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EC2308: MICROPROCESSORS &
MICROCONTROLLERS LAB MANUAL
V SEM ECE
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
1. INTRODUCTION TO 8085
INTEL 8085 is one of the most popula 8!"it mi#opo#esso #apa"le of
a$$essin% ' (B of memo) an$ its a#hite#tue is simple* The $e+i#e has '0 pins,
e-uies .5 / poe suppl) an$ #an opeate ith 1M23 sin%le phase #lo#4*
ALU (Arith!ti" L#$i" U%it:
The 8085A has a simple 8!"it ALU an$ it o4s in #oo$ination ith the
a##umulato, tempoa) e%istes, 5 fla%s an$ aithmeti# an$ lo%i# #i#uits* ALU has
the #apa"ilit) of pefomin% se+eal mathemati#al an$ lo%i#al opeations* The
tempoa) e%istes ae use$ to hol$ the $ata $uin% an aithmeti# an$ lo%i# opeation*
The esult is stoe$ in the a##umulato an$ the fla%s ae set o eset a##o$in% to the
esult of the opeation* The fla%s ae affe#te$ ") the aithmeti# an$ lo%i# opeation*
The) ae as follos
6i%n fla%
Afte the e7e#ution of the aithmeti# ! lo%i# opeation if the "it D
of the esult is 9, the si%n fla% is set* This fla% is use$ ith si%ne$
num"es* If it is 9, it is a ne%ati+e num"e an$ if it is 0, it is a positi+e
num"e*
:eo fla%
The 3eo fla% is set if the ALU opeation esults in 3eo* This fla%
is mo$ifie$ ") the esult in the a##umulato as ell as in othe e%istes*
Au7illa) #a) fla%
In an aithmeti# opeation hen a #a) is %eneate$ ") $i%it D1
an$ passe$ on to D', the au7illa) fla% is set*
Pait) fla%
Afte aithmeti# ; lo%i# opeation, if the esult has an e+en num"e
of 9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
Tii%$ '% "#%tr#) *%it
This unit s)n#honi3es all the mi#opo#esso opeation ith a #lo#4 an$
%eneates the #ontol si%nals ne#essa) fo #ommuni#ation "eteen the
mi#opo#esso an$ peipheals* The #ontol si%nals RD ea$ an$ R ite
in$i#ate the a+aila"ilit) of $ata on the $ata "us*
I%+tr*"ti#% r!$i+t!r '% !"#!r
The instu#tion e%iste an$ $e#o$e ae pat of the ALU* hen an instu#tion is
fet#he$ fom memo) it is loa$e$ in the instu#tion e%iste* The $e#o$e $e#o$es the
instu#tion an$ esta"lishes the se-uen#e of e+ents to follo*
R!$i+t!r 'rr',
The 8085 has si7 %eneal pupose e%istes to stoe 8!"it $ata $uin% po%am
e7e#ution* These e%istes ae i$entifie$ as B, C, D, E, 2 an$ L* the) #an "e #om"ine$
as BC, DE an$ 2L to pefom 9!"it opeation*
A""**)'t#r
A##umulato is an 8!"it e%iste that is pat of the ALU* This e%iste is use$ to
stoe 8!"it $ata an$ to pefom aithmeti# an$ lo%i# opeation* The esult of an
opeation is stoe$ in the a##umulato*
Pr#$r' "#*%t!r
The po%am #ounte is a 9!"it e%iste use$ to point to the memo) a$$ess of
the ne7t instu#tion to "e e7e#ute$*
St'"- #i%t!r
It is a 9!"it e%iste hi#h points to the memo) lo#ation in R memo), #alle$
the 6ta#4*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
C#*%i"'ti#% )i%!+
8085 mi#opo#esso pefoms $ata tansfe opeations usin% thee #ommuni#ation
lines #alle$ "uses* The) ae a$$ess "us, $ata "us an$ #ontol "us*
A$$ess "us ; it is a %oup of 9!"it lines %eneall) i$entifie$ as A0; A95*
The a$$ess "us is uni$ie#tional i*e*, the "its flo in one $ie#tion fom
mi#opo#esso to the peipheal $e+i#es* It is #apa"le of a$$essin% 9
memo) lo#ations*
Data "us ; it is a %oup of 8 lines use$ fo $ata flo an$ it is "i$ie#tional*
The $ata an%es fom 00 ; >>*
Contol "us ; it #onsist of +aious sin%le lines that #a) s)n#honi3in%
si%nals* The mi#opo#esso uses su#h si%nals fo timin% pupose*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '
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2(A.8 BIT DATA ADDITION
AIM:
To a$$ to 8 "it num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** ?et the fist num"e fom memo) in a##umulato*1* ?et the se#on$ num"e an$ a$$ it to the a##umulato*'* 6toe the anse at anothe memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus the 8 "it num"es stoe$ at '500 &'509 ae a$$e$ an$ the esult stoe$ at '50 &'501*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 5
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@
6TART
F2LG '5002
FAG FMG
FAGFAG.FMG
F2LGF2LG.9
6T=P
F2LGF2LG.9
FMG FAG
FCG 002
FMG FCG
F2LGF2LG.9
Is thee aCa) H
FCGFCG.9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
'900 6TART M/I C, 00 Clea C e%*
'909'90 LI 2, '500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
'500'901
'90'
'905 M=/ A, M Tansfe fist $ata toa##umulato
'90 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'90 ADD M A$$ fist num"e toa##* Content*
'908 JNC L9 Jump to lo#ation ifesult $oes not )iel$
#a)*'90K
'90A
'90B INR C In#ement C e%*
'90C L9 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'90D M=/ M, A Tansfe the esult foma##* to memo)*
'90E IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'90> M=/ M, C Mo+e #a) to memo)
'990 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@
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2(B.8 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION
AIM:
To 6u"ta#t to 8 "it num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** ?et the fist num"e fom memo) in a##umulato*1* ?et the se#on$ num"e an$ su"ta#t fom the a##umulato*'* If the esult )iel$s a "oo, the #ontent of the a##* is #omplemente$ an$ 092 is
a$$e$ to it
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ K
6TART
F2LG '5002
FAG FMG
Is thee a
Boo H
FAGFAG!FMG
F2LGF2LG.9
FCG 002
FCGFCG.9
6T=P
F2LGF2LG.9
FMG FAG
FMG FCG
F2LGF2LG.9
Complement FAGA$$ 092 to FAG
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
'900 6TART M/I C, 00 Clea C e%*
'90'90 LI 2, '500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
'500'901
'90'
'905 M=/ A, M Tansfe fist $ata toa##umulato
'90 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'90 6UB M 6u"ta#t fist num"efom a##* Content*
'908 JNC L9 Jump to lo#ation ifesult $oes not )iel$
"oo*'90K
'90A
'90B INR C In#ement C e%*
'90C CMA Complement the A##*#ontent
'90D ADI 092 A$$ 092 to #ontent ofa##*'90E
'90> L9 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'990 M=/ M, A Tansfe the esult foma##* to memo)*
'999 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'99 M=/ M, C Mo+e #a) to mem*
'991 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 90
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3(A.8 BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To multipl) to 8 "it num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations an$ stoe
the esult in memo)*
AL/ORITM:
LO/IC:Multipli#ation #an "e $one ") epeate$ a$$ition*
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** Mo+e multipli#an$ to a e%iste*1* Mo+e the multiplie to anothe e%iste*'* Clea the a##umulato*5* A$$ multipli#an$ to a##umulato
* De#ement multiplie* Repeat step 5 till multiplie #omes to 3eo*8* The esult, hi#h is in the a##umulato, is stoe$ in a memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus the 8!"it multipli#ation as $one in 8085p usin% epeate$ a$$ition metho$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 99
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9
F2LG '500
B M
A 00
C 00
Is theean)#a)
C C.9
B B!9
FAG FAG .FMG
F2LG F2LG.9
I6B0
A
6TART
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6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 91
A
6T=P
F2LGF2LG.9
FMG FAG
FMG FCG
F2LGF2LG.9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
'900 6TART LI 2, '500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to'500
Tansfe fist $ata toe%* B
'909
'90'901 M=/ B, M
'90' IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'905 M/I A, 002 Clea the a##*
'90
'90 M/I C, 002 Clea C e% fo #a)
'908
'90K L9 ADD M A$$ multipli#an$multiplie times*
'90A JNC NET Jump to NET if theeis no #a)'90B
'90C
'90D INR C In#ement C e%
'90E NET DCR B De#ement B e%
'90> JN: L9 Jump to L9 if B is not3eo*'990
'999
'99 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'991 M=/ M, A Tansfe the esult foma##* to memo)*
'99' IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'995 M=/ M, C Tansfe the esult fomC e%* to memo)*
'99 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9'
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3(B.8 BIT DIVISION
AIM:
To $i+i$e to 8!"it num"es an$ stoe the esult in memo)*
AL/ORITM:
LO/IC:Di+ision is $one usin% the metho$ Repeate$ su"ta#tion*9* Loa$ Di+iso an$ Di+i$en$* 6u"ta#t $i+iso fom $i+i$en$1* Count the num"e of times of su"ta#tion hi#h e-uals the -uotient'* 6top su"ta#tion hen the $i+i$en$ is less than the $i+iso *The $i+i$en$ no
"e#omes the emain$e* =theise %o to step *5* stop the po%am e7e#ution*
RESULT:
Thus an ALP as itten fo 8!"it $i+ision usin% epeate$ su"ta#tion metho$ an$
e7e#ute$ usin% 8085p 4its
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 95
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LOCART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9
B 00
M A!M
FBG FBG .9
I6 A0
A A. M
B B!9
F2LG '500
A M
F2LG F2LG.9
6TART
6T=P
F2LGF2LG.9
FMG FAG
FMG FBG
F2LGF2LG.9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO
NICS
OPERA
ND
COMMENTS
'900 M/I B,00 Clea B e% fo -uotient
'909'90 LI 2,'500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
'5002'901
'90'
'905 M=/ A,M Tansfe $i+i$en$ to a##*
'90 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t mem Lo#ation*
'90 L==P 6UB M 6u"ta#t $i+iso fom $i+i$en$
'908 INR B In#ement B e%
'90K JNC L==P Jump to L==P if esult $oesnot )iel$ "oo'90A
'90B'90C ADD M A$$ $i+iso to a##*
'90D DCR B De#ement B e%
'90E IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t mem Lo#ation*
'90> M=/ M,A Tansfe the emain$e foma## to memo)*
'990 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t mem Lo#ation*
'999 M=/ M,B Tansfe the -uotient fom Be% to memo)*
'99 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
S.NO INPUT OUTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
9 '500 '50
'509 '501
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
(A.14 BIT DATA ADDITION
AIM:
To a$$ to 9!"it num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** ?et the fist num"e fom memo) an$ stoe in Re%iste pai*1* ?et the se#on$ num"e in memo) an$ a$$ it to the Re%iste pai*'* 6toe the sum & #a) in sepaate memo) lo#ations*
RESULT:
Thus an ALP po%am fo 9!"it a$$ition as itten an$ e7e#ute$ in 8085pusin% spe#ial instu#tions*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 98
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9K
6TART
FDEG F2LG
FLG F8052GF2G F80512G
FAG002
F2LGF2LG.FDEG
FLG F8050 2G
F2G F8059 2G
Is thee aCa)H
6T=P
F805'GF LG
F8055G F2G
FAGFAG.9
F805G FAG
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
8000 6TART L2LD 80502 Loa$ the au%en$ in DEpai thou%h 2L pai*8009
8008001 C2?
800' L2LD 8052 Loa$ the a$$en$ in 2Lpai*8005
800
800 M/I A, 002 Initiali3e e%* A fo#a)8008
800K DAD D A$$ the #ontents of 2LPai ith that of DEpai*
800A JNC L==P If thee is no #a), %o
to the instu#tionla"ele$ L==P*
800B800C
800D INR A =theise in#emente%* A
800E L==P 62LD 805'2 6toe the #ontent of 2LPai in 805'2L6B ofsum
800>
8090
8099 6TA 8052 6toe the #a) in8052 thou%h A##*M6B of sum*
809
8091
809' 2LT 6top the po%am*
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
80502 805'2
80592 80552
8052 8052
80512
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 0
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
(B.14 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION
AIM:
To su"ta#t to 9!"it num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** ?et the su"tahen$ fom memo) an$ tansfe it to e%iste pai*1* ?et the minuen$ fom memo) an$ stoe it in anothe e%iste pai*'* 6u"ta#t su"tahen$ fom minuen$*5* 6toe the $iffeen#e an$ "oo in $iffeent memo) lo#ations*
RESULT:
Thus an ALP po%am fo su"ta#tin% to 9!"it num"es as itten an$e7e#ute$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
LO CART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@
6TART
FDEG F2LG
FLG F8052GF2G F80512G
F2LGF2LG!FDEG
FLG F8050 2GF2G F8059 2G
Is thee a"ooH
6T=P
F805'GF LG
F8055G F2G
FCGFCG.9
F805G FCG
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO
NICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8000 6TART M/I C, 00 Initiali3e C e%*
8009
800 L2LD 80502 Loa$ the su"tahen$ in DEe%* Pai thou%h 2L e%*pai*
8001
800'
8005 C2?
800 L2LD 8052 Loa$ the minuen$ in 2L e%*Pai*800
8008
800K M=/ A, L Mo+e the #ontent of e%* L toA##*
800A 6UB E 6u"ta#t the #ontent of e%*E fom that of a##*
800B M=/ L, A Mo+e the #ontent of A##* toe%* L
800C M=/ A, 2 Mo+e the #ontent of e%* 2 toA##*
800D 6BB D 6u"ta#t #ontent of e%* Dith that of A##*
800E M=/ 2, A Tansfe #ontent of a##* toe%* 2
800> 62LD 805'2 6toe the #ontent of 2L paiin memo) lo#ation 850'2*8090
8099
809 JNC NET If thee is "oo, %o to theinstu#tion la"ele$ NET*8091
809'
8095 INR C In#ement e%* C
809 NET M=/ A, C Tansfe the #ontent of e%* Cto A##*
809 6TA 8052 6toe the #ontent of a##* tothe memo) lo#ation 85028098
809K
809A 2LT 6top the po%am e7e#ution*
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
80502 805'2
80592 80552
8052 8052
80512
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
5(A.14 BIT MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To multipl) to 9!"it num"es an$ stoe the esult in memo)*
AL/ORITM:
9* ?et the multiplie an$ multipli#an$** Initiali3e a e%iste to stoe patial po$u#t*1* A$$ multipli#an$, multiplie times*'* 6toe the esult in #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
RESULT:
Thus the 9!"it multipli#ation as $one in 8085p usin% epeate$ a$$ition
metho$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
LOCART:
NO
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 5
6TART
L F8050G2 F8059G
L F805G2 F8051G
6P 2L
DE 2L
2L0000BC0000
2L2L.6P
Is Ca)fla% setH
BCBC.9
DEDE.9
Is :eofla% setH
A
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
ES
NO
ES
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@
A
F805'G LF8055G 2
F805G CF805G B
6T=P
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM
O
N
I
C
S
OPERAN
D
COMMENTS
8000 6TART L2LD 8050 Loa$ the fist No* in sta#4 pointethou%h 2L e% pai8009
800
8001 6P2L
800' L2LD 805 Loa$ the se#on$ No* in 2L e%*pai
& E7#han%e ith DE e% pai*8005
800
800 C2?
8008 LI 2, 00002
Clea 2L & DE e% pais*
800K
800A800B LI B, 00002
800C
800D
800E L==P DAD 6P A$$ 6P ith 2L pai*
800> JNC NET If thee is no #a), %o to theinstu#tion la"ele$ NET8090
8099
809 IN B In#ement BC e% pai
8091 NET DC D De#ement DE e% pai*
809' M=/ A,E Mo+e the #ontent of e% E to A##*
8095 =RA D =R A## ith D e%*
809 JN: L==P If thee is no 3eo, %o to instu#tionla"ele$ L==P809
8098
809K 62LD 805' 6toe the #ontent of 2L pai inmemo) lo#ations 805' &8055*
809A
809B
809C M=/ A, C Mo+e the #ontent of e%* C to A##*
809D 6TA 805 6toe the #ontent of A##* inmemo) lo#ation 805*809E
809>800 M=/ A, B Mo+e the #ontent of e%* B to A##*
809 6TA 805 6toe the #ontent of A##* inmemo) lo#ation 805*80
801
80' 2LT 6top po%am e7e#ution
OBSERVATION:INPUT =UTPUT
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
8050 805'
8059 8055
805 8058051 805
5(B.146 BIT DIVISION
AIM:
To $i+i$e to 9!"it num"es an$ stoe the esult in memo) usin% 8085mnemoni#s*
AL/ORITM:
9* ?et the $i+i$en$ an$ $i+iso** Initiali3e the e%iste fo -uotient*1* Repeate$l) su"ta#t $i+iso fom $i+i$en$ till $i+i$en$ "e#omes less than $i+iso*'* Count the num"e of su"ta#tion hi#h e-uals the -uotient*5* 6toe the esult in memo)*
RESULT:
Thus the 9!"it Di+ision as $one in 8085p usin% epeate$ su"ta#tion metho$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 8
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LOCART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ K
6TART
L F8059G2 F805G
2L DE
L F8050G2 F8059G
BC 00002
A L AA! ELA
A2AA! 2! Boo2A
BCBC. 9
Is Ca)
fla% set H
A
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 10
A
BCBC! 9
2L2L.DE
LF805'G2F8055G
AC
F805G A
AB
F805G A
6T=P
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPERA
ND
COMMENTS
8000 6TART L2LD 805 Loa$ the fist No* in sta#4 pointethou%h 2L e%* pai8009
8008001 C2?
800' L2LD 8050 Loa$ the se#on$ No* in 2L e%* pai & E7#han%e ith DE e%* pai*8005
800
800 LI B, 00002Clea BC e%* pai*8008
800K
800A L==P M=/ A, L Mo+e the #ontent of e%* L to A##*
800B 6UB E 6u"ta#t e%* E fom that of A##*
800C M=/ L, A Mo+e the #ontent of A## to L*
800D M=/ A, 2 Mo+e the #ontent of e%* 2 A##*800E 6BB D 6u"ta#t e%* D fom that of A##*
800> M=/ 2, A Mo+e the #ontent of A## to 2*
8090 IN B In#ement e%* Pai BC
8099 JNC L==P If thee is no #a), %o to the lo#ationla"ele$ L==P*809
8091
809' DC B De#ement BC e%* pai*
8095 DAD D A$$ #ontent of 2L an$ DE e%* pais*
809 62LD 805' 6toe the #ontent of 2L pai in 805' &8055*809
8098
809K M=/ A, C Mo+e the #ontent of e%* C to A##*
809A 6TA 805 6toe the #ontent of A##* in memo)805809B
809C
809D M=/ A, B Mo+e the #ontent of e%* B to A##*
809E 6TA 805 6toe the #ontent of A##* in memo)805*809>
800
809 2LT 6top the po%am e7e#ution*
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
8050 805'
8059 8055
805 805
8051 805
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 19
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4(A.LAR/EST ELEMENT IN AN ARRA
AIM:
To fin$ the la%est element in an aa)*
AL/ORITM:
9* Pla#e all the elements of an aa) in the #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
* >et#h the fist element fom the memo) lo#ation an$ loa$ it in the a##umulato*
1* Initiali3e a #ounte e%iste ith the total num"e of elements in an aa)*
'* De#ement the #ounte ") 9*
5* In#ement the memo) pointe to point to the ne7t element*
* Compae the a##umulato #ontent ith the memo) #ontent ne7t
element*
* If the a##umulato #ontent is smalle, then mo+e the memo) #ontent
la%est element to the a##umulato* Else #ontinue*
8* De#ement the #ounte ") 9*
K* Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the #ounte ea#hes 3eo
90* 6toe the esult a##umulato #ontent in the spe#ifie$ memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus the la%est num"e in the %i+en aa) is foun$ out*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 11
FBG0'2
F2LGF89002G
FAGF2LG
F2LF2LG . 9
I6FAG F2LGH
FAGF2LG
F8905GFAG
6TART
FBGFBG!9
I6FBG 0H
6T=P
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PRO/RAM:
ADDRE
SS
OPCO
DE
LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8009 LI 2,8900 Initiali3e 2L e%* to89002800
8001
800' M/I B,0' Initiali3e B e% ith no* of#ompaisonsn!98005
800 M=/ A,M Tansfe fist $ata to a##*
800 L==P9 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t memo) lo#ation
8008 CMP M Compae M & A
800K JNC L==P If A is %eate than M then %oto loop800A
800B800C M=/ A,M Tansfe $ata fom M to A e%
800D L==P DCR B De#ement B e%
800E JN: L==P9 If B is not :eo %o to loop9
800>
8090
8099 6TA 8905 6toe the esult in a memo)lo#ation*809
8091
809' 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
8900 8905
8909
890
8901
890'
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1'
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4(B.SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRA
AIM:
To fin$ the smallest element in an aa)*
AL/ORITM:
9* Pla#e all the elements of an aa) in the #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
* >et#h the fist element fom the memo) lo#ation an$ loa$ it in the a##umulato*
1* Initiali3e a #ounte e%iste ith the total num"e of elements in an aa)*
'* De#ement the #ounte ") 9*
5* In#ement the memo) pointe to point to the ne7t element*
* Compae the a##umulato #ontent ith the memo) #ontent ne7t
element*
* If the a##umulato #ontent is smalle, then mo+e the memo) #ontent
la%est element to the a##umulato* Else #ontinue*
8* De#ement the #ounte ") 9*
K* Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the #ounte ea#hes 3eo
90* 6toe the esult a##umulato #ontent in the spe#ifie$ memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus the smallest num"e in the %i+en aa) is foun$ out*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 15
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LO CART:
@E6
N=
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1
FBG0'2
F2LGF89002G
FAGF2LG
F2LF2LG . 9
I6FAG F2LGH
FAGF2LG
F8905GFAG
6TART
FBGFBG!9
I6FBG 0H
6T=P
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
7(A.ASCENDIN/ ORDER
AIM:
To sot the %i+en num"e in the as#en$in% o$e usin% 8085 mi#opo#esso*
AL/ORITM:9* ?et the num"es to "e sote$ fom the memo) lo#ations*
* Compae the fist to num"es an$ if the fist num"e is la%e than se#on$ then Iinte#han%e the num"e*1* If the fist num"e is smalle, %o to step ''* Repeat steps an$ 1 until the num"es ae in e-uie$ o$e
RESULT:
Thus the as#en$in% o$e po%am is e7e#ute$ an$ thus the num"es ae aan%e$in as#en$in% o$e*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 18
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LOCART:
@E6
N=
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 1K
FBG0'2
F2LGF89002G
FAGF2LG
F2LF2LG . 9
I6FAG F2LGH
FDGF2LG
F2LGFAG
F2LGF2LG ! 9
F2LGFDG
F2LGF2LG . 9
FCGFCG ; 09 2
A
FCG0'2
6TART
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N=
@E6
N=
@E6
PRO/RAM:
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '0
I6FCG
0H
A
FBGFBG!9
I6FBG 0H
6T=P
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
ADDR
E
SS
OPCO
DE
LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8000 M/I B,0' Initiali3e B e% ith num"e
of #ompaisons n!98009800 L==P 1 LI 2,8900 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
890028001
800'
8005 M/I C,0' Initiali3e C e% ith no* of#ompaisonsn!9800
800 L==P M=/ A,M Tansfe fist $ata to a##*
8008 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t memo) lo#ation
800K CMP M Compae M & A
800A JC L==P9 If A is less than M then %o to
loop9800B800C
800D M=/ D,M Tansfe $ata fom M to D e%
800E M=/ M,A Tansfe $ata fom a## to M
800> DC 2 De#ement 2L pai
8090 M=/ M,D Tansfe $ata fom D to M
8099 IN 2 In#ement 2L pai
809 L==P9 DCR C De#ement C e%
8091 JN: L==P If C is not 3eo %o to loop
809'
8095
809 DCR B De#ement B e%
809 JN: L==P1 If B is not :eo %o to loop1
8098
809K
809A 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
MEM=R@L=CATI=N DATA MEM=R@L=CATI=N DATA
8900 8900
8909 8909
890 890
8901 8901
890' 890'
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '9
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7(B.DE SCENDIN/ ORDER
AIM:
To sot the %i+en num"e in the $es#en$in% o$e usin% 8085 mi#opo#esso*
AL/ORITM:9* ?et the num"es to "e sote$ fom the memo) lo#ations*
* Compae the fist to num"es an$ if the fist num"e is smalle than se#on$ then Iinte#han%e the num"e*1* If the fist num"e is la%e, %o to step ''* Repeat steps an$ 1 until the num"es ae in e-uie$ o$e
RESULT:
Thus the $es#en$in% o$e po%am is e7e#ute$ an$ thus the num"es ae aan%e$in $es#en$in% o$e*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '
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LOCART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '1
FBG0'2
F2LGF89002G
FAGF2LG
F2LF2LG . 9
I6FAG F2LGH
FDGF2LG
F2LGFAG
F2LGF2LG ! 9
F2LGFDG
F2LGF2LG . 9
FCGFCG ; 09 2
A
FCG0'2
6TART
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N=
@E6
N=
@E6
PRO/RAM:
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ ''
I6FCG
0H
A
FBGFBG!9
I6FBG 0H
6T=P
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ADDRE
SS
OPCO
DE
LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8000 M/I B,0' Initiali3e B e% ith num"eof #ompaisons n!98009
800 L==P 1 LI 2,8900 Initiali3e 2L e%* to890028001
800'
8005 M/I C,0' Initiali3e C e% ith no* of#ompaisonsn!9800
800 L==P M=/ A,M Tansfe fist $ata to a##*
8008 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* to pointne7t memo) lo#ation
800K CMP M Compae M & A
800A JNC L==P9 If A is %eate than M then %oto loop9800B
800C800D M=/ D,M Tansfe $ata fom M to D e%
800E M=/ M,A Tansfe $ata fom a## to M
800> DC 2 De#ement 2L pai
8090 M=/ M,D Tansfe $ata fom D to M
8099 IN 2 In#ement 2L pai
809 L==P9 DCR C De#ement C e%
8091 JN: L==P If C is not 3eo %o to loop
809'
8095
809 DCR B De#ement B e%
809 JN: L==P1 If B is not :eo %o to loop1
8098
809K
809A 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
MEM=R@
L=CATI=N
DATA MEM=R@
L=CATI=N
DATA
8900 8900
8909 8909
890 890
8901 8901
890' 890'
8(A.CODE CONVERSION DECIMAL TO E9
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '5
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AIM:
To #on+et a %i+en $e#imal num"e to he7a$e#imal*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e the memo) lo#ation to the $ata pointe** In#ement B e%iste*1* In#ement a##umulato ") 9 an$ a$Oust it to $e#imal e+e) time*'* Compae the %i+en $e#imal num"e ith a##umulato +alue*5* hen "oth mat#hes,the e-ui+alent he7a$e#imal +alue is in B e%iste** 6toe the esultant in memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus an ALP po%am fo #on+esion of $e#imal to he7a$e#imal as itten an$
e7e#ute$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '
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LOCART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '
6TART
2L '5002
A 00
B 002
A A .9
De#imal a$Ousta##umulato
B B.9
A B
IsAMH
8909 A
6top
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PRO/RAM:
ADDRE
SS
OPCO
DE
LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8000 LI 2,8900 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
890028009800
8001 M/I A,00 Initiali3e A e%iste*
800'
8005 M/I B,00 Initiali3e B e%iste**
800
800 L==P INR B In#ement B e%*
8008 ADI 09 In#ement A e%
800K
800A DAA De#imal A$Oust A##umulato
800B CMP M Compae M & A
800C JN: L==P If a## an$ %i+en num"e aenot e-ual, then %o to L==P800D
800E
800> M=/ A,B Tansfe B e% to a##*
8090 6TA 8909 6toe the esult in a memo)lo#ation*8099
809
8091 2LT 6top the po%am
RESULT:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
8900 8909
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ '8
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8(B. CODE CONVERSION E9ADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
AIM:
To #on+et a %i+en he7a$e#imal num"e to $e#imal*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e the memo) lo#ation to the $ata pointe** In#ement B e%iste*1* In#ement a##umulato ") 9 an$ a$Oust it to $e#imal e+e) time*'* Compae the %i+en he7a$e#imal num"e ith B e%iste +alue*5* hen "oth mat#h, the e-ui+alent $e#imal +alue is in A e%iste** 6toe the esultant in memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus an ALP po%am fo #on+esion of he7a$e#imal to $e#imal as itten an$e7e#ute$*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 'K
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
LOCART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 50
6top
6TART
2L 89002
A 00
B 002
A A .9
De#imal a$Ousta##umulato
B B.9
D A, A B,
IsAMH
8909 A, A C890 A
C 002
C C.9
Isthee#a)H
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRE
SS
OPCO
DE
LABEL MNEM
ONICS
OPER
AND
COMMENTS
8000 LI 2,8900 Initiali3e 2L e%* to
890028009800
8001 M/I A,00 Initiali3e A e%iste*
800'
8005 M/I B,00 Initiali3e B e%iste*
800
800 M/I C,00 Initiali3e C e%iste fo #a)*
8008
800K L==P INR B In#ement B e%*
800A ADI 09 In#ement A e%
800B
800C DAA De#imal A$Oust A##umulato 800D JNC NET If thee is no #a) %o to
NET*800E
800>
8090 INR C In#ement # e%iste*
8099 NET M=/ D,A Tansfe A to D
809 M=/ A,B Tansfe B to A
8091 CMP M Compae M & A
809' M=/ A,D Tansfe D to A
8095 JN: L==P If a## an$ %i+en num"e aenot e-ual, then %o to L==P809
809
8098 6TA 8909 6toe the esult in a memo)lo#ation*809K
809A
809B M=/ A,C Tansfe C to A
809C 6TA 890 6toe the #a) in anothememo) lo#ation*809D
809E
809> 2LT 6top the po%am
RESULT:
INPUT =UTPUT
ADDRE66 DATA ADDRE66 DATA
8900 8909
890
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 59
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(A.BCD ADDITIONAIM:
To a$$ to 8 "it BCD num"es stoe$ at #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ations*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e memo) pointe to $ata lo#ation** ?et the fist num"e fom memo) in a##umulato*1* ?et the se#on$ num"e an$ a$$ it to the a##umulato'* A$Oust the a##umulato +alue to the pope BCD +alue usin% DAA instu#tion*5* 6toe the anse at anothe memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
Thus the 8 "it BCD num"es stoe$ at '500 &'509 ae a$$e$ an$ the esult stoe$ at'50 & '501*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 5
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LO CART:
N=
@E6
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 51
6TART
F2LG '5002
FAG FMG
FAGFAG.FMGDe#imal A$Oust A##umulato
F2LGF2LG.9
6T=P
F2LGF2LG.9
FMG FAG
FCG 002
FMG FCG
F2LGF2LG.9
Is thee a
Ca)H
FCGFCG.9
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
'900 6TART M/I C, 00 Clea C e%*'901
'90 LI 2, '500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to'500'901
'90'
'905 M=/ A, M Tansfe fist $ata toa##umulato
'90 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'90 ADD M A$$ fist num"e to
a##* Content*'908 DAA De#imal a$Oust
a##umulato
'90K JNC L9 Jump to lo#ation ifesult $oes not )iel$
#a)*'90A
'90B
'90C INR C In#ement C e%*
'90D L9 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'90E M=/ M, A Tansfe the esult foma##* to memo)*
'90> IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t memo)
Lo#ation*
'990 M=/ M, C Mo+e #a) to memo)
'999 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 5'
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT
'900 6TART M/I D, 00 Clea D e%*
'909
'90 LI 2, '500 Initiali3e 2L e%* to'500'901
'90'
'905 M=/ B, M Tansfe fist $ata toa##umulato
'90 IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'90 M=/ C, M Mo+e se#on$ no* to Be%*
'908 M/I A, KK Mo+e KK to the
A##umulato'90K'90A 6UB C 6u"ta#t FCG fom a##*
Content*
'90B INR A In#ement A e%iste
'90C ADD B A$$ FBG ith FAG
'90D DAA A$Oust A##umulato+alue fo De#imal $i%its
'90E JC L==P Jump on #a) to loop
'90>
'990
'999 INR D In#ement D e%*'99 L==P IN 2 In#ement 2L e%iste
pai
'991 M=/ M , A Mo+e the A##*#ontent tothe memo) lo#ation
'99' IN 2 In#ement 2L e%* topoint ne7t mem*
Lo#ation*
'995 M=/ M, D Tansfe D e%iste#ontent to memo)*
'99 2LT 6top the po%am
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '50
'509 '501
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ 5
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL
10. 2 9 2 MATRI9 MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To pefom the 7 mati7 multipli#ation*
AL/ORITM:
9* Loa$ the input mati#es in the sepaate a$$ess an$ initiali3e the 2L an$ the DEe%iste pai ith the statin% a$$ess espe#ti+el)*
* Call a su"outine fo pefomin% the multipli#ation of one element of a mati7ith the othe element of the othe mati7*
1* Call a su"outine to stoe the esultant +alues in a sepaate mati7*
RESULT:
Thus the 7 mati7 multipli#ation is pefome$ an$ the esult is stoe$ at '00,'09 ,'0 & '01*
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LO CART:
@E6
N=
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2L 2L.9DE DE.9 DE DE.9
IsA0'2
H
In#ement 2Le%* pai
C 0022L 85002
DE 8002
2L 2L.9DE DE.9 DE DE.9
B A
A A.B
6TART
2L 2L!9DE DE!9
B A
A
Call su"outineMUL
Call su"outine
6T=RE
A
Call su"outineMUL
Call su"outineMUL
A A.B
Call su"outine 6T=RE
Call su"outineMUL
A C
BA
B6T=P
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@E6
N=
N=
@E6
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MUL
2 2! 9
Is 20 H
FAG FFDEGG
D A2 M
FDGFDG.9
F2G85 FDG8
2 2! 9
Is 20 H
RET
6T=RE
B 8
FAGFFBCGG
C C. 9
RET
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89 CPI 0' Compae ith 0' to #he#4 hetheall elements ae multiplie$*898
89K J: L==P9 If #omplete$, %o to loop9
89A
89B
89C IN 2 In#ement 2L e%iste Pai*89D JMP L==P Jump to L==P*
89E
89>
8910 L==P9 2LT 6top the po%am*
8919 MUL LDA D Loa$ a## fom the memo) lo#ationpointe$ ") DE pai*
891 M=/ D,A Tansfe a## #ontent to D e%iste*
8911 M=/ 2,M Tansfe fom memo) to 2 e%iste*
891' DCR 2 De#ement 2 e%iste*
8915 J: L==P1 If 2 is 3eo %o to L==P1*
891891
8918 L==P' ADD D A$$ A## ith D e%
891K DCR 2 De#ement 2 e%iste*
891A JN: L==P' If 2 is not 3eo %o to L==P'*
891B
891C
891D L==P1 M/I 2,85 Tansfe 85 T= 2 e%iste*
891E
891> M/I D,8 Tansfe 8 to D e%iste*
89'0
89'9 RET Retun to main po%am*
89' 6T=RE M/I B,8 Tansfe 8 to B e%iste*
89'1
89'' 6TA B Loa$ A fom memo) lo#ationpointe$ ") BC pai*
89'5 INR C In#ement C e%iste*
89' RET Retun to main po%am*
OBSERVATION:
INPUT =UTPUT
'500 '00 '00
'509 '09 '09
'50 '0 '0
'501 '01 '01
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11. BIOS;DOS CALLS DISPLA
AIM:
To $ispla) a messa%e on the CRT s#een of a mi#o#ompute usin% D=6 #alls*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e the $ata se%ment an$ the messa%e to "e$ispla)e$*
* 6et fun#tion +alue fo $ispla)*
1* Point to the messa%e an$ un the inteupt to $ispla) the messa%e in the CRT*
PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
M6? DB 0D2, 0A2, ?==D M=RNIN?Q , =D2, =A2, Q
DATA END6
C=DE 6E?MENT
6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, AM=/ A2, 0K2
M=/ D, =>>6ET M6?
INT 92
M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6
END 6TART
RESULT:
A messa%e is $ispla)e$ on the CRT s#een of a mi#o#ompute usin% D=6 #alls
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12.BIOS;DOS CALLS ILE MANIPULATION
AIM:
To open a file usin% D=6 #alls*
AL/ORITM:
9* Initiali3e the $ata se%ment, file name an$ the messa%e to "e $ispla)e$** 6et the file atti"ute to #eate a file usin% a D=6 #all*1* If the file is una"le t o #eate a file $ispla) the messa%e
PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
>ILENAME DB 6AMPLE*DATQ, Q
M6? DB 0D2, 0A2, >ILE N=T CREATEDQ, =D2, =A2, Q
DATA END6C=DE 6E?MENT6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ D, =>>6ET >ILENAME
M=/ C, 002
M=/ A2, 1C2
INT 92
JNC L==P9
M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ D, =>>6ET M6?
M=/ A2, 0K2
INT 92
L==P9 M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6END 6TART
RESULT:
A file is opene$ usin% D=6 #alls*
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1.8084 STRIN/ MANIPULATION SEARC A ORD
AIM:
To sea#h a o$ fom a stin%*
AL/ORITM:
9* Loa$ the sou#e an$ $estination in$e7 e%iste ith statin% an$ the en$in%
a$$ess espe#ti+el)*
* Initiali3e the #ounte ith the total num"e of o$s to "e #opie$*
1* Clea the $ie#tion fla% fo auto in#ementin% mo$e of tansfe*
'* Use the stin% manipulation instu#tion 6CA6 ith the pefi7 REP tosea#h a o$ fom stin%*
5* If a mat#h is foun$ 39, $ispla) 09 in $estination a$$ess* =theise,
$ispla) 00 in $estination a$$ess*
RESULT:
A o$ is sea#he$ an$ the #ount of num"e of appeaan#es is $ispla)e$*
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PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
LI6T D 512, 952, 9K2, 02
DE6T ESU 10002
C=UNT ESU 052
DATA END6
C=DE 6E?MENT
6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ A, 952
M=/ 6I, =>>6ET LI6T
M=/ DI, DE6T
M=/ C, C=UNT
M=/ A, 00
CLD
REP 6CA6
J: L==P
M=/ A, 09
L==P M=/ FDIG, A
M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6
END 6TART
INPUT:
LI6T 512, 952, 9K2, 02
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OUTPUT:
1000 09
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PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
LI6T D 512, 952, 9K2, 02
REPLACE ESU 102
C=UNT ESU 052
DATA END6
C=DE 6E?MENT
6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ A, 952
M=/ 6I, =>>6ET LI6T
M=/ C, C=UNT
M=/ A, 00
CLD
REP 6CA6
JN: L==P
M=/ DI, LABEL LI6T
M=/ FDIG, REPLACE
L==P M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6
END 6TART
INPUT:
LI6T 512, 952, 9K2, 02
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OUTPUT:
LI6T 512, 102, 9K2, 02
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3. 8084 STRIN/ MANIPULATION COP A STRIN/
AIM:
To #op) a stin% of $ata o$s fom one lo#ation to the othe*
AL/ORITM:
* Loa$ the sou#e an$ $estination in$e7 e%iste ith statin% an$ the en$in%
a$$ess espe#ti+el)*
* Initiali3e the #ounte ith the total num"e of o$s to "e #opie$*
8* Clea the $ie#tion fla% fo auto in#ementin% mo$e of tansfe*
K* Use the stin% manipulation instu#tion M=/6 ith the pefi7 REP to
#op) a stin% fom sou#e to $estination*
RESULT:
A stin% of $ata o$s is #opie$ fom one lo#ation to othe*
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PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
6=URCE ESU 0002
DE6T ESU 10002
C=UNT ESU 052
DATA END6
C=DE 6E?MENT
6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ E6, A
M=/ 6I, 6=URCE
M=/ DI, DE6T
M=/ C, C=UNT
CLD
REP M=/6
M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6
END 6TART
INPUT: OUTPUT:
000 '8 1000 '8
009 8' 1009 8'
00 100
001 K0 1001 K0
00' 9 100' 9
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.8084 STRIN/ MANIPULATION SORTIN/
AIM:
To sot a %oup of $ata ")tes*
AL/ORITM:
Pla#e all the elements of an aa) name$ list in the #onse#uti+e
memo) lo#ations*
Initiali3e to #ountes D & C ith the total num"e of elements in
the aa)*
Do the folloin% steps until the #ounte B ea#hes 0*
o Loa$ the fist element in the a##umulato
o Do the folloin% steps until the #ounte C ea#hes 0*
9* Compae the a##umulato #ontent ith the ne7t elementpesent in the ne7t memo) lo#ation* If the a##umulato#ontent is smalle %o to ne7t step otheise, sap the#ontent of a##umulato ith the #ontent of memo)lo#ation*
* In#ement the memo) pointe to point to the ne7t element*1* De#ement the #ounte C ") 9*
6top the e7e#ution*
RESULT:
A %oup of $ata ")tes ae aan%e$ in as#en$in% o$e*
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PRO/RAM:
A66UME C6 C=DE, D6 DATA
DATA 6E?MENT
LI6T D 512, 52, 9K2, 02
C=UNT ESU 0'2
DATA END6
C=DE 6E?MENT
6TART M=/ A, DATA
M=/ D6, A
M=/ D, C=UNT!9
L==P M=/ C, D
M=/ 6I, =>>6ET LI6T
A?AIN M=/ A, F6IG
CMP A, F6I.G
JC L==P9
C2? F6I .G, A
C2? F6IG, A
L==P9 ADD 6I, 0
L==P A?AIN
DEC D
JN: L==P
M=/ A2, 'C2
INT 92
C=DE END6
END 6TART
INPUT:
LI6T 512, 52, 9K2, 02
OUTPUT:
LI6T 02, 9K2, 52, 512
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PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
'900 6TART M/I A, K0 Initiali3e pot Aas Input an$ PotB as output*
'909
'90 =UT C 6en$ Mo$eContol o$'901
'90' IN C0 Rea$ fom Pot A
'905
'90 =UT C Displa) the $atain pot B'90
'908 6TA '00 6toe the $ataea$ fom Pot Ain '00
'90K
'90A
'90B 2LT 6top the po%am*
MODE1 STROBED I;O MODE:
In this mo$e, pot A an$ pot B ae use$ as $ata pots an$ pot C is use$ as #ontolsi%nals fo sto"e$ I= $ata tansfe*
Let us initiali3e pot A as input pot in mo$e9
MAIN PRO/RAM:
ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
'900 6TART M/I A, B' Initiali3e pot Aas Input pot inmo$e 9*
'909
'90 =UT C 6en$ Mo$eContol o$'901
'90' M/I A,0K 6et the PC' "itfo INTE A
'905
'90 =UT C Displa) the $atain pot B
'90
EI
'908 M/I A,08 Ena"le R6T5*5
'90K
'90A 6IM
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EI
'90B 2LT 6top the po%am*
ISR (I%t!rr*t S!r>i"! R#*ti%!
ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
'00 6TART IN C0 Rea$ fom pot A
'09
'0 6TA '500 6toe in '500*
'01
'0'
'05 2LT 6top the po%am*
S*? r#$r':
ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
'05E JMP '00 ?o to '00
'05>'00
BSR MODE (Bit S!t R!+!t #!
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'90K 2LT 6top the po%am*
RESULT:
Thus 855 is intefa#e$ an$ its #haa#teisti#s in mo$e0,mo$e9 an$ B6R mo$e is
stu$ie$*
4. INTERACIN/ 8253 TIMER IT 8085
I%t!r@'"i%$ 8253 Pr#$r''?)! I%t!r>') Ti!r ith 8085
AIM
To intefa#e 851 Intefa#e "oa$ to 8085 p an$ +eif) the opeation of 851in si7
$iffeent mo$es*
APPARATUS RE=UIRED
8085 p 4it, 851 Intefa#e "oa$, DC e%ulate$ poe suppl), /T paallel "us,
CR=*
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M#! 0 I%t!rr*t #% t!ri%') "#*%tThe output ill "e initiall) lo afte mo$e set opeations* Afte loa$in% the #ounte,
the output ill "e emainin% lo hile #ountin% an$ on teminal #ount the output
ill "e#ome hi%h, until eloa$e$ a%ain*
Let us set the #hannel 0 in mo$e 0* Conne#t the CL( 0 to the $e"oun#e #i#uit ")#han%in% the Oumpe J1 an$ then e7e#ute the folloin% po%am*
Pr#$r':
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 6TART M/I A, 10 Channel 0 in mo$e 0
'90 =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$
'90' M/I A, 05 L6B of #ount'90 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'908 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'90C 2LT
It is o"se+e$ in CR= that the output of Channel 0 is initiall) L=* Afte %i+in% si7#lo#4 pulses, the output %oes 2I?2*
M#! 1 Pr#$r''?)! ONE6SOT:
Afte loa$in% the #ounte, the output ill emain lo folloin% the isin% e$%e of
the %ate input* The output ill %o hi%h on the teminal #ount* It is eti%%ea"le hen#ethe output ill emain lo fo the full #ount, afte an) isin% e$%e of the %ate input*
E')!:
The folloin% po%am initiali3es #hannel 0 of 851 in Mo$e 9 an$ also initiatesti%%ein% of ?ate 0* =UT 0 %oes lo, as #lo#4 pulse afte ti%%ein% the %oes "a#4 tohi%h le+el afte 5 #lo#4 pulses* E7e#ute the po%am, %i+e #lo#4 pulses thou%h the$e"oun#e lo%i# an$ +eif) usin% CR=*
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 6TART M/I A, 1 Channel 0 in mo$e 9
'90 =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$'90' M/I A, 05 L6B of #ount
'90 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'908 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'90C =UT D0 Ti%%e ?ate0
'900 2LT
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M#! 2 R't! /!%!r't#r:
It is a simple $i+i$e ") N #ounte* The output ill "e lo fo one peio$ of the input
#lo#4* The peio$ fom one output pulse to the ne7t e-uals the num"e of input
#ounts in the #ount e%iste* If the #ount e%iste is eloa$e$ "eteen output pulses
the pesent peio$ ill not "e affe#te$ "ut the su"se-uent peio$ ill efle#t the ne
+alue*
E')!Usin% Mo$e , Let us $i+i$e the #lo#4 pesent at Channel 9 ") 90* Conne#t the
CL(9 to PCL(*
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 1E ' 6TART M/I A, ' Channel 9 in mo$e
'90 D1 CE =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$
'90' 1E 0A M/I A, 0A L6B of #ount
'90 D1 CA =UT CA ite #ount to e%iste
'908 1E 00 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A D1 CA =UT CA ite #ount to e%iste
'90C 2LT
In CR= o"se+e simultaneousl) the input #lo#4 to #hannel 9 an$ the output at =ut9*
M#! 3 S*'r! '>! $!%!r't#rIt is simila to Mo$e e7#ept that the output ill emain hi%h until one half of #ount
an$ %o lo fo the othe half fo e+en num"e #ount* If the #ount is o$$, the output
ill "e hi%h fo #ount . 9 #ounts* This mo$e is use$ of %eneatin% Bau$ ate fo
859A U6ART*
E')!:
e utili3e Mo$e 0 to %eneate a s-uae a+e of fe-uen#) 950 (23 at #hannel 0*
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 1E 1 6TART M/I A, 1 Channel 0 in mo$e 1
'90 D1 CE =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$
'90' 1E 0A M/I A, 0A L6B of #ount
'90 D1 C8 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
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'908 1E 00 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A D1 C8 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'90C 2LT
6et the Oumpe, so that the #lo#4 0 of 851 is %i+en a s-uae a+e of fe-uen#) 9*5 M23*This po%am $i+i$es this PCL( ") 90 an$ thus the output at #hannel 0 is 950 (23*
/a) the fe-uen#) ") +a)in% the #ount* 2ee the ma7imum #ount is >>>> 2*6o, the s-uae a+e ill emain hi%h fo >>> 2 #ounts an$ emain lo fo >>> 2#ounts* Thus ith the input #lo#4 fe-uen#) of 9*5 M23, hi#h #oespon$s to a peio$of 0*0 mi#ose#on$s, the esultin% s-uae a+e has an =N time of 0*098'mi#ose#on$s an$ an =>> time of 0*098' mi#ose#on$s*
To in#ease the time peio$ of s-uae a+e, set the Oumpes su#h that CL( of851 is #onne#te$ to =UT 0* Usin% the a"o+e!mentione$ po%am, output a s-uae a+eof fe-uen#) 950 (23 at #hannel 0* No this is the #lo#4 to #hannel *
M#! : S#@t'r! Tri$$!r! Str#?!:The output is hi%h afte mo$e is set an$ also $uin% #ountin%* =n teminal #ount,
the output ill %o lo fo one #lo#4 peio$ an$ "e#omes hi%h a%ain* This mo$e #an "euse$ fo inteupt %eneation*
The folloin% po%am initiali3es #hannel of 851 in mo$e '*
E')!:
Conne#t =UT 0 to CL( Oumpe J9* E7e#ute the po%am an$ o"se+e theoutput =UT * Counte ill %eneate a pulse afte 9 se#on$*
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 6TART M/I A, 1 Channel 0 in mo$e 0'90 =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$
'90' M/I A, 0A L6B of #ount
'90 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'908 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'90C M/I A, B8 Channel in Mo$e '
'90E =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e #ontol o$
'990 M/I A, K8 L6B of Count
'99 =UT CC ite Count to e%iste
'99' M/I A, 1A M6B of Count
'99 =UT CC ite Count to e%iste '998 2LT
M#! 5 'r'r! tri$$!r! +tr#?!:
Counte stats #ountin% afte isin% e$%e of ti%%e input an$ output %oes lo foone #lo#4 peio$ hen teminal #ount is ea#he$* The #ounte is eti%%ea"le*
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E7ampleThe po%am that follos initiali3es #hannel 0 in mo$e 5 an$ also ti%%es ?ate 0*Conne#t CL( 0 to $e"oun#e #i#uit*
E7e#ute the po%am* Afte %i+in% 6i7 #lo#4 pulses, )ou #an see usin% CR=, theinitiall) 2I?2 output %oes L=* The output =UT 0 pin %oes hi%h on the ne7t #lo#4
pulse*
Ar!++ O"#!+ L'?!) M%!#%i" O!r'%+ C#!%t+
'900 6TART M/I A, 9A Channel 0 in mo$e 5
'90 =UT CE 6en$ Mo$e Contol o$
'90' M/I A, 05 L6B of #ount
'90 =UT C8 ite #ount to e%iste
'908 M/I A, 00 M6B of #ount
'90A =UT D0 Ti%%e ?ate 0
'90C 2LT
R!+*)t:
Thus the 851 has "een intefa#e$ to 8085 p an$ si7 $iffeent mo$es of 851
ha+e "een stu$ie$*
. 8051 6 SUM O ELEMENTS IN AN ARRA
AIM:
To fin$ the sum of elements in an aa)*
AL/ORITM:
9* Loa$ the aa) in the #onse#uti+e memo) lo#ation an$
initiali3e the memo) pointe ith the statin% a$$ess*
* Loa$ the total num"e of elements in a sepaate e%iste as
a #ounte*
1* Clea the a##umulato*
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'* Loa$ the othe e%iste ith the +alue of the memo)
pointe*
5* A$$ the e%iste ith the a##umulato*
* Che#4 fo #a), if e7ist, in#ement the #a) e%iste ") 9*
otheise, #ontinue
* De#ement the #ounte an$ if it ea#hes 0, stop* =theise
in#ement the memo) pointe ") 9 an$ %o to step '*
RESULT:
The sum of elements in an aa) is #al#ulate$*
PRO/RAM:
M=/ DPTR, '00
M=/ A, DPTR
M=/ R0, A
M=/ B, 00
M=/ R9, B
INC DPTR
L==P CLR C
M=/ A, DPTR
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ADD A, B
M=/ B, A
JNC L==P
INC R9
L==P INC DPTR
DJN: R0, L==P
M=/ DPTR, '500
M=/ A, R9
M=/ DPTR, A
INC DPTR
M=/ A, B
M=/ DPTR, A
2LT 6JMP 2LT
INPUT OUTPUT:
'00 0' '500 0>
'09 05 '509 00
'09 0
'0 01
'01 0
10(A.8051 6 E9ADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
AIM:
To pefom he7a$e#imal to $e#imal #on+esion*
AL/ORITM:
9* Loa$ the num"e to "e #on+ete$ into the a##umulato*
* If the num"e is less than 900 '2, %o to ne7t step
otheise, su"ta#t 900 '2 epeate$l) until the emain$e is less than 900
'2* 2a+e the #ount900 TEC2N=L=?@ 8
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1* If the num"e is less than 90 0A2, %o to ne7t step
otheise, su"ta#t 90 0A2 epeate$l) until the emain$e is less than 90
0A2* 2a+e the #ountten TEC2N=L=?@ 8
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M=/ A, B
M=/ B, 0A
DI/ A, B
INC DPTR
M=/ DPTR, A
INC DPTR
M=/ A, B
M=/ DPTR, A
2LT 6JMP 2LT
INPUT OUTPUT:
'500 D '509 95
'50 0
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10(B.8051 6 DECIMAL TO E9ADECIMAL CONVERSION
AIM:
To pefom $e#imal to he7a$e#imal #on+esion
AL/ORITM:
9* Loa$ the num"e to "e #on+ete$ in the a##umulato*
* 6epaate the hi%he o$e $i%it fom loe o$e*
1* Multipl) the hi%he o$e $i%it ") 90 an$ a$$ it ith the
loe o$e $i%it*
'* 6toe the esult in the spe#ifie$ memo) lo#ation*
RESULT:
The %i+en $e#imal num"e is #on+ete$ to he7a$e#imal num"e*
PRO/RAM:
M=/ DPTR, '500
M=/ A, DPTR
M=/ B, 0A
MUL A, B
M=/ B, AINC DPTR
M=/ A, DPTR
ADD A, B
INC DPTR
M=/ DPTR, A
2LT 6JMP 2LT
INPUT OUTPUT
'500 1 '509 9
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13. STEPPER MOTOR INTERACIN/ IT 8051
AIM:
To intefa#e a steppe moto ith 8059 mi#o#ontolle an$ opeate it*
TEOR:
A moto in hi#h the oto is a"le to assume onl) $is#ete stationa) an%ulaposition is a steppe moto* The ota) motion o##us in a step!ise manne fom onee-uili"ium position to the ne7t* 6teppe Motos ae use$ +e) isel) in position #ontols)stems li4e pintes, $is4 $i+es, po#ess #ontol ma#hine tools, et#*
The "asi# to!phase steppe moto #onsists of to pais of stato poles* Ea#h ofthe fou poles has its on in$in%* The e7#itation of an) one in$in% %eneates a NothPole* A 6outh Pole %ets in$u#e$ at the $iameti#all) opposite si$e* The oto ma%neti#
s)stem has to en$ fa#es* It is a pemanent ma%net ith one fa#e as 6outh Pole an$ theothe as Noth Pole*
The 6teppe Moto in$in%s A9, A, B9, B ae #)#li#all) e7#ite$ ith a DC#uent to un the moto in #lo#4ise $ie#tion* B) e+esin% the phase se-uen#e as A9,B, A, B9, anti#lo#4ise steppin% #an "e o"taine$*
!P2A6E 6ITC2IN? 6C2EMEIn this s#heme, an) to a$Oa#ent stato in$in%s ae ene%i3e$* The sit#hin%
s#heme is shon in the ta"le %i+en "elo* This s#heme po$u#es moe to-ue*
ANTICLOC TEC2N=L=?@ K0
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PRO/RAM :
Ar!++OPCODES
Label Comments
=R? '900h
'900 6TART M=/ DPTR, TABLE Loa$ the stata$$ess of sit#hin%s#heme $ata TABLEinto Data PointeDPTR
'901 M=/ R0, 0' Loa$ the #ount in R0
'905 L==P M=/ A, DPTR Loa$ the num"e inTABLE into A
'90 PU62 DP2 Push DPTR +alue to6ta#4'908 PU62 DPL
'90A M=/ DPTR, 0>>C0h Loa$ the Moto pota$$ess into DPTR
'90D M=/ DPTR, A 6en$ the +alue in Ato steppe Moto pota$$ess
'90E M=/ R', 0>>h Dela) loop to #ausea spe#ifi# amount oftime $ela) "efoene7t $ata item is sentto the Moto
'990 DELA@
M=/ R5, 0>>h
'99 DELA@9
DJN: R5, DELA@9
'99' DJN: R', DELA@
'99 P=P DPL P=P "a#4 DPTR+alue fom 6ta#4'998 P=P DP2
'99A INC DPTR In#ement DPTR topoint to ne7t item inthe ta"le
'99B DJN: R0, L==P De#ement R0, if not3eo epeat the loop
'99D 6JMP 6TART 6hot Oump to 6tatof the po%am toma4e the motootate #ontinuousl)
'99> TABLE DB 0K 05 0 0Ah /alues as pe to!phase sit#hin%s#heme
PROCEDURE:
Ente the a"o+e po%am statin% fom lo#ation '900*an$ e7e#ute the same* Thesteppe moto otates* /a)in% the #ount at R' an$ R5 #an +a) the spee$* Entein% the$ata in the loo4!up TABLE in the e+ese o$e #an +a) $ie#tion of otation*
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RESULT:
Thus a steppe moto as intefa#e$ ith 8059 an$ un in foa$ an$ e+ese$ie#tions at +aious spee$s*
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8059
8051
9* Rea$in% an$ itin% on a paallel pot*
9* itin% to a pot pin
6ETB P1*5 set pin 5 of pot 1M=/ P9, 'A2 sen$in% $ata 'A2 to pot 9 ! the "ina) patten on thepot ill "e 0900 9090M=/ P, A sen$ hate+e $ata is in the a##umulato to pot
* Rea$in% a pot pin
6ETB P9*0 initiali3e pin 0 of pot 9 as an input pinM=/ P, >>2 set all pins of pot as inputsM=/ C, P9*0 mo+e +alue on pin 0 of pot 9 to the #a)M=/ R1, P mo+e $ata on pot into R1
2. Timer in Different Modes
The "asi# 8059 has to on!#hip times that #an "e use$ fo timin% $uations o fo#ountin% e7tenal e+ents Inte+al timin% allos the po%amme to pefom opeations atspe#ifi# instants in time* >o e7ample, in ou LED flashin% po%am the LED as tune$on fo a spe#ifi# len%th of time an$ then tune$ off fo a spe#ifi# len%th of time* ea#hie+e$ this thou%h the use of time $ela)s* 6in#e the mi#o#ontolle opeates at aspe#ifi# fe-uen#), e #oul$ o4 out e7a#tl) ho man) iteations of the time $ela) asnee$e$ to %i+e us the $esie$ $ela)* 2oe+e, this is #um"esome an$ pone to eo*An$ thee is anothe $isa$+anta%e the CPU is o##upie$, steppin% thou%h the loops* Ife use the on!#hip times, the CPU #oul$ "e off $oin% somethin% moe useful hile thetimes ta4e on the menial tas4 of 4eepin% ta#4 of time*
The TimesV 6>Rs
The 8059 has to 9!"it times* The hi%h ")te fo time 9 T29 is at a$$ess 8D2 hilethe lo ")te TL9 is at 8B2 The hi%h ")te fo time 0 T20 is at 8C2 hile the lo")te TL0 is at 8A2*Both times #an "e use$ in a num"e of $iffeent mo$es* Thepo%amme sets the times to a spe#ifi# mo$e ") loa$in% the appopiate 8!"it num"einto the Time Mo$e Re%iste TM=D hi#h is at a$$ess 8K2*
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Time Mo$e Re%iste
The fun#tions of the 8!"its of TM=D ae $es#i"e$ in the a"o+e ta"le* The top fou "itsae fo time 9 an$ the "ottom fou "its ha+e the e7a#t same fun#tion "ut fo time 0* The?ate "its ae use$ in #onOun#tion ith inteupts an$ ill "e $ealt ith at a late sta%e*>o the moment e #an ta4e it that "its an$ 1 ae ala)s #leae$* As mentione$ a"o+e,the times #an "e use$ fo #ountin% e7tenal e+ents o fo timin% inte+als* If )ou ish thetime to "e an e+ent #ounte )ou set the #oespon$in% CT!"a "it* 6imilal), if )ou ish
it to "e an inte+al time )ou eset the #oespon$in% CT!"a "it* Thee ae to mo$e "itsM9 an$ M0 fo ea#h time* The ta"le "elo $es#i"es thei fun#tion
Thee ae fou time mo$es, set ") the "its M9 an$ M0* Mo$e 0 is not #ommonl) use$*
Mo$e 9 ! 9!"it mo$e
The hi%h ")te T27 is #as#a$e$ ith the lo ")te TL7 to po$u#e a 9!"it time* Thistime #ounts fom 00002 to >>>>2 ! it has 9 5,51 states* An o+eflo o##us$uin% the >>>>2 to 00002 tansition, settin% the o+eflo fla% to "e $ealt ith shotl)*
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Mo$e ! 8!"it auto!eloa$ mo$e
The time lo ")te TL7 opeates as an 8!"it time #ountin% to >>2 hile the hi%h!")te hol$s a eloa$ +alue* hen the time o+eflos fom >>2, athe than statin% a%ainfom 002, the +alue in T27 is loa$e$ into TL7 an$ the #ount #ontinues fom thee*
* 6eial #ommuni#ation implementationAll #ommuni#ation e ae $ealin% ith #an "e seial o paallel*In Paallel #ommuni#ation, $ata "ein% tansfee$ "eteen one lo#ation an$ anothe R0to the a##umulato, fo e7ample ta+el alon% the 8!"it $ata "us* Be#ause of this $ata "us,$ata ")tes #an "e mo+e$ a"out the mi#o#ontolle at hi%h spee$*2oe+e, paallel #ommuni#ation has the $isa$+anta%e of e-uiin% at least ei%ht sepaatelines in an 8!"it s)stem an$ in most #ases e7ta lines to s)n#honi3e the $ata tansfein the #ase of the mi#o#ontolle, the #ontol "us*6eial #ommuni#ation has the a$+anta%e of e-uiin% onl) one line fo the $ata, a se#on$line fo %oun$ an$ possi"l) a thi$ line fo the #lo#4* Theefoe, "e#ause seial#ommuni#ation e-uies less ph)si#al ies, it is moe suita"le fo tansmittin% $ata o+elon%e $istan#es*The o"+ious $isa$+anta%e of seial #ommuni#ation, #ompae$ ith paallel, is the
e$u#tion ine #oul$ sa) it ta4es 9us to tansfe a $ata ")te usin% paallel #ommuni#ation* If eima%ine thesame timefame fo $ata "its settlin% on the seial line, it oul$ ta4e 8us to tansfe a $ata")teusin% seial #ommuni#ation 9us fo ea#h "it*
S,%"hr#%#*+ S!ri') C#*%i"'ti#%
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6)n#honous seial #ommuni#ation e-uies an e7ta line fo the #lo#4 si%nal* >o seial#ommuni#ation, the 8!"it paallel $ata ")te must "e shifte$ $on the seial line intansmission*Theefoe, one "it is folloe$ ") anothe* 6ome 4in$ of s)stem must "e use$ to$etemine ho
lon% ea#h "it is on the line* >o e7ample, the seial s)stem $esi%ne ma) $e#i$e ea#h "it ill "eon the line fo 9us an$, as e7plaine$ a"o+e, tansmission of the full ei%ht "its oul$ ta4e 8us*ith s)n#honous #ommuni#ation, the #lo#4 si%nal is tansmitte$ on a sepaate line, as shon inthe $ia%am "elo
In this a), the e#ei+e is s)n#honi3e$ ith the tansmitte* As e shall see, the 8059 seialpot in mo$e 0 is an e7ample of s)n#honous seial #ommuni#ation*
As)n#honous 6eial Communi#ation
A %oo$ e7ample of as)n#honous seial #ommuni#ation is the intefa#e "eteen a 4e)"oa$ an$a #ompute* In this #ase, the 4e)"oa$ is the tansmitte an$ the #ompute is the e#ei+e* ithas)n#honous #ommuni#ation, a #lo#4 si%nal is not sent ith the $ata* Thee ae a num"e ofeasons h) this fom of #ommuni#ation mi%ht "e $esia"le o+e s)n#honous #ommuni#ation*=ne a$+anta%e is the fa#t that the ph)si#al line fo the #lo#4 is not nee$e$* Also, as)n#honous#ommuni#ation is "ette o+e lon% $istan#es* If e t) to s)n#honi3e a emote e#ei+e ")sen$in% the #lo#4 si%nal, $ue to popa%ation $ela)s an$ intefeen#e, the +ali$it) of the #lo#4 is
lost*
Anothe eason fo not tansmittin% the #lo#4 aises hen the $ata ate is eati#* >o e7ample,$ata ate fom a 4e)"oa$ to a #ompute is $epen$ent upon the t)pist* The use ma) t)pe at a ateof si7t) o$s pe minute, "ut at othe times heshe ma) t)pe a lot less* An$ fo lon% peio$sthee ma) "e no $ata sent at all* Be#ause of this eati# $ata ate an as)n#honous #ommuni#ations)stem is suita"le*
6eial Communi#ation Poto#ol
In an) #ommuni#ation s)stem, the e#ei+e must 4no hat 4in$ of $ata to e7pe#t an$ at hatate the $ata ill ai+e* In "oth s)n#honous an$ as)n#honous seial #ommuni#ation, thee#ei+e nee$s to 4no ith hi#h "it the tansmitte "e%ins* In most s)stems the L6B is the fist
"it tansmitte$* >o an as)n#honous s)stem, the num"e of "its tansmitte$ pe se#on$ must "e4non ") the e#ei+e* 6in#e the #lo#4 si%nal is not tansmitte$, the e#ei+e nee$s to 4no hat#lo#4 fe-uen#) the tansmitte is usin% so that it #an use the same* The e#ei+e also nee$s to
"ut e ill see #ases hee nine "its ae tansmitte$ pe o$* An$ the e#ei+e nee$s to 4nohee the $ata "e%ins an$ hee the $ata stops* All these paametes ma4e up the poto#ol* If thee#ei+e uses the same poto#ol as the tansmitte is shoul$ e#ei+e the $ata #oe#tl) althou%heos #an o##u an$ e ill loo4 at ho e #at#h these eos at a late $ate* If the e#ei+euses a poto#ol othe than the one use$ ") the tansmitte, then the to $e+i#es ae effe#ti+el)spea4in% to $iffeent lan%ua%es an$ the $ata e#ei+e$ ill "e %a"a%e*
6tat Bits an$ 6top Bits
In as)n#honous #ommuni#ation, at least to e7ta "its ae tansmitte$ ith the $ata o$ a stat"it an$ a stop "it* Theefoe, if the tansmitte is usin% an 8!"it s)stem, the a#tual num"e of "itsTheefoe, hen no $ata is "ein% sent the $ata line is #ontinuousl) 2I?2* The e#ei+e aits fo
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a 9 to 0 tansition* In othe o$s, it aaits a tansition fom the stop "it no $ata to the stat "itlo%i# 0* =n#e this tansition o##us the e#ei+e 4nos a $ata ")te ill follo* 6in#e it 4nosthe $ata ate "e#ause it is $efine$ in the poto#ol it uses the same #lo#4 as fe-uen#) as thatuse$ ") the tansmitte an$ ea$s the #oe#t num"e of "its an$ stoes them in a e%iste* >oe7ample, if the poto#ol $etemines the o$ si3e as ei%ht "its, on#e the e#ei+e sees a stat "it itea$s the ne7t ei%ht "its an$ pla#es them in a "uffe* =n#e the $ata o$ has "een ea$ the
e#ei+e #he#4s to see if the ne7t "it is a stop "it, si%nif)in% the en$ of the $ata* If the ne7t "it isnot lo%i# 9 then somethin% ent on% ith the tansmission an$ the e#ei+e $umps the $ata* Ifthe stop "it as e#ei+e$ the e#ei+e aits fo the ne7t $ata o$, ie it aits fo a 9 to 0tansition
The 8059 6eial PotThe 8059 in#lu$es an on!#hip seial pot that #an "e po%amme$ to opeate in one of fou$iffeent mo$es an$ at a an%e of fe-uen#ies* In seial #ommuni#ation the $ata is ate is 4nonas the "au$ ate, hi#h simpl) means the num"e of "its tansmitte$ pe se#on$* In the seial potmo$es that allo +aia"le "au$ ates, this "au$ ate is set ") time 9*The 8059 seial pot is full $uple7* In othe o$s, it #an tansmit an$ e#ei+e $ata at the sametime* The "lo#4 $ia%am a"o+e shos ho this is a#hie+e$* If )ou loo4 at the memo) map )ouill noti#e at lo#ation KK2 the seial "uffe spe#ial fun#tion e%iste 6BU>* Unli4e an) othee%iste in the 8059, 6BU> is in fa#t to $istin#t e%istes ; the ite!onl) e%iste an$ the ea$!onl) e%iste* Tansmitte$ $ata is sent out fom the ite!onl) e%iste hile e#ei+e$ $ata isstoe$ in the ea$!onl) e%iste* Thee ae to sepaate $ata lines, one fo tansmission TDan$ one fo e#eption RD* Theefoe, the seial pot #an "e tansmittin% $ata $on the TDline hile it is at the same time e#ei+in% $ata on the RD line*The TD line is pin 99 of the mi#o#ontolle P1*9 hile the RD line is on pin 90 P1*0*Theefoe, e7tenal a##ess to the seial pot is a#hie+e$ ") #onne#tin% to these pins* >o e7ample,if )ou ante$ to #onne#t a 4e)"oa$ to the seial pot )ou oul$ #onne#t the tansmit line of the4e)"oa$ to pin 90 of the 8059* If )ou ante$ to #onne#t a $ispla) to the seial pot )ou oul$#onne#t the e#ei+e line of the $ispla) to pin 99 of the 8059* This is $etaile$ in the $ia%am
"elo*
Tansmittin% an$ Re#ei+in% Data
Essentiall), the Oo" of the seial pot is to #han%e paallel $ata into seial $ata fo tansmissionan$ to #han%e e#ei+e$ seial $ata into paallel $ata fo use ithin the mi#o#ontolle*!6eial tansmission is #han%in% paallel $ata to seial $ata*! 6eial e#eption is #han%in% seial $ata into paallel $ata! Both ae a#hie+e$ thou%h the use of shift e%istes*
As $is#usse$ ealie, s)n#honous #ommuni#ation e-uies the #lo#4 si%nal to "e sent alon%ith the $ata hile as)n#honous #ommuni#ation e-uies the use of stop "its an$ stat "its*2oe+e, the po%amme ishin% to use the 8059 nee$ not o) a"out su#h thin%s* Totansmit $ata alon% the seial line )ou simpl) ite to the seial "uffe an$ to a##ess $atae#ei+e$ on the seial pot )ou simpl) ea$ $ata fom the seial "uffe*
>o e7ample
!M=/ 6BU>, '52 ! this sen$s the ")te '52 $on the seial line!M=/ A, 6BU> ! this ta4es hate+e $ata as e#ei+e$ ") the seial pot an$ puts it inthe a##umulato*
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2o $o e 4no hen the #omplete $ata ")te has "een sentHAs mentione$ ealie, it ta4es a #etain len%th of time fo a $ata ")te to "e tansmitte$ $onthe seial line $etemine$ ") the "au$ ate* If e sen$ $ata to 6BU> an$ then imme$iatel)sen$ moe $ata to 6BU>, as shon "elo, the initial #haa#te ill "e o+eitten "efoe itAs mentione$ ealie, it ta4es a #etain len%th of time fo a $ata ")te to "e tansmitte$ $onthe seial line $etemine$ ") the "au$ ate* If e sen$ $ata to 6BU> an$ then imme$iatel)
sen$ moe $ata to 6BU>, as shon "elo, the initial #haa#te ill "e o+eitten "efoe it
As mentione$ ealie, it ta4es a #etain len%th of time fo a $ata ")te to "e tansmitte$ $onthe seial line $etemine$ ") the "au$ ate* If e sen$ $ata to 6BU> an$ then imme$iatel)sen$ moe $ata to 6BU>, as shon "elo, the initial #haa#te ill "e o+eitten "efoe itas #ompletel) shifte$ $on the line*
JNB RI, ait fo an entie ")te to "e e#ei+e$CLR RI the e#ei+e inteupt fla% is set ") ha$ae "ut must "e #leae$ ") softaeM=/ A, 6BU> mo+e the $ata stoe$ in the ea$!onl) "uffe to the a##umulato
!M=/ 6BU>, 12!M=/ 6BU>, 52
Theefoe, e must ait fo the entie ")te to "e sent "efoe e sen$ anothe* The seial pot#ontol e%iste 6C=N #ontains a "it hi#h alets us to the fa#t that a ")te has "eentansmitte$ ie the tansmit inteupt fla% TI is set ") ha$ae on#e an entie ")te has "eentansmitte$ $on the line* 6in#e 6C=N is "it!a$$essa"le e #an test this "it an$ ait until itis set, as shon "elo
M=/ 6BU>, 12 sen$ the fist ")te $on the seial lineJNB TI, ait fo the entie ")te to "e sentCLR TI the tansmit inteupt fla% is set ") ha$ae "ut must "e #leae$ ") softaeM=/ 6BU>, 52 sen$ the se#on$ ")te $on the seial line
2o $o e 4no hen $ata has "een e#ei+e$H
6imilal), e nee$ to 4no hen an entie ")te has "een e#ei+e$ ") the seial pot* Anothe"it in 6C=N, the e#ei+e inteupt fla% RI is set ") ha$ae hen an entie ")te is e#ei+e$") the seial pot* The #o$e "elo shos ho )ou oul$ po%am the #ontolle to ait fo$ata to "e e#ei+e$ an$ to then mo+e that $ata into the a##umulato*
6R INTERNATI=NAL IN6TITUTE => TEC2N=L=?@ K8
8/13/2019 Final Mpmc Lab Manual1
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ECE DEPARTMENT MP&MC LAB MANUAL