
26% 56%
No one., I don’t have any friends
7% 4%
School and Non-School Friends
22% 14%
Sober School Students
45%
26%
7%
22%
School Friends
NonschoolFriends
No one. I don'thave anyfriends
School andNonSchoolFriends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
“Friends care about me?” School or Non-School Friends
Sober School ALCs
Friends who “DO” attend my school
Not at all: 1% Not at all: 8%
Some or little bit: 16%
Some or little bit: 32%
Cares about me: 34%
Cares about me: 44%
Very much: 46% Very much:15%
Friends who do “NOT” attend my school
Not at all: 8% Not at all: 4%
Some or little bit: 10%
Some or little bit: 19%
Cares about me: 29%
Cares about me: 26%
Very much: 52% Very much: 50%
1%
16%
34%
46%
8% 10%
29%
52%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Not atall
Some Careaboutme
Verymuch
School Friends
Non-SchoolFriends
Sober School Students
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Influence of Role Models(I10011, NS10017, L10003)
Limitations
ALC• Sample size• Possible hidden
bias• Substance use
attitude differences• Variety of “issues”• Continuum of care
Traditional Schools• Drug-free zones• Role model behavior
and trait differences in traditional school setting
• Effectiveness of random UAs• Responsible drinking vs abstinence• Cycle of adolescent recovery (addict, recovery, relapse, recovery, etc.)• Drug-free lifestyle for adolescents (in our world), sober fun• 12 step program in public schools? Charter?• Role of Non-using and using friends• Adolescent diagnosis as an addict• Will power vs physical dependence (moral weakness, disease model)• Social acceptance• New brain research (pharmocogenetic therapy)• Influences??• School safety• Best practices (restorative justice, school communities, small schools)• Recovery-based schools for non-addicts• Effectiveness of AA, NA, CMA, etc.
Many, many issues in the field…
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Behavior of Role Models(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
Behavior of Role Models(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Similar past
Behavior of Role Models(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Similar past• Long time sobriety
Behavior of Role Models(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Working a good, strong program
• Strong personalities• There for you• Doing well academically
• Similar past• Long time sobriety• Seniors
This study focuses on peer role models and his or her possible influence upon an individual’s sobriety.
As part of the study we conducted a web-based survey and interviewed students.
The purpose of this presentation is to share the preliminary results from the survey and interviews.
Thanks to the many participating schools that belong to ARS.
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6 Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet Certificate ID: 231923288592)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
1. Recovery Schools operate as State-recognized high schools designed specifically for students recovering from chemical dependency.
2. Recovery Schools provide academic services and recovery assistance, post-treatment support, or continuing care, but they do not operate primarily as treatment centers or mental health agencies.
3. Recovery Schools require all recovering students to be sober and working a program of recovery (as determined by the student and the school) while enrolled. In high school programs, all enrolled students are recovering students.
(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
4. Recovery Schools offer academic courses for which students receive credit towards a high school or college diploma and provide services which assist the student in making the transition into a college, a career, or another high school.
5. Recovery Schools have a plan in place to handle the therapeutic and crisis needs of students. These plans can include full or part-time licensed counselors on staff, out-sourced counseling contracts, or a written referral plan. Any identified counselors (preferably chemical dependency counselors) must meet their State’s requirements for licensure or certification.
(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
• Alternative programs allow students who are at risk of not graduating to attend nontraditional schools, both public and private, and earn a diploma. Minnesota has more than 150 alternative programs at more than 600 sites throughout the state. Although most are focused on helping high school and adult students, alternative programs also serve students in grades K-8 whose education might otherwise be at risk. Many programs combine academics with a strong vocational emphasis.
Eligible students under age 21 are those who meet any of the following criteria:
(1) performing substantially below grade level (2) one year behind in credits (3) pregnant or parents (4) physical or sexual abuse (5) chemically dependent (6) mental health problems (7) homeless (8) truant (9) limited English proficiency.
(at least 3-6 months sobriety)• 30 hours @ 20 min/student• Recorded interview & took notes• 600 typed pages of transcription• Confidentiality and anonymity• Incentive ($5.00, thank you card)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
SS 88%
SS 34% SS 37%
19% 19%
2%
14%
Pretreatment: frequency of use (30 days before treatment)
20%
30%
17%
51%
44%
23%
14%18%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
none 1 to 5 6 to 20 20 to over 40
SS
ALC
Sober Schools ALC’s
-none (20%)
-1 to 2 (20%)
-3 to 5 (10%)
-6 to 9 (4%)
-10 to 19 (13%)
-20 to 39 (21%)
-over 40 (30%)
-none (44%)
-1 to 2 (7%)
-3 to 5 (7%)
-6 to 9 (7%)
-10 to 19 (9%)
-20 to 39 (9%)
-over 40 (9%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Compare Sober School students Pretreatment use and current use
20% 20%10%
4%13%
21%30%
87%
8%2% 1% 2% 0% 1%0%
10%20%
30%40%
50%
60%70%
80%90%
100%
None 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 39 Over 40
Pre-treatment Current Use
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Pretreatment: amount of use
1%8%
14%
77%
27%
13%
23%
47%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
none 1 to 2 3 to 5 Over 5
SS
ALC
Sober Schools ALC’s
- None (1%)
-1 to 2 (8%)
-3 to 5 (14%)
-over 5 (77%)
-None (27%)
-1 to 2 (13%)
-3 to 5 (23%)
-over 5 (47%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Relapse
20%
51%
80%
49%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
SS ALC
No Relapse Yes, Relapse
Sober Schools ALC’s
-no (20%)
-yes (80%)
-no (51%)
-yes (49%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Relapse: If yes…
18%
12%
23%
19%
8%8%
23%
2%
15%
2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Slip; one timething
Stopped on myown
Went totreatment
Many times';Struggle
Combination
SS
ALC
Sober School ALC
-slip (19%)-stop on own (12%)-went to treatment (23%)
-many times (19%)
-combination (8%)
-slip (8%)
-stop on own (23%)
-went to treatment (2%)
-many times (15%)
-combination (2%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Support GroupsSober Schools ALC’s
-no attend (16%)
-AA (22%)
-NA (11%)
-Other (1%)
-More than one group (50%)
-no attend (84%)
-AA (4%)
-NA (5%)
-Other (0%)
-More than one group (7%)
16%22%
11%
1%
50%
84%
4% 5%0%
7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
none AA NA Other More thanone group
SS ALC
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Role Models
1. Have one?
2. Gender
3. Relationship
4. Describe RM
5. Time spent with RM
6. RM drug attitudes
7. RM drink/use history
8. Influence of RMPresentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
• Who are the role models in recovery schools?• What behaviors do they exhibit?• To what extent do recovering students emulate
those role models?• How do attendance, engagement and
performance of students who emulate positive role models compare with attendance, engagement, and performance of students who do not emulate positive role models?
Research Questions
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Peer relationships: Social learning theory, social development theory, peer cluster theory, peer selection vs peer socialization
Medical Model: A disease with signs & symptoms; stages of alcohol use; abstinence-only as treatment goal; physical dependency; and biological vulnerability
Self-esteem theories (self-derogation, problem behavior, conflicting research results, self-presentation theory).
Theoretical Framework
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
1. Student you admire? (literature)
2. Consider a role model?
3. Define positive R.M.
4. Define negative R.M.
What is a role model? (Definition)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Interview: “Describe positive role model.”
“someone strong enough to get clean and stay clean”
“someone who doesn’t use or pressure others to use”
“someone who works a good program”
“Mom”
“achieving goals and doing the right thing”
“my grandpa”
“ex-step dad”
“my homeboy, Nick”
“strong-willed”
“someone who helps you stay clean and sober”
“I am a role model”
“smart”
“sexy girlfriend”
“kind-hearted”
“trustworthy”
“unique, clever”Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
Describe Role Model
Sober Schools ALC’s
Have a role model? -Yes: 70%
-No: 31%
-Yes: 43%-No: 57%
Gender Male: 42%
Female: 53%
Both:5%
-Male: 42%-Female: 54%
-Both: 4%
Relationship Boy/girlfriend: 7%
Good friend: 72%
Acquaintance: 19%
Student, but doesn’t know me: 2%
Boy/girlfriend: 14%
Good friend: 80%
Acquaintance: 4%
Student, but doesn’t know me: 1%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007
RM Adjectives
Sober Schools ALC’s
+75% - cares about other people (91%), nice person (91%), happy (88%), smart (87%), funny (84%), leader (83%)
-Funny (81%), happy (79%), nice person (77%)
+50% -have many friends (73%), opinionated (73%), brave (70%)
-Smart (71%), cares about other (73%), opinionated (63%), leader (60%), has many friends (58%), brave (54%)
+25% -looks cool or hot (39%) -looks cool or hot (42%), rebel (27%)