Final history lecture

Similarities & differences between specific & non-specific immunity

Similarities: 1 )Self non-self discrimination )self-tolerance)

2 )self-limitation )Homeostasis)

Differences: 1 )specificity & diversity

2 )Memory

In the name of GodImmunology Course For Medical Students

Second Semester 1393-1394

Presented by : Immunology department of Shiraz Medical School

Lecturers: A. Ghaderi

Z. Amirghofran E. Kamali

B. Gharesi-Fard S. Farjadian M. Droodchi F. Nejatolahi

Some Important Noteshttp://med.sums.ac.ir/departments/basic-sciences/immunology

Course coordinator: - Dr. Gharesi-FardTimes of presentation: - Sundays 10-12 & Wednesdays 11-12 Start of Lab. Sections: - After 16.01.1394 Dates of practical sections:

- Saturdays 13.00-17.00 )2 sessions) - Sundays 13.30-17.30 )2 session)

- Mondays 8.00-10.00 )1 session)Midterm exam: - Between 29.1.94 & 10.2.94

) lectures:1-12, Innate immunity is included)Final Exam: - Between 6.4.94 & 24.4.94

) lectures: 13-24 + Practical Exam)Early Exposure: - Rheumatology Dept. )Dr. Nazarinia)

17.03.1394) group 1 & )24.03.1394 )group 2)

References: - Cellular and Molecular Immunology )Abul K. Abbas) - Medical Immunology )Daniel P. Stites)

History of ImmunologyObjectives:

1 -To introduce the history of Immunology *Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh )2500 B.C.)

** Both Babylonians and ancient Egyptians had a god of disease

* Thucydides ** Author of the History of the Peloponnesian War (Greek & Sparta)

** Plague of Athena of 430 B.C.

* Christian times )immunitas in ancient Rome) ** God punish the sin of humans with disease.

**God employ diseases to clean humans of their sins.

→ Cleaned individuals would not merit further punishment.

* Islamic physicians (Razes 10th and Avicenna 11th century)

** Explosive theory

*Lady Mary Montague )1718)

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU(Variolation)

•Original Letter

Edward Jenner )1749-1823)

1796 :Small pox vaccination

•Jenner used material from Sarah Nelmes’s arm to vaccinate an eight year old boy, James Phipps.

•The first vaccination: Edward Jenner used pus from the hand of a dairy maid in 1796

Edward Jenner Tomb

Luis Pasteur )1857-1870)

Depletion theory

chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines“

And the concept of “Therapeutic vaccines” for Rabies

Luis Pasteur Lab.

History of Immunology

The major milestone in Immunology

Nobel Prizes and the Immune SystemEmil von Behring (1901): Identified: * Factors in blood that neutralize the toxic products from tetanus and diphtheria bacteria. * These agents could be used to prevent illness and death caused by diphtheria microbes )Humoral theory of immunity).Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich (1908): * Mechnikov identified phagocyte cells.* Ehrlich's side-chain theory proposed how antibodies released in blood tackle invaders. He also discovered the Mast cells.

Charles Richet (1913): Discovered anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction to toxins, which showed how the immune system can damage its host as well as provide protection against disease.

Jules Bordet (1919): Identified complement system, factors in blood work with antibodies to destroy bacteria.

Karl Landsteiner (1930): Discovered human blood groups, and a system for typing blood, allowed blood transfusions to be carried out without the risk of adverse reactions.

Nobel Prizes and the Immune System

Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar (1960): The concept of immunological tolerance showed how the body learns to recognize its own cells and tissues, which prevents the immune system from mounting a response against itself.

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter (1972):The two scientists independently deciphered the structure of antibodies, which revealed how seemingly identical-looking molecules can target specifically any one of a countless number of invaders for destruction.Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Snell (1980): A specific set of proteins on the surface of cells that regulate the immune response )MHC).

Nils Jerne, Georges Kohler and César Milstein (1984): Jerne's theories provided a clearer image of how the immune system engages antibodies to fight invaders, Köhler and Milstein's techniques for producing specific antibodies on demand helped to create better diagnostic tests and new treatments against diseases.

Nobel Prizes and the Immune SystemSusumu Tonegawa (1987): Uncovering the genetic mechanism for the construction of antibodies, Tonegawa revealed how the body can generate millions and millions of antibody proteins from a much smaller number of genes.

Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel (1996): Discovered how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells.

Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann (2011):"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity“.Ralph M. Steinman (2011): Prize share=1/2 Discovered dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.

Definition and Branches

-Immunology:

The science of self non-self discrimination.

-Branches:

*Transplantation

* Cancer immunology

* Infection and immunity

* Allergic diseases

* Autoimmunity

The importance of immunology

-Prophylaxis

-Diagnosis

-Treatment

Functions )duties) of immune system

-Defense

-Homeostasis

-Surveillance

Classification of Immune System

1 )Innate/Natural/Non-specific immunity:

* Physical barriers

* Humoral factors

** Complement system

* Cellular substances

** Phagocytes )MQ-Neutrophils)

** Natural killer cells )NK cells)

2 )Specific/ Acquired immunity:

* Humoral )B cells and antibodies)

* Cellular )T cells)

Thank you for your attention

Types of immune responses 1 )Innate )natural or non-specific)

2 )Acquired [adaptive )able to fit and up-date) or specific immunity]

* Common feature of non-specific and specific immunity:

Self non-self discrimination

Similarities & differences between specific & non-specific immunity

Similarities: 1 )Self non-self discrimination )self-tolerance)

2 )self-limitation )Homeostasis)

Differences: 1 )specificity & diversity

2 )Memory

An overview on the types of immune cells

Sites of production and function of immune cells

- Usually are produced and do their functions in

lymphoid organs )LO).

-There are 2 major types of LOs:

1 )Primary/Central/generative LOs:

1a) Bone marrow

1b) Thymus

2 )Secondary/peripheral LOs:

2a) Lymph nodes

2b) Spleen

2c) G)Gut)ALT + B )Bronchial)ALT=

M)Mucosal)ALT