Unit 3: Earth’s Dimensions Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #4 Page#___ 100 m 10m 10k m UNIT 3: EARTH’S DIMENSIONS PACKET 4: EARTH’S SPHERES, LATITUDE & LONGITUDE, AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS HONORS EARTH SCIENCE MS. GILL NOTE PACKET #4 NAME:_______________________ PER:____ DATE: ________ I get around the topography with no problem dude!!! … P.S. I’m Rocky
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Geosphere: Solid Earth-All interior layers of the Earth, from the surface to the core
Page 10 in your ESRT
Atmosphere: Gaseous envelope
surrounding the Earth
Page 14 in your ESRT
II. Making Accurate Map ProjectionsThe earth has a curved surface. This makes it very difficult to accurately depict true distances and directions on flat maps, or map projections.
-Mercator Projections show the whole world as one continuous map. True distances are straight lines. Problem: High latitudes are ________________ tremendously. Greenland looks like it is the same size as North America! It’s really only 1/12 as large.
-Gnomonic Projections looks like a sheet of paper were laid on earth’s surface. It shows the __________ route between 2 points on earth. Airline pilots use these maps.Problem: Directions & distances are distorted
-Polyconic Projections look as if a __________ of paper were laid over the north or south poles. Latitude and longitude lines have a slight curve. Good for making topographic maps.Problem: North is at the top center of the map
What is the best map of the earth’s surface? __________________
Best Model for earth’s shape = ________________________
Must Know Facts about writing latitude and longitude coordinates:
- Latitude is always given first- Longitude is always given after latitude- Always include units (degrees, minutes, seconds)- Always include compass direction (N, S for Latitude, E, W for
1. Draw and label the Prime Meridian, Indicate East and West (becareful)
2. Draw and label the International Date Line.
3. Highlight the equator,
4. Complete the chart below by giving the Latitude and Longitude coordinates for each of the locations
starred on the map. Give your answer to the nearest degree.
Point Latitude and Longitude
A 70° S, 137° E
B
C
D
E
F
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Time Zones
•The Earth rotates from ___________ to
___________ at a rate of 15°/hour.
•Time zones are ______________ up by 1hour/15°
•Travel to the west and the time gets
______________ and travel to the east and the
time gets ___________.
If it is 3:00 PM for a person located on the tip of India, what time is it for people in the following locations?New York: ________Alaska: ___________Florida: __________Italy: _____________California: _________
Draw Isolines connecting the Elevations in the Field Map Below:
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Tips on Drawing Isolines
Isolines connect points of equal value. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of
it. Isolines NEVER cross- this would mean that one point has two different values.
Ex: one spot has two temperatures? Isolines usually are parallel. (They have a parallel trend.) Always draw an isoline so that the value reading is higher on one side of the line
and lower on the other than the value you are drawing Assume a steady change between neighboring reading when positioning isolines. Adjacent isolines tend to look alike Continue drawing an isoline until it reaches the boundary of plotted data or
“closes” to form a loop by making it way to it’s starting point. Isolines never stop or end within a data field, and they never fork, touch or cross
one another Isolines cannot skip values and must always appear in sequence. Only draw isolines that fall within the range of data reported on the map Always label all isolines
Scale
•The __________________ of a model to the object (i.e. globe to earth).
•Use the ______________ on the map as the _______________ to measure that map.
Angle of Declination or Magnetic Declination
•The angle between ______________ north (geographic north, north pole) and ______________________ north.
•The angle of declination __________________ depending on your ____________________ on the earth.
General Contour Map Rules
-Rule of ‘V’s – as ______________________cross a stream they bend _________________.
-The ___________________ the slope the _______________ the lines are to each other.
-Topographic maps would be very cluttered if all contour lines were labeled so only heavier lines called __________________ show labels.
-Hachure contour lines (lines with tick marks) show depressions – the first hachure is equal to the last contour line passed
Gradient-A measure of how a field value __________________ with ____________________.
Gradient = Change in field value (formula is on the cover of your ESRT) Distance
-Gradient shows how quickly the value changes from one point to another.-A ___________________ gradient changes quickly and the isolines are close together.-A ____________________ gradient changes slowly and the lines are far apart -Circle and label the steep and gentle areas below:
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Show work including the formula here:
Calculate the gradient of the slope along the line drawn in the diagram. Assume that elevations are given in feet. Show work including formula below:
Matching Landforms to their Contours MapsWhat is the pattern of the contour lines around a simple hill? _________________________________________________________________________
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1km=1cm
Identify the features marked at A and BA:_____________________________B:_____________________________
Hachure contour lines (lines with tick marks) show depressions – the first hachure is equal to the last contour line passed
What does this profile show? ____________________________
1) Look at line A-B on the map on the following page. If we were to look at a profile view of line AB on our topographic map, what might we expect to see? Predictions? ________________________________________________________________________
2) Take out a piece of scrap paper and hold the edge along line A-B. Make to small tick marks corresponding with A and B.
3) Make a small tick where each contour line crosses line A-B. Label each tick mark with the correct elevation value!
4) Now it’s time to draw your profile. Make your “x” axis the same exactly length as line A-B
5) Next, decide what the HIGHEST and LOWEST elevation values are that line AB crosses on your topographic map and create a scale. You may wish to increase your scale by the contour interval on the map to make things easier. In this case, we are going up by 10’s, because our contour interval on the map is 10 meters.
6) Hold your scrap paper page up to the profile. Transfer the tick marks directly onto the profile along the corresponding elevations.
7) Connect the dots!
Profiles -A profile is a side view of an area showing _______________.
-Topographic maps show the elevation or vertical distance above sea level of the surface of the Earth
-Topographic profile is a side view of this map cut along a particular line.
-This is what you might expect the “profile” or cross section view of line AB to look like!
-Notice how the line dips below 250m where it crosses Long Creek
-Does it make sense? SURE! There is a creek flowing through this region. Think about where it would flow on your profile. We also recognize the V shaped contour lines that indicate the direction of water flow.
-The contour lines point up the page (orange), but Long Creek flows down the page.
-Contour lines point upstream. Stream flows from high elevation to low elevation. So a stream flows in the opposite direction the contours point