Final Non Ferrous

8/13/2019 Final Non Ferrous

1/55

Non-ferrous metals are those which do not

contain iron. In general they have excellent

resistance to corrosion.

Copper, reputed to be the first metal used

by mankind, includes some very useful and

interesting properties, it is malleable and

ductile.

Another non-ferrous metal, aluminum, has

only featured in engineering terms in the last

75 years.

ABOUT NON-FERROUS MATERIALS


2/55

PROPERTIES OF NON-FERROUS

MATERIALSMALLEABILITY- can be hammered andpressed into shapes.

DUCTILITY- can be drawn into fine

wires.ELASTICITY- regains its shape after

being deformed.

HARDNESS- resists being scratched or

cut.BRITTLENESS- extremely hard and

therefore breaks easily.

CONDUCTIVITY- ability to conduct heat

or electricity.


3/55

The copper occurs in practically all important countries of the

world. Its principal ores are cuprite , copper glance, copper

pyrites, malachite and azurite.

The approximate content of copper in the following principal ores:

Cuprites or red oxide ofcooper88%

Copper

glance80%

Copper

pyrites35%

Malachite or green carbonate of copper 56%Azurite or blue malachite55%

COPPER


4/55

The ores, usually pyrites, are

clean and the ores, usually pyrites,

are clean and crushed and they

are then calcined in reverberatoryfurnace.

crushed and they are then

calcined in reverberatory furnace.

the calcined ores are mixed withsilica and the small quantity of

coke. The mixture is then smelted

in a blast furnace.the melted metal is oxide

in the Bessemer

converter. it gives blister

copper.

the impurities contained in

blister copper are removed

by melting it in a

reverberatory furnace in

presence of air.

MANUFACTURING

OF COPPER


5/55

the slag is removed and

pure copper to the extent

of about 99.70 % isobtain.

very copper or 100% copper is obtainby the process of electrolysis.


6/55

it become brittle just below its melting point.

it can be worked in hot or cold conditions

,but it cant be welded .

it has a peculiar reddish brown color.

it is a good conductor of electric and heat.it is attacked by steam at white heat.

it is malleable ,ductile and extremely soft.

it is not attacked by water at any

temperaturespecific gravity- 8.92

melting point-1083c

boiling point-2300c

PROPERTIES OF COPPER


7/55

The market form of copper are ingots,sheets, tubes, and wire.

it is extensively used for marketing

electric cables, alloys, house hold

utensils.electroplating, lighting conductors,

dowels in stone masonry, blocks for

painting.

it is mainly use for manufacture of

alloys of which brass and bronze areimportant.

USE OF COPPER


8/55

The largest end use for Copper is in the building industry. Within thebuilding industry the use of copper based materials is broad.Construction industry related applications for copper include:

RoofingCladding

Rainwater systems

Heating systemsWater pipes and fittings

Oil and gas lines

Electrical wiring.


9/55

It is one of the few architectural metals commonlyused without the application of a coating or finishapplied to retain and enhance its natural appeal and

long life.Its high ductility makes it easily formable-so it iseasy to work with and ideal for cladding complicated

details and shapes.Copper is also naturally resistant to weathering anddecay, and can be alloyed with other commonly

available metals to increase its strength andperformance characteristics, color, and tarnishresistance. In addition , copper is an importantmaterial for sustainable, green building projects.


10/55

For centuries, modern craftsmen and designers have utilizedcoppers inherent benefits to create durable, long-lasting building

systems to protect the building and its occupants from the weather,in aesthetically pleasing and architecturally significant ways.Coppers long life, high durability and easy installation make it

ideal for both low slope and pitched roofing systems, along withsuch architectural enhancements as domes, spires and vaults.

It is frequently used to clad walls and other surfaces, bringing itsstriking traditional look to other interior and exterior buildingsurfaces Its excellent corrosion resistance combined with its durability andformability offer advantages in routing water through its uses inflashings, copings, gutters and downspouts.Architectural copper is available in six tempers: soft, cold rolled,cold rolled and high yield, half hard, three quarters hard, and fullhard.From bright, shiny copper at new installation, through stages ofdark penny brown, to tones of soft greencoppers weathering

characteristics bring buildings to life.

EXTERIOR ARCHITECTURE COPPER


11/55

Builders use copper because of itsappearance, ease of construction, weather

tightness , flexibility, fire resistance, andlongevity. Although more expensive topurchase, copper is seen as a wise choicefor buildings with a long design life.Copper Roofs

Copper roofs and flashing are fabricatedinto standard or custom shapes by anumber of manufacturers.

Copper roofs have a warranted life that is2-1/2 times that of steel roofs, and that

copper costs 2 to 6 times more than steel. Copper roof and flashing pieces come with

either a bare metal finish, or with a factory-applied weathered appearance (i.e., a"patina").


12/55

Other Copper FeaturesCopper is used for spires, cupolas, doors, lights,signs, railings, weather vanes and other exteriorornamental features ,concrete inserts, water stops, and

garden edging strips. Copper releases from these smallfeatures are believed to be less significant than that

from complete roofs made of copper.

Copper & Green Building

The idea of uilding green focused onincreasing the efficiency of buildings and theiruse of energy, natural resources and materials.Sustainable materials are a key element of greenbuilding. A sustainable material must be durableand long lasting. Copper, brass and bronze usedfor exterior applications can last for a hundred

years or more, even in harsh environments. Inaddition, copper and its alloys are virtually100% recyclable.


13/55

COPPER ALLOYS

Copper alloys are broadly divided into two categories:

1.Brass

TYPES OF BRASS

1.CARTRIDGE BRASS

2.DELTA METAL

3.LOW BRASS

4. YELLOW METAL

5.RED BRASS

6.WHITE BRASS

7.YELLOW BRASS

8.NAVAL BRASS


14/55

The brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and minor percentage

of other elements , except tin may be added.

This is the most widely used copper alloy.

It is stronger than copper and is used in structural applications

It also possesses good corrosion resistance

It can be cast into moulds , drawn into wires ,rolled into sheet

and turned into tubes.

very often 1 to 3% of lead is added to brass for improving its

matching properties.


15/55

Brass is used for different things such as:

cartridge cases pipes

weapons

weather stripping

musical instruments

household ornaments.

USE OF BRASS


16/55

APPLICATIONS Brass is excellent in water boiler systems.

Brass door hardware is generally lacquered when new,which prevents tarnishing of the metal for a few yearswhen located outside.

Brass was used to make fan blades, fan cages and motorbearings in many antique fans.

For applications where low frictionis required such aslocks, gears, bearings, doorknobs, ammunition, and valves;for plumbing and electrical applications; and extensivelyin musical instruments.

Brass, usually copper alloyed with zinc, is easily shaped,

stamped and deep drawn. It has fair electricalconductivity, excellent forming and drawing propertiesand good strength.

Lead brasses have excellent machining qualities and canbe blanked, sheared, sawed and milled.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trumpets02262006.jpg


17/55

Bronze Formula: Cu 6Sn 5 System: Hexagonal Color: White to bronze Luster: Metallic Bronzeis a metal alloys consisting primarily

ofcopper, usually withtin as the mainadditive, but sometimes with other elementssuch as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum,

or silicon It was one of the most innovative alloys ofmankind. Tools, weapons, armor, and variousbuilding materials like decorative tiles madeof bronze were harder and more durablethan their stone and copper predecessors.

Architectural bronze is a competitivematerial.

The advantages:noble - load-bearingresistant toweatheringlow maintenanceeasily

formedsimple to processcost-effectiverecyclable.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NatarajaMET.JPG


18/55

BRONZES

The bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and minor percentages of

other elements ,except zinc , may be added.

TYPES OF BRONZE

1.BELL METAL

2.GUN METAL

3.MANGANESE BRONZE

4.PHOSPHER BRONZE

5.SPECULUM METAL


19/55

PROPERTIES It is considerably less brittle than iron. Bronze only oxidizes superficially; once the surface oxidizes, the thin

oxide layer protects the underlying metal from further corrosion.

Architectural bronze has high tensile and compressive strength. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel. Bronze resists corrosion(especially seawater corrosion) and metal fatigue

better than steel and also conducts heat and electricity better than moststeels.

It is also widely used for cast bronze sculpture.Bronze parts are tough and typically used for bearings, clips,electrical connectors and springs.

It is used for screwsand wires.Musical instrumentsBronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells, and morerecently, saxophones.

Bronze is also used for the windings of steel strings of variousstringed instruments such as the piano and the guitar

uses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_fatiguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Ewer_Iran.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_fatiguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion


20/55

Lasting valueArchitectural bronze is the material of choice when maximum durabilityis required.It is timeless and blends discretely into sensitive surroundings or into environmentsunder heritage protection. It harmonizes with other building materials without

dominating them. The patina forms a natural protective layer which guarantees along life with minimum maintenance. Investment costs are therefore amortizedwithin a few years. Architectural bronze is cost-effective in the long term. Thereasons:

long life

minimum maintenanceA rich variety of shapesThe ease with which architectural bronze can be formed opensup enormous design possibilities for window frames, faadesand door sections. Individualized, detailed solutions are possible

throughout building interiors.Through our specialized materials know-how, we are able tocomplex forming processes.Architectural bronze can be formed by various techniques. Theprocesses:castinghot extrusioncold forming


21/55

ARCHITECTURAL USE OF BRONZE Architectural bronze has high tensile and compressive strength.

Its specific weight is comparable with that of steel.

Low thermal expansion values allow the use of bronze sections inexposed positions and in the design of high-tech faades. Its resistance tocorrosion also makes architectural bronze the ideal material in regionswith an aggressive climate.

Commercial bronze (otherwise

known as brass) is 90% copperand 10% zinc, and contains no

tin. It is stronger than copper

and it has equivalent ductility.

It is used for screwsand wires.Architectural bronze is wellsuited for nearly all processingtechnologies. The joining techniques:press-in (mechanical) joiningrollingscrew

connectionadhesive joiningsolderingwelding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass


22/55

ConclusionIt is important to consider the manybenefits of copper brass and

bronze when specifying materialsfor construction and remodelingprojects. Combining aestheticbeauty light weight strengthdurability ease of installation andan inherent suitability for greenand sustainable building copper isone material builders andarchitects can always count on.


23/55

Chemical properties

Danish Name Krom

Chemical symbol Cr

Atomic number 24

Atomic mass 51.996 g.mol -1

Density 7.19 g.cm-3 at 20C

Melting point 1875 C

Boiling point 2672CDiscovered by Vaughlin in 1797

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

It is a white metal.

very hard and brittle up to 700 C

only over this temperature becomes ductile.resistant to corrosion and oxidation up to 1100 C due to a resistant film that develops on

the surface of the metal.

(These properties are transferred to alloys which contains chromium in sufficient

amounts.)

Chrome will resist mostly all organic and in organic compounds and acids, except

hydrochloric acid.It has excellent solderability.

CHROMIUM


24/55

PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM

IT IS A WHITE METAL

VERY HARD AND BRITTLE UP TO 700 C

ONLY OVER THIS TEMPERATURE BECOMES DUCTILE

RESISTANT TO CORROSION AND HARDNESS

CHROME WILL RESIST MOSTLY ALL ORGANIC AND IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND

ACIDS, EXCEPT HYDROCHLORIC ACID

.IT IS A STEELY-GRAY, LUSTROUS, HARDMETAL THAT TAKES A HIGH POLISH AND HAS A HIGH MELTING

POINT. IT IS ALSO ODORLESS, TASTELESS, AND MALLEABLE.


25/55

MANUFACTURING OF CHROMIUM

FIRST CHROMIUM IS FOUND

IN

THE FORM OF ORE

THE TWO MAIN PRODUCTS OFCHROMIUM ORE REFINING

ARE FERROCHROMIUM AND

METALLIC CHROMIUM

FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PURECHROMIUM, THE IRON HAS TO

BE SEPARATED FROM THE

CHROMIUM IN A TWO STEP

ROASTING AND LEACHING

PROCESS.


26/55

USE OF CHROMIUM

in chromium plating for decoration which creates a hard, wear-resistant,attractive surface

in corrosion as well as wear protection.

To harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form alloys

To give glass an emerald green colur

In the manufacturing of dyes and pigments. Chrome yellow, a pigment,

consists largely of lead chromate--other chrome colours are black, red,

orange and green.


27/55

CLAD IN CHROMIUM NICKEL

STAINLESS STEEL PLATES.

THE BRIDGE'S CAST CHROMIUM

STEEL COMPONENTS

ITS SURFACE TREATMENT WAS RECENTLY USED TO BUILD A BRIDGEIN SIENA.


28/55

Mudguard

This steel mudguard is coated with chromium by

chromium plating forachieving wear resistance, and improving appearance.

PRODUCTS

Print ing cyl inder

This printing cylinder for paper industry is

coated by hard-chromium plating in

order to protect it from wear and give it

high hardness.

Shopp ing basket

Zinc plating followed by chromium

plating gives a longer lifetime, oxidation protectio

as well as better appearance to

the steel substrate of this shopping basket.
http://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/kb1120.htmhttp://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/kb1108.htmhttp://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/kb1123.htmhttp://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/kb1120.htm


29/55

Exhaust p ipe

These pipes are made of steel and then

coated by chromating to achieve corrosion

and ageing resistance, as well as a decorative effect (many

colour variants

available, e.g. clear, black, etc.).
http://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/kb1142.htm


30/55

CADMIUM

CADMIUM IS ONE OF THE BYPRODUCTS

OF THE PRIMARY NON-FERROUS

INDUSTRY

CADMIUM OCCURS AS A MINOR

COMPONENT IN MOST ZINC ORES AND

THEREFORE IS A BYPRODUCT OF ZINC

PRODUCTION

IT IS IN BEARING ALLOYS WHICH HASGREAT RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE AND

LOW COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION.


31/55

PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM

GREAT RESISTANCE TO CORROSION

EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE

LOW MELTING POINT

ITS EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS

ITS EXCELLENCE RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES.


32/55

CADMIUM IS USED IN ELECTROPLATING, WHICH IS THEPROCESS OF COATING METAL BY MAKING USE OF AN ELECTRIC

CURRENT.

IT IS MOSTLY USED IN THE FORM OF CADMIUM SULFIDE, WHICH

IS A PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIAL.

CADMIUM IS WIDELY USED IN ELECTRONIC ITEMS

USED AS FOR CORROSION RESISTANT PLATING ON STEEL


33/55

MANUFACTURING OF CADMIUM

CADMIUM IS A COMMON IMPURITY

IN ZINC ORES, AND IT IS MOST OFTEN

ISOLATED DURING THE PRODUCTION

OF ZINC.

SOME ZINC ORES CONCENTRATES

FROM SULFIDIC ZINC ORES CONTAIN

UP TO 1.4% OF CADMIUM

USE OF CADMIUM


34/55

CADMIUM USED IN SOLAR PANELS AS

CADMIUM TELLURIUM THIN FILM

ANOTHER CADMIUM USE IN THE FIELD OF

ENGINEERING IS IN THE FORM OF SHEETS

WHICH ARE USED FOR SHIELDING FOR SIMILAR

NEUTRON ABSORPTION

USE OF CADMIUM


35/55

TRAIN PAINTED WITH CADMIUM ORANGE

It was used for a long time as a pigment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg


36/55

it is the chief source of the metal.

the zinc does not occur in free state in nature.

its principal ores are zincite or red zinc zno, franklinite zno, fe2o3,

calamine or zinc-copper znco3 and zinc blende zns.

a good quality of zinc blende may contain 50% of zinc.

the pure zns contains about 65% of zinc.

ZINC


37/55

MANUFACTURE OF ZINC

THE ZINC ORE IS HEATED IN AN

ELECTRIC FURNACE TO REMOVE ALL

VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN

THE ORE.

THE ZINC IS LIBERATED IN THE FORMOF VAPOUR. THIS VAPOUR IS THEN

CONDENSED TO GET THE METALLIC

ZINC.


38/55

PROPERTIES-

it burns with a greenish white flame when strongly heated inair.

it may be drawn into wires and rolled into sheets between

temperature range of 100c to 150c.

it melts at 419.4c and boils at 907c.

it bluish white metal.

it is brittle at the ordinary temperature.

it is a good conductor of heat and electricity.


39/55

it is not affected by dry air.

it is not affected by pure water.

it resists corrosion.

its specific gravity is 7.14

if it comes in contact with iron copper or lead in presence of

moisture, the galvanic action starts and the zinc is quickly

destroyed.

it should be kept clear of lime and calcareous substances.

it is harmfully attacked and ultimately destroyed by acid, hot

water and sea salt.


40/55

USES OF ZINC

the zinc is used in electric cells, for galvanizing, in thepreparation of alloys, paints, etc.

the zinc has great value as a protective covering or coat to

iron works, plain and corrugated sheets, iron vessels, etc.

as a lining to the drinking water storage

tanks.

Hot dip galvanizing of fabricated steel

Galvanization is used on chain-link

fencing, guard rails, suspension

bridges, light posts, metal roofs,

heat exchangers, and car bodies.


41/55

Zinc is alloyed with copper to create brass. Bass is used a wide

variety of item such as pipes, instruments, communicationequipment, hardware and water valves

It is also used in roofing and cladding


42/55

Bathroom fixtures, door andwindow hardware etc.


43/55

The nickel occurs in free state in meteorites.

In combination, it chiefly occurs as sulphide ores and

silicates ores.

The most important nickel ore is a mineral composed of

magnetic iron pyrites with nickel.

NICKEL

MANUFACTURE OF NICKEL


44/55

MANUFACTURE OF NICKEL

The nickel is extracted from sulphide ores as follows:

The ores are cleaned of earthy matter. they are roasted in

heaps.

The roasted ores are smelted in blast furnace along withlimestone, quartz and coke.

The molten mixture of nickel and copper sulphide collects

at the bottom. it is led to Bessemer converter with basiclining.

After treatment in converter, the metallic nickel is

obtained by repeated smelting and electrolysis.


45/55

Following are the properties of nickel:

If nickel is red hot, it can decompose steam.

If it is in a finely ground powder form, it may absorb hydrogen to the

extent of about 17 times volume .

It is in a grayish white lustrous metal.

It is capable of taking a high polish and can easily be welded.

It is fairly resistant to the actions of atmosphere and it becomes dull

after a long time.

It is hard, malleable and magnetic.

It is not attacked by alkalies.It ranks below iron in electric conductivity.

Its resistance to corrosion is high.

Its specific gravity is 8.90 and melts at 1452C. Its boiling point is

2900C.

PROPERTIES OF NICKEL


46/55

The nickel is widely used as a coating for other metals

and for the preparation of alloys like German silver nickel

steels etc.

Its practical use is confined to the manufacture of

chemical apparatus, crucible, electroplating parts of

machines, domestic utensils etc.

USE OF NICKEL


47/55

Shower control finished by nickel Nickel string in electrical guitar


48/55

LEAD

OCCURS IN FREE STATE OCCASIONALLY IN

NATURE.

IN COMBINED FORM, IT MAINLY OCCURS AS

SULPHIDE (GALENA PbS)

(86% Pb & 14% S)

METALLIC BLUISH LUSTRE

OF DARK GRAY COLOUR.

MANUFECTURE


49/55

MANUFECTUREORES

GROUND AND SIEVED.

IMPURITIES ARESEGREGATED

FLOTATION MACHINE FOR FURTHERSEPARATION.

THE COKE AND MATELIC IRON

ADDED

SMELTED IN BLAST FURNACE.

A REVERBERATORY FURNACE.


50/55

PROPERTIES

MELTING POINT- 327.5C

BOILING POINT- 1620C

LUSTROUS METAL WITH BLUISH GRAY COLOUR..

MAKES IMPRESSION ON PAPER.

CUT WITH THE KNIFE

IT IS VERY SOFT PLASTIC & ALMOST DEVOID OFELASTICITY.

NON CORROSIVE


51/55

USES OF LEAD & ITS ALLOYS

FOR MAKING BULLETS, ALLOYS,

STORAGE CELL, SANITARY FITTINGS,

CISTERN, WATER PROOF & ACID PROOF CHAMBERS, GAS

PIPE,

ROOF GUTTER,FIBRE OPTICS CABLE COVERING,PREPARATION OF LEAD OXIDE OF PAINTS ETC

Lead gutter sectionLead flashing

Lead downspout


52/55

TIN

ORE - CASSITERITE(SnO2)

ALSO AVAILABLE IN NODULES (STREAM TIN)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg


53/55

MANUFACTUREORE

CRUSHING AND WASHING

CALCINATION

COOLING

WASHING WITH WATER.

LIQUID IS ALLOWED TO REST.

THE REFINED TINSTONE COLLECTS AT THE

BOTTOM (AS IT IS HEAVY)

SMELTED IN A FURNACE WITH

(COAL+SAND).

REVERBERATORY FURNACE

C


54/55

PROPERTIES

IT BECOMES BRITTLE WHEN HEATED TO A

TEMPRETURE OF ABOUT 200C.

IT MELTS AT 231C AND BOILS AT 2260C.

IT IS A WHITE METAL WITH A BRILLIANTLUSTRE.

IT DISSOLVED IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID WITH

EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN.

IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY DRY AIR.

IT IS NOT ATTACKED BY PURE WATER.

IT IS SOFT AND MALLEABLE.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY- 7.31

IT WITH STAND CORROSION DUE TO ACIDS.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_of_a_tin_platted_can.jpg


55/55

IT IS USED FOR PLATING, LINING LEAD PIPES AND

FOR THE PREPARATION OF ALLOYS AND SOLDER.

THE PURE TIN IS COMMERCIALLY USED FOR

MAKING EAVAPORATING BASINS, INFUSION POTS.

IT IS ALSO USED FOR GIVING A PROTECTIVE

COATING TO THE COPPER AND IRON UTENSILS.

THE STEEL SHEETS COATED WITH TIN ARE USED

FOR MAKING CANS FOR FOOD, FRUIT AND MILK

INDUSTRY.

THE TIN-FOILS ARE USED SILVERING OF MIRRORS

AND FOR WRAPPING UP CHEESE, CHOCOLATE,TOBACCO, TOILETS SOAPS.

USES OF TIN

Final Non Ferrous

Documents