Final Made Project

APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION

BY: Hamid Yaghoubi (Director of Japan Maglev Technology)

( [email protected])

Abstract :

Magnetic Levitation is a technology that has been experimented with intensely over the past couple decades. It wasn’t until the last ten years when scientists began to develop systems that would use magnetic levitation as a means of transport. This paper outlines the methods behind magnetic levitation, as well as the technologies implemented using the levitation. The implementation of a large-scale transportation system using magnetic levitation has huge social as well as economical effects. These aspects are looked at in a number of situations to see if the effort in producing a system using magnets is worth the time and effort in researching. Some forces in this world are almost invisible to the naked eye and most people throughout the world do not even know they exist. On one side you could say that some of these forces are abstract feelings inside of a human being that have been given names from man. These forces could be things like emotion, guilt, and even ecstasy. On the other side you have solid concrete principles of how the world works. These too have been given names by man, but these principles are not abstract and have solid ground in science. These different principles are things like gravity, electricity, and magnetism. Magnetism has been a part of the earth since the beginning whether people realize it or not. It is due to the magnetism of the earth that the world spins and thus creates things like gravity. The magnetism is created by the processes within the core of the earth. The earth’s iron-ore core has a natural spinning motion to it inside which creates a natural magnetic force that is held constant over the earth. This creates magnetic forces that turn the earth into a large bar magnet. The creation of North and South poles on the earth are due to this field.

From this magnetic field, we see things such as the aurora borealis. This is a small electromagnetic storm in the atmosphere which creates a display for all to see. Not only does magnetism provide us with amazing natural displays, but it also provides for us amazing applications to society. One of these applications is magnetic levitation. Magnetic levitation uses the concept of a magnets natural repulsion to poles of the same kind. This repulsion has been harnessed and controlled

in an environment to help create a system of transportation that is both economically sound and faster then most methods of transportation at this point.

In 1965 the Department of Commerce established the High Speed Ground Transportation Act. Most early work on developing Maglev technology was developed during this time. The earliest work was carried out by the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ford, Stanford Research Institute, Rohr Industries, Boeing Aerospace Co., and the Garrett Corporation. In the United States, though, the work ended in 1975 with the termination of Federal Funding for high-speed ground transportation and research. It was at that time when the Japanese and German developers continued their research and therefore came out with the first test tracks.

In 1990, legislative action directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to implement and prepare a plan for a National Maglev program. The Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Energy (DOE), and the Army Corp developed what is know as the National Maglev Initiative which was a two year 25 million dollar program to assess the engineering, economic, environmental and safety aspects of Maglev. Maglev trains move more smoothly and more quietly than wheeled mass transit systems. They are relatively unaffected by weather. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of its overall energy consumption; most goes to overcome drag, as with other high-speed transport. Maglev trains hold the speed record for rail transport. Vacuum tube train systems might allow maglev trains to attain still higher speeds, though no such vacuum tubes have been built commercially yet.

Introduction:

The name maglev is derived from Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. It has various cases, including clean energy (small and huge wind turbines: at home, office, industry, etc.), building facilities (fan), transportation systems (magnetically levitated train, Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), etc.), weapon (gun, rocketry), nuclear engineering (the centrifuge of nuclear reactor), civil engineering (elevator), advertising (levitating everything considered inside or above various frames can be selected), toys (train, levitating spacemen over the space ship, etc.), stationery (pen) and so on. The common point in all these applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction. This increases efficiency, reduce maintenance costs and increase the useful life of the system. The magnetic levitation technology can be used as a highly advanced and efficient technology in the various industrial. There are already many countries that are attracted to maglev systems. Many systems have been proposed in different parts of the worlds, and a number of corridors have been selected and researched. Maglev can be conveniently considered as a solution for the future needs of the world. This research chapter tries to study the most important uses of magnetic levitation technology.

Keywords: Maglev, Magnetic levitation, Technology, Levitation, Suspension, Practical Applications

History of Magletic levitation:

In Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Jonathan Swift described the maglev island of Laputa, which was capable of achieving levitation heights of several kilometers. In Dick Tracy and Spiderman comics, magnetic levitation also achieved considerable heights. In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw, an English clergyman and scientist, proved another important limitation of magnetic levitation. He showed that stable contact-free levitation by forces between static magnets alone was impossible; the levitated part would be unstable to displacements in at least one direction.

In march 1912 ,engineer and inventor Emile Bachelot had just learned he had been granted a US patent for his “Levitated Transmitting Apparatus “,and he gave a public demonstration in New York of a model maglev train, with the hopes of exciting investors with the promise of high-speed ground transportation in New York of a model maglev train, with the hopes of exciting investors with the promise of high-speed ground transportation.

One of the first major applications of magnetic levitation was in supporting airplane models in wind tunnels. Researchers had found that mechanical support structures sometimes interfere with airflow enough to produce more drag than the drag force on the model. The solution developed by Gene Covert and his MIT colleagues in the 1950s was magnetic levitation (although they called it a “magnetic suspension and balance system”). Another means of using a moving magnet to circumvent Earnshaw’s rule and achieve full levitation is to move the magnet in the presence of an electrical conductor, thereby inducing eddy currents in the conductor and associated repulsive forces on the magnet. This is the basis of the electrodynamic approach to maglev trains proposed by James Powell and Gordon Danby in the 1960s and developed most extensively by Japan National Railway. Strong superconducting electromagnets on the cars induce eddy currents in the conducting track that produce levitation once the cars reach sufficient speed. Levitation via induction and eddy-current repulsion can also be achieved with AC fields. This was the basis of the maglev train promoted in 1912 by Bachelet. One important industrial application of levitation via induction and AC fields is levitation melting, which allows the melting and mixing of very reactive metals without the need for a crucible.

In 1983, Roy Harrigan received a patent for a “levitation device” that consisted of a small spinning magnet floating above a large base magnet, and Bill Hones of Fascinations, Inc., later developed Harrigan’s idea into a successful commercial product called the Levitron. As with the rotor of the electric meter, the spinning magnet of the Levitron was pushed upward by the repulsion forces between like poles. But it floated fully contact-free, getting around Earnshaw’s rule because it was not a static magnet – it was spinning. At first glance, it seems that it is simple gyroscopic action that keeps the spinning magnet from tipping over, but detailed mathematical analysis by several prominent scientists soon showed that the stability of the Levitron

is a bit more complicated than that.

In the 1930s, German scientists demonstrated levitation of highly diamagnetic graphite and bismuth, and after the development of high-field superconducting electromagnets, levitation of even much weaker diamagnets like water, wood, and plastic was accomplished. This was little noticed until 1997, when Andre Geim and colleagues used a 16-tesla superconducting magnet to magnetically levitate a small living frog, their “flying frog” finally drawing worldwide attention to the wonder of diamagnetic levitation. (Geim, winner of a 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for research on graphene, was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize ten years earlier for frog levitation, an award he and co-recipient Sir Michael Berry accepted with a call for “more science with a smile.”) Superconductors are much more diamagnetic than frogs, and even much more diamagnetic than graphite and bismuth. They are super-diamagnets. Levitation of a permanent magnet above a superconductor was first demonstrated by V. Arkadiev in 1945, and the levitation of magnets above superconductors became much easier and more common after the 1987 discovery of high-temperature superconductors, materials superconducting at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Magnetic bearings based on repulsive forces between permanent magnets and high-temperature superconductors have been developed for a number of potential applications, including energy-storage flywheels and model maglev trains (carrying nitrogen-cooled superconductors on cars floating above permanent-magnet tracks).

Jane Philbrick, a visiting artist at MIT, designed and built her “Floating Sculpture,” an arresting array of twelve large levitated balls that became a prominent part of her solo exhibition at a Swedish art museum in 2009 and was on view in New York City in spring 2011.

The technology most commonly associated with the term maglev in the mind of the general public is high-speed maglev trains, first proposed a century ago by Bachelet. About twenty years later, Werner Kemper of Germany proposed a train magnetically levitated by a feedback-controlled

attractive force, and after many decades of development, his idea eventually evolved into the

Transrapid system used in the Shanghai maglev train in 2003.

Japan National Railway remains committed to construction of a roughly 300-km high-speed maglev line between Tokyo and Nagoya by about 2025. A basic design similar to the Kemper-Transrapid approach was used to construct a low-speed “urban maglev” at Nagoya that has been in successful operation since 2005, and China is currently building a similar urban line in Beijing. The advantage of low-speed urban maglev is a smooth, quiet, safe, reliable, cost-effective (low maintenance and operating costs) ride. Therefore, Bachelet’s 1912 dreams of “carloads of passengers whizzing on invisible waves of electro-magnetism through space anywhere from 300 to 1,000 miles an hour” is being achieved.

Magnetic levitation, the use of upward magnetic forces to balance the pervasive downward force of gravity, has already found many other important uses in science and technology. Maglev today helps circulate blood in human chests, manufactures integrated circuits with multi-million-dollar photolithography systems, measures fine dimensions with sub-atomic resolution, enhances wind-tunnel and plasma research, melts and mixes reactive high-temperature metals, simulates the sense of touch in haptics systems, cools our laptop computers, enriches uranium and other isotopes in centrifuges, stores energy in spinning flywheels, and floats spinning rotors with low friction in countless rotating machines around the world. The future of maglev remains very bright. Fighting the forces of gravity and friction is one of the things that magnets do best (Livingston, 2011).

Magnetic Levitation technology:

Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended in the air with no support other than magnetic fields. The fields are used to reverse or counteract the gravitational pull and any other counter accelerations. Maglev can create frictionless, efficient, far-out-sounding technologies. The principle of magnetic levitation has been known for over 100 years, when American scientists Robert Goddard and Emile Bachelet first conceived of frictionless trains. But though magnetically-levitated trains have been the focus of much of the worldwide interest in maglev, the technology is not limited to train travel (Yaghoubi et al., 2012- Transportation Engineering (Magnetically Levitated Trains, Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), etc.) - Environmenal Engineering (Wind Turbines)

Applications of Magnetic Levitation Technology:

- Aerospace Engineering (Spacecraft, Rocket, etc.) - Military Weapons Engineering (Rocket, Gun, etc.) - Nuclear Engineering (Centrifuge) - Civil Engineering and Building Facilities (Bearing, Elevator, Lift, Fan, Compressor, Chiller, Pump, Gas Pump, etc.)

- Biomedical Engineering (Heart Pump, etc.) - Chemical Engineering (Analyzing Foods and Beverages, etc.) - Electrical Engineering (Magnet, etc.) -- Architectural Engineering and Household Appliances (Lamp, Chair, Sofa, Bed, Washing Machine, etc.) - Automotive Engineering (Car, etc.)

Fig : Magnetic levitation eleavator

Origin of magnetic levitation:

Magnetic levitation is the use of magnetic fields to levitate a (usually) metallic object. Manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces can levitate an object.

In this process an object is suspended above another with no other support but magnetic fields.

The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of gravitation. But it has also been proved that it is not possible to levitate using static, macroscopic, `classical' electromagnetic fields.The forces acting on an object in any combination of gravitational, electrostatic, and magnetostatic fields will make the object's position unstable.

The reason a permanent magnet suspended above another magnet is unstable is because the levitated magnet will easily overturn and the force will become attractive. If the levitated magnet is rotated, the gyroscopic forces can prevent the magnet from overturning.

Several possibilities exist to make levitation viable.It is possible to levitate superconductors and other diamagnetic materials, which magnetise in the opposite sense to a magnetic field in which they are placed.

A superconductor is perfectly diamagnetic which means it expels a magnetic field (Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect). Other diamagnetic materials are commonplace and can also be levitated in a magnetic field if it is

strong enough.Diamagnetism is a very weak form of magnetism that is only exhibited in the presence of an external magnetic field.

The induced magnetic moment is very small and in a direction opposite to that of the applied field. When placed between the poles of a strong electromagnet, diamagnetic materials are attracted towards regions where the magnetic field is weak.

Diamagnetism can be used to levitate light pieces of pyrolytic graphite or bismuth above a moderately strong permanent magnet. As water is predominantly diamagnetic, this property has been used to levitate water droplets and even live animals, such as a grasshopper and a frog.

Superconductors are perfect diamagnets and when placed in an external magnetic field expel the field lines from their interiors (better than a diamagnet). The magnet is held at a fixed distance from the superconductor or vice versa. This is the principle in place behind EDS (electrodynamic suspension) maglev trains. The EDS system relies on superconducting magnets.

Superconductors produce a supercurrent that creates a perfect mirror of a constant magnets poles. This mirror provides the magnet with a stable repulsion that causes the magnet to levitate called the Meissner effect. The superconductor, in order to have zero electrical resistance, must be cooled in liquid nitrogen. Without resistance the superconductor is able to mirror the constant magnet almost instantly. This allows the magnet to be able to spin, wobble, or bounce without the magnet shooting away or slamming to the ground

Applying a voltage across a wire leads to an electric current in the wire. This electrical current has an analogy with a disk sliding down a board of organized pegs (Fig. 8) made famous in the popular game "Plinko" seen on the game show The Price-is-Right. The moving disk is analogous to an electron moving through a lattice o of ions (the pegs). The gravitational pull on the disk when the board is

tilted (which leads to the disk falling through the array of pegs) is analogous to applying a voltage difference to move electrons through a material.

Fig :A Sample of superconductor

As the disk falls through the array, the disk scatters off the pegs and slows down, in analogy with the way that electrons scatter off the ions in a material. The electron scattering events lead to a resistivity - an intrinsic property of the material related to the frequency of these scattering events which resist the flow of the electrons. Now, if we remove all the pegs, the disk will fall unimpeded. This unimpeded flow is exactly analogous to what happens when a material becomes superconducting - electrons no longer scatter. Some materials become superconducting below a critical temperature TC, which is different for each material. A material which becomes superconducting below a certain temperature TC has a resistivity which goes to zero below TC, and electrons flow unimpeded.

A second salient feature of superconductivity involves magnetic behavior known as the Meissner effect. When a magnetic field is applied over a superconductor at temperatures above TC, magnetic field lines penetrate directly through the material just as magnetic fields penetrate through any standard material such as paper or copper. However, when the material is cooled through TC and enters the superconducting state, magnetic field lines are expelled from the superconducting material (assuming a small enough magnetic field strength) (Fig. 10). This is what is known as the Meissner effect. Although the initial resistive properties of superconductors were discovered in 1911, the Meissner effect was not discovered until years later in 1933 by Meissner and Oschenfeld.

Fig: Magnetic field lines penetrate through a superconductor at a temperature above its critical superconducting transition temperature (T > TC). b) When the superconductor is cooled below its critical transition temperature (T < TC), magnetic field lines are expelled from the interior of the superconductor due to the Meissner Effect.

A form of maglev called Diamagnetic levitation can be used to levitate light materials, water droplets and even live animals. It has been used to

succesfully levitate a frog in 2000. The magnetic fields required for this are very high, typically in the range of 16 tesla.

The Meissner effect corresponds to perfect diamagnetism for small enough magnetic fields. Diamagnetism is a property of many materials; when an external magnetic field is applied to a diamagnetic material, the diamagnetic material sets up its own internal magnetic field to partially cancel the externally applied field.

The diamagnetic properties of water have been shown through impressive demonstrations where strawberries and frogs have been levitated in air above strong magnets. Application of Magnetic levitation technology:

MAGLEV (Magnetically levitated trains):Among useful usages of magnetic levitation technologies, the most important usage is in operation of magnetically levitated trains. Maglev trains are undoubtedly the most advanced vehicles currently available to railway industries. Maglev is the first fundamental innovation in the field of railroad technology since the invention of the railroad. Magnetically levitated train is a highly modern vehicle. Maglev vehicles use non-contact magnetic levitation, guidance and propulsion systems and have no wheels, axles and transmission. Contrary to traditional railroad vehicles, there is no direct physical contact between maglev vehicle and its guideway. These vehicles move along magnetic fields that are established between the vehicle and its guideway. Conditions of no mechanical contact and no friction provided by such technology makes it feasible to reach higher speeds of travel attributed to such trains. Manned maglev vehicles have recorded speed of travel equal to 581km/hr. The replacement of mechanical components by wear-free electronics overcomes the technical restrictions of wheel-on-rail technology. Application of magnetically levitated trains has attracted numerous transportation industries throughout the world. Magnetically levitated trains are the most recent advancement in railway engineering specifically in transportation industries. Maglev trains can be conveniently considered as a solution for transportation needs of the current time as well as future needs of the world. There is variety of designs for maglev systems and engineers keep

revealing new ideas about such systems. Many systems have been proposed in different parts of the worlds, and a number of corridors have been selected and researched (Yaghoubi, 2008).

Fig :Maglev track and Japanese high-speed maglev train(inside).

Magnetic Bearings:Magnetic levitation is not just for far-out technologies; it is already being used in down-to-earth applications. Industrial equipment such as pumps, generators, motors, and compressors use levitation to support moving machinery without physical contact. The same bearings used to support maglev trains are used in electric power generation, petroleum refining, machine-tool operation, and natural gas pipelines. These bearings also eliminate the need for lubrication, which is important in machines where lubricants can be a source of contamination, or in evacuated tubes where lubrication would fail. Magnetic bearings tend to be complex and custom-tailored to the machine. These low-friction parts could play increasingly important roles in industrial applications.

Magnetic bearings use magnetic fields to levitate spinning rotors and other components. Consequently there is no contact, essentially zero friction or drag, and no wear. Magnetic bearings are used in energy storage flywheels to enable ultra high-speed operation in a vacuum, in blood pumps to enhance reliability and biocompatibility, and in machine tool spindles for research and in micro-positioning. Magnetic bearings are designed using electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Electromagnet-based bearings are referred to as Active Magnetic Bearings. Coil currents are feedback controlled in order to accomplish stable levitation. This feedback control enables active damping of rotor vibration and very stiff support at the cost of sensors and the electronic control system. The maximum load of active magnetic bearings is limited by the saturation flux density of the iron used. A common rule of thumb for load is 100 psi times the cross sectional journal area in square inches. Thus for a 2 inch diameter bearing occupying 2 inches axially on a rotor, the peak load is approximately 400 lbs. The load can be increased significantly through design optimization and the use of cobalt-based ferrous materials. Permanent magnet bearings are comprised of cylindrical arrays of permanent magnets. Permanent magnet bearings are compact and inexpensive, but they have roughly half the load capability (50 psi times the cross sectional journal area in square inches).

At additional cost, Halbach arrays can be used in permanent magnet bearings to increase the load capability to about 90 psi. Permanent magnet bearings have little inherent damping, are lower in stiffness than active bearings, and are unstable in the axial direction. The axial instability is usually controlled with an active magnetic bearing as in design for blood pumps.

Maglev Wind Turbine :

Standard wind turbines convert only 1 percent of wind energy into usable power, and part of that glaring inefficiency stems from the loss of energy due to friction as the turbine spins. Researchers at the Guangzhou Energy Research Institute have estimated that magnetically levitated turbines could boost wind energy generation by as much as 20 percent over traditional turbines. The researchers proposed using a

colossal turbine with vertical blades that are suspended above the base of the turbine using neodymium magnets. Because the moving parts would not touch, the turbines would be virtually frictionless and could capture energy from winds as slow as 1.5 meters (5 feet) per second. Maglev turbines could lower the price of wind energy to less than 5 cents per kilowatt-hour, which is on par with coal-generated electricity and only about half the typical cost of wind power. The researchers say that a 1-gigawatt maglev turbine may require 100 acres of land, but it could supply electricity to 750,000 homes. In comparison, it would cost much more to build a wind farm of similar capacity using traditional turbines, and it would require 64,000 acres of land to house the 1000 turbines.

Fig : Maglev Turbine

Maglev Fan:The maglev fan provides superior performance, low noise and long life. By using magnetic levitation forces, these fans feature zero friction with no contact between shaft and bearing. With excellent rotational stability, the maglev fan eliminates vibration and typical wobble and shaking typically experienced in fan motors. The maglev fan also provides excellent high temperature endurance that results in long life. And, the maglev fan models also feature all-plastic manufacture of major items for optimal insulation resistance and electrostatic discharge (ESD) performance. The maglev fan offers a true solution to equipment and systems cooling, with the promise of lower cost of ownership and long service life. The maglev fan overcomes the problems of noise, abrasion, and short service life that beset traditional fan motors. The maglev

motor fan features zero friction and no contact between the shaft and bearing during operation. The maglev fan design is based on magnetic principles and forces that not only propel the fan but also ensure stable rotation over its entire 360 degrees of movement. Utilizing the attraction of the magnetic levitation force, maglev eliminates the wobbling and shaking problems of traditional motor fans. With this new technology, the maglev fan propeller is suspended in air during rotation so that the shaft and bearing do not come into direct contact with each other to create friction. The result is a new and improved fan with a low noise level, high temperature endurance, and long life.

Maglev fans can be used in various industries and products that require high-level heat transfer, such as notebook computers, servers, projectors, and stereo systems. Traditional fans apply the principle of like-pole repulsion to rotate. But with no control exerted over blade trajectory, the fan blades tend to produce irregular shuddering and vibrations. After long-term use, the shaft will cause severe abrasion on the bearings, distorting them into a horn shape. The worn-out fan then starts to produce mechanical noises and its life-time is shortened. The unique feature of the maglev fan is that the path of the fan blades during operation is magnetically controlled. The result is that the shaft and bearing have no direct contact during operation and so experience no friction no matter how the fan is oriented. This means that the characteristic abrasion noises of worn-out components are not produced and also allows a service life of 50,000 hours or even longer at room temperature.

Fig : Maglev fan

In the traditional DC brush-less fan motor design, the impeller rotor (simply called Rotor) by means of a shaft which extended through the bore of oil-impregnanted bearing, or Sleeve bearing, pivotally

held in the center position of motor stator. A suitable air gap was maintained between the rotor and the stator. Of course, there must be gap between shaft and bearing bore, otherwise, the shaft would be tight-locked and unable to rotate. The stator assembly (stator) after connected to power supply will generate induced magnet flux between rotor and stator.

Compresser,Chiller,Pump,Gas pump:Maglev chillers, geothermal heat pumps, etc. cost effectively maximize energy savings while reducing the environmental impact of air conditioning systems in existing facilities.

Fig: Maglev compresser and Maglev chiller Maglev Gas pump

The adixen ATP 2300 M is a 5 active axis maglev turbomolecular pump

Its pumping capacity, above 1750 l/s in H2, make it suitable for the HDPCVD Dielectric and Ion Implant applications. Features include low level of vibration, high compacity (less than 300 mm high), and a low power consumption

Maglev Elevator :Instead of wheels and rails, the maglev elevator will use magnetic forces for movement. This translates into quieter, smoother, and a more comfortable ride no matter the direction. It can travel up to 984 feet/minute, a number that is relatively slower when compared to standard lifts.

The basic difference between a mechanical or a hydraulic elevator and a Maglev elevator is that it is based on electromagnetic suspension. Two electromagnetic systems will be used in the maglev elevator. One system of axial wires and circular coils attached to the elevator will counteract the effect of gravity, suspending the elevator. The coils would be repelled by the wires thus ensuring higher stability (making sure that the coils don’t hit against the wire). The coils would have a surface current going radially outwards on which the force would act in the vertical direction. These coils would be strongly connected to the capsule, thus levitating the capsule. Another system of ElectroDynamic Suspension (EDS) (only the motion part) would be used to move the elevator up or down. The principle of the motion is that there will be electromagnet coils on the undercarriage of the elevator and also on the outer frame. These coils will attract or repel (as per the relative position of the elevator) the capsule, thus culminating in motion. The relative position of the electromagnets and the capsule would be calculated using IR proximity detectors, whose output would be fed to the control system, which will regulate the direction of current in the outer electromagnets, thus achieving attraction or repulsion. The lift would also have buffer zones at the bottom and the top which will have a very high perpetual repelling magnetic field thus ensuring the safety of the elevator.

Fig: Motion system of the elevator

There is less friction due to no contact between the pulley and the suspension rope. Therefore higher speeds can be attained, which is useful in tall skyscrapers. Also the power required for the elevator would be reduced. Due to the use of electromagnetism , the elevator can have a higher weight to power ration than a normal elevator. The safety system using electric buffers would be a failsafe. Such a design would be better suited to electrical 21st century than a mechanical elevator.In a normal elevator, the power provided from the source would be required to do two kinds of work. The first would be the work required to raise the elevator (or retard it) and the second would be the work done against friction. In maglev elevator, the power from the source is not wasted upon friction, which minimizes losses. As the working of the elevator is based on the principle laws of electromagnetism (creation of magnetic field due to current, force on a conductor due to magnetic field), the elevator design can be practically attained and is feasible.

Moreover, the construction of the elevator (exterior frames and the capsule) would be difficult but quite possible within the timeframe.

Fig : Magnetic elevation elevator

Maglev Cars:This futuristic Citroen Maglev race car concept is part of the industrial designer’s research to develop a race car that you can drive outside the race track. Considering by the time we reach 2030 most cars would be electric, this race car is also designed to be totally electric with ultra light body material. The driver seat is located at the center of this three-wheeled futuristic vehicle, the lower center gravity will avoid accidental roll over at high speed.

Fig: Maglev Car

Fig: Futuristic Citroen maglev race car

Nissan iV is perhaps the most serious bid for victory in LA Design Challenge. The project implemented by a team of 13 people headed by Alfonso Albeysoy (head of Nissan Design America), and about all his fancy, well-designed. Body Nissan iV will be grown on beds – an idea similar to the offer designers Mercedes-Benz, but more elaborate. Body panels will create the fastest growing of GMO ivy, “spud” nanorobots. Twisted and hardened saliva spider plant is a natural composite material, ultra-light and very durable. Cap Cab nissanovtsy want to make out again super lightweight material (99% lighter than glass), while possessing the properties of solar batteries. Flat bio-batteries will provide Nissan iV reserve of 1200 miles (1930 km), and the technology of supercapacitors will recover 60% of the consumed energy.

Nissan’s patented concentric wheel without the hub, not only do their direct role – roll, but also include elements of the steering and suspension. In the node based on the principle of magnetic levitation. Security System Safety Shield, which came up for Nissan iV, uses the principles of fish behavior in a flock, so that developers are hoping to completely avoid accidents and reduce the weight of the machine, since the passive elements were not needed.

Fig: Nisaan iv maglev car

Maglev Room :The maglev room is an interactive art experiment proposed and created by Sean Bennett. The room is painted white and is completely empty except for the levitating object/s. Inside the walls of the room are a series of ceramic yttrium based superconductors set up in a grid pattern. These superconductors can be moved left, right, up, and down in order to move the objectThe room is filled with over 100 three inch neodymium magnetic balls that are levitated and moved around the room by the superconductors. Neodymium magnets are a type of rare-earth magnet known to be the most powerful type of permanent magnets.

Fig : Maglev room

Maglev lamp :Maglev lamps are extremely low in power consumption. To levitate and illuminate, the lamps are packed with futuristic electromagnetic components and LEDs. This lamp can be dimmed but never ignored.Among all the many possible uses of maglev technology the home gadgets stand out, mainly for being affordable. At €995 you can get a hold of a maglev lamp which does give light just as an ordinary lamp, except maybe for the LED lights, and is functioning probably as your most technologically advanced decoration. The lamp is slashed into two parts, the top part surreally floating above the bottom part due to the electromagnetic components. This Angela Jansen designed lamp is the combination of past and future. The design takes styling cues from old fashioned lamps, but the technology involved brings it to the future. The lamp comes in two shapes, ‘Silhouette’ and ‘Eclipse’, one seems to have been already sold out. The power consumption cut to minimal, 3W if only the levitation is on, and 15W if the LED’s come alive as well. Until maglev trains are running all over the world, there are a few toys like this maglev lamp to play with.

Fig: Maglev lamp

Maglev city : Our planet can be a crowded, polluted, crazy place. But a new design concept proposes that we rise above it all, literally, by moving to a magnetically levitated island in the sky, complete with green forests, mountains, and urban centers. The concept, called Heaven and Earth, was created by Chinese architect Wei Zhao and won an honorable mention in eVolo's 2012 Skyscraper Competition. Zhao has proposed that the massive donut-shaped platform could hold magnets on its underside that would repulse the earth's magnetic field to hold the island aloft. The floating platform would rotate, generating energy as it spins and theoretically fueling a completely sustainable society.

Fig: Maglev cityConclusion:

The name maglev is derived from Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. It has various cases, including clean energy (small and huge wind turbines: at home, office, industry, etc.), building facilities (fan), transportation systems (magnetically levitated train, Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), etc.), weapon (gun, rocketry), nuclear engineering (the centrifuge of nuclear reactor), civil engineering (elevator), advertising (levitating everything considered inside or above various frames can be selected), toys (train, levitating spacemen over the space ship, etc.), stationery (pen) and so on. The common point in all these applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction. This increases efficiency, reduce maintenance costs and increase the useful life of the system. The magnetic levitation

technology can be used as a highly advanced and efficient technology in the various industrial. There are already many countries that are attracted to maglev systems. Many systems have been proposed in different parts of the worlds, and a number of corridors have been selected and researched. Maglev can be conveniently considered as a solution for the future needs of the world. This research chapter tried to study the most important uses of magnetic levitation technology.

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