FINAL FINAL PAPER alcohol project

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A!NEEDS!ASSESSMENT!OF!DRINKING!PATTERNS!

AMONG!TULANE!UNDERGRADUATE!STUDENTS!

Grace!Esposito,!Margaux!Gleber,!Elena!Muller,!Hannah!Redd,!&!

Hannah!Reich!

Final!Draft!

November!20,!2013!

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!!TABLE!OF!CONTENTS!

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I. RATIONALE!!

II. INTRODUCTION!AND!BACKGROUND!INFORMATION!!

III. GOALS!AND!OBJECTIVES!!!

IV. PLANNING!MODEL!!!

V. TARGET!POPULATION!!

VI. METHODS!!

VII. RESULTS!!

VIII. DATA!!

IX. SWOT!ANALYSIS!!

X. SUMMARY!!!

XI. APPENDICES!!

XII. REFERENCES!

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I.!Rationale!The! National! Institute! on! Alcohol! Abuse! and! Alcoholism! (NIAAA),! the!

National! Institutes!of!Health!(NIH),!and! the!U.S.!Department!of!Health!and!Human!

Services!(UDHHS)!all!recognize!highQrisk!drinking!as!a!problem!on!college!campuses.!!

It!has!been!found!that!“excessive!drinking!affects!all!students,!increases!institutional!

costs,!and!hurts!townQgown!relationships”!(NIH,!2002,!p.!12).! ! In!addition!to!these!

largeQscale! issues,! a! number! of! individual! consequences! are! associated! with! high!

levels!of!alcohol!consumption!and!binge!drinking!behavior.!!!

The!affects!of!alcohol!on!adolescent!brain!development!are!very!concerning.!!

Some!studies! show!that!adolescent!alcohol!use!has!a!negative,! longQlasting! impact!

on!memory.!!Moreover,!“adolescentQonset!alcohol!abuse!had!been!associated!with!a!

reduction!in!the!size!of!the!hippocampus”!(NIH,!2002,!p.!7).!!As!a!place!responsible!

for! thousands! of! adolescents! and! young! adults,! universities! and! colleges! need! to!

make!sure!that!they!have!the!appropriate!policies!and!programs!in!place!to!protect!

their!students.!!!

It! is! also! imperative! to! acknowledge! the! secondhand! consequences! of!

drinking.!!“The!problems!produced!by!highQrisk!drinking!are!neither!victimless!nor!

costQfree.! ! All! students! –!whether! they!misuse! alcohol! or! not! –! and! their! parents,!

faculty,! and! members! of! the! surrounding! community! experience! the! negative!

consequences!wrought!by!the!culture!of!drinking!on!U.S.!campuses”!(NIH,!2002,!p.!

8).! !Despite!the!city’s!lax!regulation!on!alcohol!use!and!access,!Tulane!University!is!

committed! to! keeping! its! students! safe! by! providing! a! secure! and! healthy!

environment.! ! Tulane’s! Medical! Amnesty! Policy! and! Tulane! Emergency! Medical!

Services! (TEMS)! are! two! aspects! of! the! Tulane! community! that! are! committed! to!

keeping!students!safe!and!comfortable.!!

! Although! Tulane! has! a! number! of! incredible! response! methods! to! alcohol!

related! issues,! there! should! also! be! a! focus! on! prevention.! ! Preventing! highQrisk!

drinking! –! or! decreasing! the! rate! of! drinking! in! Tulane! students! –! will! decrease!

medical! costs,! boost! university! reputation,! and! change! social! norms! that! promote!

heavy!alcohol!use.!!

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II.!Introduction!and!Background!Information!A. Why!College!Students!!Drinking! alcohol! has! become! a! considerable! part! of! the! college! culture.! ! “The!

perception!that!alcohol!use!is!socially!acceptable!correlates!with!the!fact!that!more!

than!80%!of!American!youth!consume!alcohol!before!their!21st!birthday”!(NIH,!2002,!

p.! 5).! ! The! consequences! of! highQrisk!drinking! and! excessive! alcohol! consumption!

can!be! life! threatening! and!are! too!damaging! to! ignore! (NIH,!2002,!p.! x).! !Alcohol!

consumption! is! defined! by! frequency! (how! often! a! person! drinks)! and! quantity!

(how!much! a! person!drinks).! ! Frequency! of! consumption! refers! to! the! number! of!

days! or! occasions! that! an! individual! has! consumed! alcoholic! beverages! during! a!

specific!interval!(e.g.,!week,!month,!and!year).!!Quantity!of!consumption!refers!to!the!

amount!ingested!on!a!given!drinking!occasion!(NIH,!2002,!p.!6).!!The!Task!Force!of!

the!National!Advisory!Council!on!Alcohol!Abuse!and!Alcoholism!created! “A!Call! to!

Action”!for!changing!the!culture!of!drinking!at!colleges!in!the!United!States.!!Former!

President!of!the!University!of!Vermont,!Dr.!Judith!Ramaley,!stated:!!

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“Drinking!and!excessive!drinking!have!negative!effects!on!everything!we’re!

trying!to!do!as!a!university.!!They!compromise!the!educational!environment,!

the! safety! of! our! students,! the! quality! of! life! on! campus,! town/gown!

relationships,!and!our!reputation”!(NIH,!2002,!p.!1).!

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The!graph!below!shows!statistics!on! the!differences!between!heavy!alcohol!

use!with!students!enrolled!fullQtime!in!college!and!students!not!enrolled!fullQtime!in!

college.! ! The!percent! of! students!who!drink!heavily! each!month!while! enrolled! in!

college!is!noticeably!higher.! !This!graph!is!taken!from!the!2009!National(Survey(On(

Drug( Use( and( Health,! SAMHSA,! Substance( Abuse( and( Mental( Health( Services(

Administration((2010).!

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! ! (National!Survey!of!Drug!Use!and!Health,!2010).!

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B. Consequences!of!HighWRisk!Drinking!Consequences!of!highQrisk!drinking!include!academic,!personal,!social,!legal,!and!

medical! among!others.! !Both! the!U.S.! Surgeon!General! and! the!U.S.!Department!of!

Health!and!Human!Services!(USDHHS)!consider!binge!drinking!a!major!public!health!

problem.! ! Binge! drinking! is! most! frequently! defined! as! consuming! five! or! more!

drinks! in!a! row! for!men!and! four!or!more!drinks! in!a! row! for!women.! !Data! from!

national! surveys! has! shown! that! of! all! college! students!who! drink,! approximately!

half! of! them! engage! in! “heavy! episodic! consumption.”! ! Individuals! who! consume!

alcohol!at!these!levels!increase!their!likelihood!of!experiencing!a!number!of!negative!

consequences! including! loss! of! sensory! perception,! blackQouts,! vomiting,! alcohol!

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poisoning,! impaired! judgment,! inability! to! make! informed! decisions,! and! death,!

among!others!(NIH,!2002,!p.!6).!!!

“Frequent!binge!drinkers!are!21!times!more!likely!than!nonQbinge!drinkers!to!

miss! classes,! fall! behind! in! schoolwork,! engage! in! vandalism,! be! injured! or!

hurt,!engage!in!unplanned!sexual!activity,!not!use!protection!when!having!sex,!

get! in! trouble! with! campus! police,! or! drive! a! car! after! drinking”! (Binge!

Drinking!on!College!Campuses,!2008).!!Binge!drinking!also!increases!an!!

individual’s!risk!for!requiring!medical!attention,!with!approximately!30,000!college!

students!needing!treatment!after!overdosing!on!alcohol!each!year.!!!

The!consequences!of!highQrisk!drinking!affect!virtually!all!college!campuses!

and! college! students,! whether! the! students! participate! in! drinking! or! not.! ! The!

following!statistics!are!taken!from!A(Call(to(Action:(Changing(the(Culture(of(Drinking(

at(U.S.(colleges,!a!report!developed!by!the!NIAAAQsupported!Task!Force!on!College!

Drinking:!

• Nearly! 1,400! college! students! between! the! ages! of! 18! and! 24! die! annually!

from!alcoholQrelated!unintentional!injuries.!

• Five! hundred! thousand! students! between! the! ages! of! 18! and! 24! are!

unintentionally!injured!under!the!influence!of!alcohol.!

• Approximately! 25%! of! college! students! report! academic! problems! due! to!

their!drinking!habits.!!Academic!problems!arise!when!students!being!to!miss!

class,! fall! behind! with! their! work,! perform! poorly! on! assignments,! and!

receive!poor!final!grades.!

• Nearly! 400,000! students! between! the! ages! of! 18! and! 24! engaged! in!

unprotected!sex!while!intoxicated.!

• Roughly! 100,000! students! between! the! ages! of! 18! and! 24! reported! having!

been!too!intoxicated!to!remember!if!they!consented!to!having!sex,!

• According! to! the! National! College! Health! Improvement! Program,!

approximately!1,800!college!students!die!each!year!from!incidents!related!to!

alcohol!(NCHIP,!2013).!!

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Another!topic!of!concern!related!to!alcohol!use!focuses!on!sexual!interactions.!!

Sexual!assault!and!heavy!binge!drinking!often!go!handQinQhand!on!college!campuses!

around!the!nation.!!Over!50%!of!sexual!assaults!involve!alcohol,!with!the!victim,!the!

perpetrator,!or!both!individuals!under!the!influence!of!alcohol!(Lazar,!Orchowski,!&!

Untied,!2013,!p.!904).! !The!association!between!alcohol!use!and!sexual!aggression!

can!be!difficult!to!examine!due!to!a!lack!of!reporting!and!merely!not!remembering!

the!situation!clearly!(Lazar!et!al.,!2013,!p.!904).!!However,!studies!show!that!sexually!

aggressive! men! report! greater! daily! alcohol! consumption! than! nonQsexually!

aggressive!men! (Lazar! et! al.,! 2013,! p.! 904).! ! Alcohol! heightens! the! risk! for! sexual!

assault! because! high! levels! of! alcohol! can! decrease! men’s! attention! to! inhibitory!

cues!and!narrow!men’s!attention!to!the!shortQterm!returns!of!aggression!(Lazar!et!

al.,!2013,!p.!904).!!

High! alcohol! consumption! in! women! also! links! to! a! greater! risk! of! sexual!

victimization!(Lazar!et!al.,!2013,!p.!904).!!Women!who!have!been!a!victim!of!sexual!

assault! often! report! heavier! drinking! patterns! and,! more! importantly,! drinking!

heavily!before!or!during! the!sexual!event! than!women!without!a!history!of! sexual!

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victimization! (Lazar! et! al.,! 2013,! p.! 904).! ! According! to! the! article! “What! Colleges!

Need! to! Know,! An! Update! on! College! Drinking,”! each! year,! 696,000! students!

between! the!ages!of!18!and!24!are!assaulted!by!a!student!who!has!been!drinking,!

and!97,000!students!between! the!ages!of!18!and!24!are!victims!of!alcoholQrelated!

sexual!assault!or!date!rape!(U.S.!Department!of!Health!and!Human!Services,!2007).!

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C. Why!Focus!on!Binge!Drinking?!In!“Healthy!People!2010,”!which!sets!public!health!goals!through!the!year!2010!

in! the! United! States,! the! Federal! government! identified! bingeQdrinking! reduction!

among!college!students!as!one!of!the!most!important!national!goals!(NIH,!2002,!p.!5).!!

“Healthy! People! 2010”! notes! “binge! drinking! is! a! national! problem,! especially!

among!males!and!young!adults”!(NIH,!2002,!p.!5).!!!

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The! table! above! compares! rates!of! alcoholQrelated!problems!between! students!

who!were!infrequent!binge!drinkers!or!frequent!binge!drinkers!with!students!who!

were! nonQbinge! drinkers.! ! It! was! retrieved! from! a! study! conducted! by!Wechsler,!

Davenport,!Dowdall,!Moeykens,!and!Castillo!on!student!drinking!behavior!in!140!US!

4Qyear! colleges! in! 1993.! ! The! objective! of! the! study!was! to! examine! the! extent! of!

binge!drinking!by!college!students!and!the!ensuing!health!and!behavioral!problems!

that! binge! drinkers! create! for! themselves! and! others! on! their! campus! (Wechsler,!

Davenport,!Dowdall,!Moeykens,!&!Castillo,!1994,!p.!1672).!!AlcoholQrelated!problems!

are!reported!much!more!frequently!in!both!infrequent!and!frequent!binge!drinkers!

than! they! are! in! nonQbinge! drinkers.! ! Nearly! 50%! of! frequent! binge! drinkers!

reported!falling!behind!in!their!schoolwork,!whereas!only!6%!of!nonQbinge!drinkers!

reported! doing! so! (Wechsler! et! al.,! 1994,! p.! 1675).! ! Moreover,! more! than! half! of!

frequent!binge!drinkers!reported!blacking!out!(forgetting!where!they!were!or!what!

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they!did),!missing!a!class,!and!doing!something!they!regretted!(Wechsler!et!al.,!1994,!

p.! 1675).! ! Ninety! percent! of! frequent! binge! drinkers! reported! having! a! hangover,!

while!only!30%!of!nonQbinge!drinkers!reported!having!a!hangover!(Wechsler!et!al.,!

1994,! p.! 1675).! ! In! addition! to! the! data! displayed! in! the! table,! the! National!

Epidemiologic! Survey! on! Alcohol! and! Related! Conditions! (NESARC)! reports! that!

nearly!20%!of!college!students!between!the!ages!of!18!and!24!met!the!criteria! for!

alcohol! abuse! and! dependence,! the! majority! of! which! engaged! in! bingeQdrinking!

(College!Drinking,!2013).! !Alcoholism! is!defined!as! “primary,! chronic!disease!with!

genetic,! psychosocial,! and! environmental! factors! influencing! its! development! and!

manifestations.! ! The! disease! is! often! progressive! and! fatal.”! ! Alcoholism! is! very!

serious!disease!and!can!often!begin!in!an!individual’s!college!years.!!This!definition!

is! further! described! in! the! National! Council! on! Alcoholism! and! Drug! Dependence!

from!the!American!Society!of!Addiction!Medicine! (ASAM).! !Overall,! it! is!very!clear!

that!high!risk!drinking!in!college!students!is!a!problem!that!needs!to!be!addressed.!

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D. Why!Tulane?!Dr.! Tims,! Director! of! the! Center! for!Wellness! and!Health! Promotion! at! Tulane!

University,! provided!data! and! information!during! the! initial! stages! of! this! project,!

including!the!Tulane!Health!Report!Card!for!the!year!2010.!!The!Health!Report!Card!

is!the!first!campus!wide!needs!assessment!report!created!for!Tulane!University.!!The!

Tulane!Health!Report!Card!was!created!by!Dr.!Tims!based!on!data!collected!via!the!

National! College! Health! AssessmentQII! (NCHAQII).! ! According! to! the! Tulane!

University!2010!Health!Report!Card,!Tulane!students!drank!more!the!last!time!they!

partied!compared!to!the!national!reference!group.! !The!table!below!is!copied!from!

the!Tulane!University!Health!Report!Card.!!

Alcohol!use!in!the!past!30!days.!!Data!Received!from!National!College!Health!Assessment!(NHCAWII)!Tulane!University!Report!Card.!

Alcohol!Use! Male! Female! Tulane!

Students!

National!

Comparison!

Group!

Difference!

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Used!alcohol!within!

the!past!30!days!

80%! 85%! 82.20%! 65.20%! 17.00%!

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!III.!Goals!and!Objectives!!

The!goal!of!this!needs!assessment!is!to!develop!an!understanding!of!attitudes!

towards! highQrisk! drinking! in! Tulane’s! undergraduate! student! population.! ! The!

researchers!aim!to!investigate!alcohol!use!in!students,!and!to!subsequently!identify!

behavioral!differences! that!may!exist!between!underage!and!ofQage!students.! !The!

primary! reason! for! age! differentiation! is,! to! some! extent,! based! on! research! that!

indicates! first! year! students! –! and! other! student! living! on! campus! –! as! the!

population!of!most!concern!(NIH,!2002,!p.!8).!!Grouping!students!based!on!their!age!

is! also! necessary! in! order! for! the! researchers! to! explore! the! alcoholQrelated!

behavioral!shifts!that!occur!as!students!get!older.!

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Despite!the!implementation!of!intervention!strategies!aimed!at!reducing!the!

proportion! of! students! who! report! engaging! in! highQrisk! drinking! of! alcohol!

beverages!within! the! last! two!weeks! –! and! an! increased!number! of! students!who!

report! receiving! information! about! alcohol! use! from! their! institution! –! the!

proportion! of! has! increased! from!84.20%! to!92.80%! (Tims,! 2013,!Healthy!Tulane!

2020).! ! Understanding! student’s! attitudes! towards! drinking! will! help! identify!

specific! needs! and!will! be! useful! in! determining! successful! ways! to! reduce! binge!

drinking!college!campuses.!

The!chief!objectives!are!to!uncover!the!main!reasons!for!students!to!engage!

in!drinking!(i.e.,!social!success/acceptance),!investigate!behavioral!shifts!that!occur!

as!students!get!older,!identify!the!trends!in!drinking!patterns!characteristic!of!ofQage!

and! underage! students,! observe! attitudes! towards! Tulane’s! high! rates! of! risky!

drinking,! and! explore! the! effects! that! the! location! of! Tulane! (in! the! city! of! New!

Orleans)! has! on! student! drinking! patterns.! ! Another! key! point! of! the! assessment!

focuses! on! the! actual! versus! perceived! alcohol! use! among! Tulane! students.! ! The!

perceived! use! in! males! and! females! is! much! higher! than! the! actual! use! (Tulane!

Report!Card,!2010,!p.!23).! !The! research! team! is! interested! in!developing!a!better!

understanding!of!why!this!discrepancy!exists.! !In!addition,!it!is!important!to!assess!

student! knowledge! and! awareness! of! –! and! beliefs! about! –! existing! programs! at!

Tulane! that! pertain! to! alcohol! use.! ! Based! on! all! of! this! information,! the! research!

team!will!be!more!equipped! to!provide!recommendations! to!Tulane!University!on!

how!to!address!the!problem!of!alcohol!use.!!

!IV.!Planning!Model!

MAPQIT! proved! to! be!most! the! efficient! planning!model! for! this! particular!

topic.!!There!are!five!phases!of!MAPQIT:!mobilize,!assess,!plan,!implement,!and!track.!!

Planning!a!project!using!the!MAPQIT!strategy!starts!by!preQplanning!and!is!followed!

by! a! needs! assessment.! ! Once! goals! and! objectives! have! been! established,! the!

formulated!plan!needs!to!put! into!action.! !Finally,! the!results!need!to!be!evaluated!

and!tracked.!

The!mobilization!process!began!by!determining!the!goals!and!objectives!for!

the! project.! ! Once! the! research! team!had! decided! to! target! Tulane! undergraduate!

students,! the!members! then!agreed! to!separate! the!student!body! into! two!smaller!

groups:!underage!students!(those!below!the!legal!age!of!drinking!age!of!21)!and!ofQ

age! students! (those! who! are! 21! years! old! or! older).! ! These! age! groups! largely!

correlate!to!student!living!arrangements,!with!underage!students!typically!living!on!

campus,!and!ofQage!students!living!offQcampus.!!This!is!worthy!of!noting!since!many!

reports! show! that! firstQyear! students! are!more! susceptible! to! engage! in! highQrisk!

drinking!behaviors!(NIH,!2002,!8).!!The!main!reason!for!age!differentiation,!however,!

is!to!allow!the!researchers!to!investigate!and!identify!any!behavioral!shifts!in!alcohol!

consumptions! that! occur! as! a! student! ages.! ! In!order! to! gain! this! information,! the!

research! team! recognized! the! need! to! contact! individuals!who!were! familiar!with!

student!behaviors!as!well!as!Tulane’s!alcohol!policies.!

Assessment!for!this!project!started!by!analyzing!preexisting!research!on!the!

widespread! problem! of! alcohol! on! college! campuses! at! a! national! level.! ! Studies!

revealed! statistics! on! alcohol! related! deaths,! injuries,! and! suicides! among! college!

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students,! as! well! as! data! that! demonstrated! how! alcohol! negatively! affects!

academics,!mental!health,!and!sexual!health,!among!other!things.!!The!research!team!

then!looked!at!alcoholQrelated!statistics!specific!to!Tulane!undergraduate!students.!!

The! majority! of! this! information! came! from! the! 2010! Tulane! University! Health!

Report! Card.! ! It! became! apparent! to! the! researchers! that! highQrisk! drinking! is! a!

problem! for! Tulane! undergraduate! students.! ! Understanding! what! factors! might!

contribute! to! the! high! consumption! of! alcohol! requires! extensive! data! analysis,!

planned/organized!interviewing!of!faculty!and!students,!and!behavioral!observation.!!

Planning! for! this! project! began! with! deciding! as! a! research! team! which!

questions! should!be!asked!during! they!Key! Informant! interviews.! !Once! the! set!of!

questions!had!bee!finalized,!the!research!team!eQmailed!Key!Informants!to!see!when!

they! were! available! to! answer! meet.! ! Once! the! interviews! were! conducted,!

researchers! coded! the! Key! Informant! responses,! and! formulated! focus! groups!

questions! based! on! the! themes! that! had! been! identified! from! the! Key! Informant!

interviews.!!!

Two! focus! groups!were! recruited:! underage! and! ofQage.! ! Each! session!was!

expected!to!be!approximately!one!hour!long.! !During!the!sessions,!Tulane!students!

were!asked!to!share!their!beliefs!and!attitudes!regarding!alcohol!use!at!Tulane.!!One!

focus! group! consisted! of! freshman! and! sophomore! students! (underage! students),!

while! the! second! group! consisted! of! juniors! and! seniors! (ofQage! students).! ! The!

research!team!hoped!to!gain!a!better!understanding!of!why!students!are!drinking,!

where!students!typically!drink,!how!they!think!the!city!of!New!Orleans!affects!their!

drinking!habits,!and!the!perceived!negative!and!positive!affects!of!drinking.!

!!V.!Target!Population!

National!college!drinking!behavior!assessments!continue!to!emphasize!harmQ

reduction! strategies! and! focus!on! the!need! to! reduce!highQrisk!drinking! in! college!

students.! ! Generally! speaking,! attending! a! university! away! from! home! and!

consequently!living!away!from!parents!provides!students!with!much!more!freedom!

than!they!had!before.!!Many!students!take!this!time!to!experiment!with!alcohol!and!

other!drugs;!some!students!may!feel!pressured!to!use!alcohol.!!!

The!target!population!is!Tulane!University!undergraduate!students.!!Not!only!

are!highQrisk!drinking!and!binge!drinking!much!more!common!on!college!campuses,!

but! studies! also! show! that! Tulane! students! are! drinking!more! than! other! college!

students! around! the! nation! (Tulane! University! Health! Report! Card,! 2010,! p.! 23).!!

According! to! the!Tulane!Health!Report!Card! (2010),! over!82%!of!Tulane! students!

reported!using!alcohol!within!the!past!30!days.!!This!is!17%!higher!than!the!national!

average!(Tulane!Health!Report!Card,!2010,!p.!23).! !Moreover,!35%!of!male!Tulane!

students! reported!having! seven!or!more!drinks! the! last! time! they!partied! (Tulane!

Health!Report!Card,!2010,!p.!22)1.! !This!means!that!approximately!1!out!of!every!3!

males!on!Tulane’s!campus!was!binge!drinking!the!last!time!he!went!out.!!

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1!The!National!Institute!on!Alcohol!Abuse!and!Alcoholism!defines!binge!drinking!as!

five!or!more!drinks!for!men!and!four!or!more!drinks!for!women!in!about!two!hours.!

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When!presenting!a!target!population,!it!is!important!to!introduce!any!special!

characteristics!of!the!group.!!The!university’s!location!is!one!of!the!most!important!

factors!to!consider.!!There!are!numerous!bars!surrounding!the!campus,!and!the!city!

of!New!Orleans! itself! is!known! for! its! laissezQfaire!attitude! towards!drinking.! !The!

research!team’s!selection!of!the!target!population!can!mainly!be!attributed!to!(1)!the!

prevalence!of!highQrisk!drinking!on!college!campuses,! (2)! the! tendency! for!Tulane!

students!to!drink!significantly!more!than!the!national!average,!and!(3)!the!school’s!

unique!environment!(New!Orleans).!

!!VI.!Methods!

A. Use!of!Ecological!Representation!of!Alcohol!Use!(Community,!College,!&!Individual! Level);! retrieved! from! Toomey,! Nelson,! Erickson,! Lenk,! &!Winters,!(2012).!

!

!

When! researching! a! particular! issue,! it! is! essential! to! look! at! it! from!multiple!

perspectives.! ! In! order! for! a! needs! assessment! to! be! accurate! –! and! for! the!

evaluative!study!and!subsequent!interventions!to!be!successful!–!the!topic!must!be!

considered!and!analyzed! from!many!different!angles.! !The! image!above! illustrates!

the!factors!that!affect!college!drinking!from!an!ecological!standpoint.!!By!addressing!

! 11!

the! issue! from! the! community! level,! the! college! level,! and! the! individual! level,!

researchers! are! able! to! narrow! in! on! key! components! that! affect! alcohol!

consumption.! ! The! research! team! found! this! illustration! particularly! helpful,! and!

used!it!as!a!general!model!to!guide!the!construction!of!the!needs!assessment.!

With! regards! to! the! community! level,!New!Orleans! is! a! very! unique! city.! ! It! is!

known! for! its! lax! laws! regarding! alcohol! consumption,! specifically! the! open!

container!law,!which!permits!the!possession!and!consumption!on!the!street!of!any!

alcoholic!beverage!in!an!open!plastic!container.!!Arguably,!the!city’s!drinking!culture!

exacerbates! the! preQexisting! drinking! culture! on! Tulane’s! campus.! ! In! order! to!

decrease! the! accessibility! of! alcohol! to! students,! alcohol! availability! in! the!

community! needs! to! be! restricted.! ! While! Tulane! is! not! located! in! the! center! of!

downtown!New!Orleans,! there!are!several!alcohol!establishments!surrounding! the!

University.!!It!may!not!be!possible!to!close!or!relocate!these!venues,!but!it!feasible!to!

ensure!that!these!outlets!are!serving!alcohol!responsibly!i.e.,!restricting!high!volume!

sales,!and!refusing!to!sell!to!minors.!!!!

It! is! important! that! Tulane! has! systemQwide! coordination! on! current!

prevention,! regulation,! and! enforcement! policies! regarding! campus! drinking.!!

Merely!having!these!policies,!however,! is!not!enough.! !CampusQwide!dissemination!

to! increase! awareness! of! existing! policies! and! the! potential! consequences! for!

disregarding!the!rules!and!regulations!must!be!a!primary!focus.!!The!major!policies!

that!address!alcohol!and!other!drug!(AOD)!use!at!Tulane!University!are!the!Tulane!

Alcohol! Policy,! the! Medical! Amnesty! Program,! and! the! Student! Code! of! Conduct.!!

There!are!many!offices!on!campus!that!offer!supportive!services!and!programs!for!

students.!!TheWELL!has!organized!a!number!of!health!initiatives!focused!on!alcohol!

and! drug! use,! such! as! AlcoholEdu,! Responsible! Host! training,! and! Brief! Alcohol!

Screening!and!Intervention!for!College!Students!(BASICS).!!

Although! changing! campusQdrinking! norms! is! placed! in! the! college! level,! it!

begins!with!individual!behavioral!change.! !The!majority!of!Tulane!students!believe!

that!their!peers!are!drinking!much!more!than!data!suggests!(Tulane!Health!Report!

Card,!2010,!p.!23).!!By!diminishing!this!belief!as!well!as!demonstrating!the!benefits!

of!safe!drinking!and!alcoholQrelated!skill!development,!it!may!be!possible!to!alter!the!

drinking!norms.!

!

B. Literature!Review!!For!the!literature!review,!researchers!used!the!Howard!Tilton!Memorial!Library!

Database!and!Google!Scholar! to!ensure!they!were!getting!peerQreviewed,!accurate,!

and! reputable! information.! ! The! terms!used! that! proved! to! be!most! helpful!were:!

“binge! drinking,”! “highQrisk! drinking,”! “highQrisk! drinking! on! college! campuses,”!

“drinking! on! college! campuses,”! “alcoholQrelated! injuries! on! college! campuses,”!

“negative! effects! of! binge! drinking,”! and! “university! alcohol! statistics.”! ! Maeghan!

Livaccari,!Associate!Director!at!Tulane’s!Center!for!Wellness!and!Health!Promotion,!

also!provided!several!resources!that!were!extremely!helpful!to!the!group.!

(

(

(

(

! 12!

C. Key!Informant!Interviews!!In!order! for! the!research!team!to!gain!a!better!understanding!of!alcohol!use!at!

the! community! and! college! level,! team! members! conducted! Key! Informant!

interviews.! ! The! research! team! interviewed! three! Key! Informants,! including!

Meaghan! Livaccari,! Associate!Director! at! Tulane’s! Center! for!Wellness! and!Health!

Promotion,! Greg! Feiling,! Associate! Director! of! Campus! Programming,! and! Abigail!

Gaunt,!Director!of! Student!Conduct.! !The! research! team!contacted! them!via!email.!!

The!project!assignment!was!explained! in! the! initial!email,! and! the!Key! Informants!

were! asked! if! they! would! be! willing! to! meet! with! the! group! and! discuss! their!

opinions!on!the!topic.!!Email!exchange!was!an!extremely!efficient!and!effective!way!

to! find!a!convenient! time!to!conduct! the! interview.! !The!team!members!who!were!

able!to!conduct!the!interview!at!the!agreed!time!met!with!the!Key!Informants,!asked!

the! Key! Informant! questions! (see! Appendix! I),! recorded! the! interview,! and! then!

transcribed!the!interviews!for!coding.!!The!Key!Informant’s!input!proved!to!be!very!

helpful.!

!

D. Coding!!In!order! for! the!research!team!to!gain!a!better!understanding!of!alcohol!use!at!

the! community! and! college! level,! team! members! conducted! Key! Informant!

interviews.! ! The! research! team! interviewed! three! key! informants,! including!

Meaghan! Livaccari,! Associate!Director! at! Tulane’s! Center! for!Wellness! and!Health!

Promotion,! Greg! Feiling,! Associate! Director! of! Campus! Programming,! and! Abigail!

Gaunt,!Director!of! Student!Conduct.! !The! research! team!contacted! them!via!email.!!

The! project! assignment! was! explained! in! the! initial! interview,! and! the! Key!

Informants!were!asked!if!they!would!be!willing!to!meet!with!the!group!and!discuss!

their!opinions!on!the!topic.!!Email!exchange!was!an!extremely!efficient!and!effective!

way! to! find! a! convenient! time! to! conduct! the! interview.! !The! team!members!who!

were!able!to!conduct!the!interview!at!the!agreed!time!met!with!the!Key!Informants,!

asked! the! Key! Informant! questions! (see! Appendix! I),! recorded! the! interview,! and!

then!transcribed!the!interviews!for!coding.!!The!Key!Informant’s!input!proved!to!be!

very!helpful.!

Each!interview!was!recorded!and!then!transcribed!using!Jeffersonian!style.!!The!

researchers!felt! that! it!was! important!to!use!Jeffersonian!style!because! it!provided!

the! team! members! who! were! absent! with! the! most! descriptive! and! detailed!

interview! transcription.! ! Once! all! of! the! interviews! were! transcribed,! the!

researchers!identified!themes!and!codes!for!each!interview!individually.!!The!overall!

goal! of! coding! is! to! link! specific! quotes! to! analytic! concepts! and! categories! (Tims,!

2013,!Coding!and!Analyzing!Qualitative!Data).! !After!each!Key!Informant!interview!

was! coded! separately,! the! codes! were! compared! among! group! members.! ! Each!

researcher!came!up!with!a!final!list!of!codes!that!she!had!found!most!important.!!The!

research!team!then!got!together!to!create!a!master!code!list!containing!17!codes!that!

would! subsequently! be! used! to! reQcode! all! of! the! Key! Informant! interviews! (see!

Appendix!II).! !Using!the!same!code!list!ensures!that!the!data!is!being!analyzed!in!a!

uniform!way;!it!provides!the!group!with!more!direction.!

!

!

! 13!

E. Focus!Groups!After! coding! the!Key! Informant! interviews,! the! researchers! noticed! that! social!

norms,! environment! (New!Orleans),! and!behavioral! shift!were! the!most!prevalent!

themes.!!Based!on!this,!the!research!team!created!a!set!of!focus!group!questions!(See!

Appendix! III).! ! The! focus! groups! were! meant! to! provide! information! from! the!

student!body!perspective!about!student!attitudes!towards!alcohol!use!at!Tulane,!as!

well! as! general! information! about! the! drinking! norms! at! the! university.! ! Since! all!

three!of!the!Key!Informants!mentioned!a!behavioral!shift!that!occurred!throughout!a!

typical! a! student’s! time! at! Tulane,! the! research! team! felt! that! it!was! important! to!

address!with!the!focus!group!participants.! !The!freshman!and!sophomore!students!

were!asked!to!explain!how!their!drinking!behaviors!had!changed!since!high!school;!

the! juniors! and! seniors! were! asked! how! their! drinking! behaviors! have! changed!

since! freshman! year.! ! The! researchers! also! wanted! to! hear! how! students!

characterized!the!drinking!norms!at!Tulane,!in!addition!to!how!they!felt!about!these!

norms.! ! Lastly,! one! of! the! questions! focused! on! New! Orleans! i.e.,! environmental!

conditions.!

Two!focus!groups!were!recruited,!one!containing!underage!students!who!live!on!

campus,! and! one! containing! ofQage! students! who! live! off! campus.! ! Focus! groups!

participants!were!recruited!via!email!and!by!word!of!mouth.!!For!the!underage!focus!

group,!15!people!said!that!they!would!attend,!however!only!6!students!showed!up.!!

for!the!ofQage!focus!group,!12!people!said!that!they!would!attend,!but!only!4!came.!!

Most!of! the! students!who!attended! the! sessions!were! friends!with!each!other!and!

ran! in! the! same! social! circle.! ! Since! friends! often! engage! in! similar! behavior! and!

drinking! patterns,! it! is! very! likely! that! the! types! of! responses! given! were! quite!

limited!or!slightly!skewed.!!Not!only!did!the!students!in!the!focus!group!know!each!

other,! but! they! also! knew! the! researchers! who! were! leading! the! session.! ! The!

participants!might!have!been!very!honest!because!they!felt!comfortable!talking!with!

their!friends,!or!they!might!have!been!hesitant/embarrassed!to!be!completely!open.!!!

It! was! very! difficult! to! keep! the! conversation! flowing! for! the! underage! focus!

group.! ! All! of! the! attendees! appeared! reluctant! to! talk,! which! the! research! team!

attributes! to! the! sensitivity! of! the! topic.! !While! some! students!may!want! stricter!

enforcement,!rules,!and!regulations!regarding!alcohol!use!at!Tulane,!others!may!not.!!

It!is!possible!that!students!who!fall!into!the!latter!category!are!afraid!to!provide!‘too!

much!information’!because!they!do!not!want!to!see!a!change!in!alcohol!policies.!!The!

research!team!followed!the!same!procedure!for!coding!focus!group!sessions!as!the!

one!used!for!the!Key!Informant!interviews.!

!VII.!Results!

After! analyzing!data! from! the!Key! Informant! interviews,! the! research! team!

decided! on! a! list! of! recurrent! topics! present! throughout! each! interview.!!

Researchers! looked! for! codes! that!were! apparent! in! all! key! informant! interviews,!

trying!to!find!the!major!themes.!!The!research!team!ascertained!the!most!commonly!

occurring! codes! to! be! social! norms,! environment,! behavioral! shift,! and!

consequences!(listed!in!descending!order).!!Overall,!the!three!Key!Informants!spoke!

about! these! codes! the! most! frequently;! they! focused! greatly! on! the! city! of! New!

Orleans!and!how!it!affects!students’!drinking!habits.!!Key!Informants!attributed!the!

! 14!

drinking! culture! at! Tulane! to! the! city! of! New! Orleans,! and! the! fact! that! there! is!

limited!enforcement!of!drinking!age! laws,!and!alcohol! is! extremely!easy! to!access.!!

Key! Informants! also! spoke! prominently! about! the! behavioral! shift! from! when!

students! enter! Tulane! to!when! they! leave,! explaining! how! alcohol! use! tendencies!

change.!!!

!The!data!collected!from!Key!Informant!interviews!was!used!to!narrow!down!

focus! group! questions.! ! The! team! conducted! two! focus! groups,! one! consisting! of!

underclassmen! that! live! on! campus! (freshmen! and! sophomores)! and! one! of!

upperclassmen! that! live!off! campus! (juniors! and! seniors).! ! These! interviews!were!

transcribed!and!analyzed!using!the!same!master!code!list.!!The!most!prevalent!codes!

discussed! in! the! focus! groups! were! environment,! excessiveness,! social! norms,!

behavioral!shift,!and!balance.!!Students,!too,!focused!on!the!culture!of!New!Orleans,!

as! well! as! the! behavioral! shift! from! freshman! to! senior! year.! ! In! addition,! many!

students!spoke!about!the!balance!among!academics,!a!healthy!lifestyle,!and!alcohol!

use.!!

Using! the! same! code! list! allowed! the! researchers! to! find! overlap! and!

discrepancies! between! what! the! Key! Informants! felt! was! most! important! with!

regards!to!alcohol!use!at!Tulane,!and!what!the!student!body!felt!was!most!important.!!

According! to! the! data! from! Key! Informant! interviews! and! focus! groups,! the!

environment!and!behavioral!shift!are!the!two!leading!aspects!related!to!alcohol!use!

at!Tulane.!!Both!the!Key!Informants!and!the!focus!group!participants!felt!as!though!

New!Orleans!has!a!large!impact!on!alcohol!use.!!!

! All! of! the! Key! Informants! emphasized! a! large! shift! in! alcohol! related!

behaviors!as!students!get!older,!however!not!all!members!of!the!ofQage!focus!group!

confirmed!this.!!The!belief!among!Key!Informants!was!that!as!students!get!older!and!

mature,!their!behaviors!change.!!To!be!fair,!some!older!students!reported!staying!in!

more! than! they! did! freshman! and! sophomore! year,! and! others! claimed! that! they!

were! drinking! more! frequently,! but! not! to! the! extreme! levels! they! did! as!

underclassmen.! ! Some! participants,! however,! reported! that! they! had! much! more!

free! time! and! more! access! to! different! activities,! almost! all! of! which! involved!

drinking.!!!

One! of! the! most! interesting! findings! was! the! fact! that! more! students!

discussed!excessiveness!with!regards!to!drinking!than!did!the!Key!Informants.!!The!

Key!Informants!discussed!alcohol!use!as!one!of!the!most!prevalent!issues!on!campus,!

yet! they! did! not! mention! excessiveness! nearly! as! much! as! student! interviewees.!!

Students! are! aware!of! the! excessive!drinking! that! occurs!both!on!and!off! campus.!!

‘Balance’!showed!up!as!one!of!the!prominent!codes!in!both!focus!group!sessions!and!

Key! Informant! interviews.! ! Both! the! focus! group! participants! and! the! Key!

Informants!expressed!that!the!majority!of!students!seem!to!be!able!to!balance!their!

academics! with! their! drinking! habits,! and! that! drinking! does! not! appear! to!

negatively!affect!grades!and!academic!performance.!

Both! environment! and! behavioral! shift! are! difficult! topics! to! address.! ! One!

cannot! simply! change! the! culture! of! New! Orleans.! ! The! drinking! culture! of! New!

Orleans!is!most!likely!not!something!that!is!going!to!change.!!New!Orleans!is!unique!

with!regards!to!the!fact!that!alcohol!is!permitted!in!places!where!it!would!not!be!in!

other! cities! i.e.,! the! open! container! law.! ! Alcohol! is! also! extremely! easy! to! access!

! 15!

irrespective!of!an!individual’s!age.!!Arguably,!the!city’s!drinking!culture!exacerbates!

the! preQexisting! drinking! culture! on! Tulane’s! campus.! ! Similarly,! altering! the!

behavioral! shift! that! takes! place! between! freshman! and! senior! year! is! critical! yet!

extremely!arduous!and!personal.!!

!

VIII.!Data!! A.!Key!Informant!Interview!Code!Histogram!

! !

B.!Focus!Group!Code!Histogram!

!!

! 16!

IX.!SWOT!Analysis!Planning,!Implementing,!&!Evaluating:!Health!Promotion!Programs!defines!a!

SWOT! (Strengths,! Weaknesses,! Opportunities,! and! Threats)! approach! as! “an!

approach! to! planning! that! minimizes! planning! time! and! moves! quickly! to! action!

steps! by! assessing! internal! strengths! and! weaknesses! as! well! as! external!

opportunities!and!threats,!usually!displayed!in!a!2!x!2!matrix”!(McKenzie,!Neiger,!&!

Thackeray,!2012,!p.!449).!!The!strengths!and!weaknesses!of!a!SWOT!analysis!pertain!

to! the! organization! itself.! ! For! example,! a! strength! of! an! organization! may! be!

something! that! it! does!well! or! does! better! than! another! organization.! ! A! strength!

could! also! be! existing! resources,! expertise! of! personnel,! and/or! quality! of!

partnerships! in! the! community,! among! others! (McKenzie! et! al.,! 2012,! p.! 63).! ! A!

weakness,!conversely,!is!defined!as!something!that!the!organization!does!not!do!so!

well;! weaknesses! present! obstacles! to! achieving! the! ultimate! goal.! ! These! can!

include:!poor!reputation,!codes,!regulations,!policies,!and!management!restrictions!

(Tims,!2013,!Models! for!Program!Planning! in!Health!Promotion).! !While! strengths!

and!weaknesses!of!a!SWOT!analysis!are!associated!with!an!organization’s! internal!

environment,! “opportunities! and! threats! relate! to! the! external! environment”!

(McKenzie!et!al.,!2013,!p.!64).!!!

!

The!research!team!has!identified!a!number!of!strengths,!weaknesses,!opportunities,!

and! threats! related! to! this!particular!project,!which!are!demonstrated! in! the! table!

below.!!!

!

Strengths:!!• Group!organization!and!

partnership!

• Literature!&!research!

information!(breadth!of!

information!about!highQrisk!

drinking!on!college!campuses/in!

college!students)!

• Internal!communication!

• Access!to!theWELL!!

• Tulane’s!Medical!Amnesty!Policy!

and!TEMS!

• Access!to!BASICS!and!group!

member!participation!in!BASICS!

session!

Weaknesses:!!• Time! (campaigns! and! program!

implementation! typically! take!

years)!

• Conflicting! schedules! of! team!

members! (makes! it! difficult! to!

find! a! time! to! meet! and! discuss!

the!project)!

• Inability! to! recruit! a! lot! of!

students!(potential!bias)!

• Researchers!part!of!same!external!

organization! –! participants! of!

study! may! not! feel! comfortable!

responding! openly! and! honestly!

to!focus!group!questions!

!

Opportunities:!!• Creating! program! to! teach!

freshman! year! students! (and!

other! underage! students)! safety!

tactics! for! controlling! alcohol!

consumption!

Threats:!!• Lax! attitudes! towards! drinking!

and!use!of!fake!identification!(i.e.,!

easy! to! get! into! bars! and! other!

drinking! outlets)! –! private!

industry!

! 17!

• Increase! awareness! of! Tulane’s!

Medical!Amnesty!Program!

• Increase!awareness!on!perceived!

vs.!actual!drinking!rates!in!Tulane!

students!!

• Tighten! rules! and! regulations!

regarding! underage! drinking! on!

campus!

• Easy!access!to!alcohol!!

• Lack!of!ability!to!change!student’s!

drinking!habits!!

• Mistrust!!

!

!

!

X.!Summary!The! Health! problem! assessed! was! alcohol! consumption! in! ofQage! and!

underage! students! at! Tulane! University.! ! The! study! focused! on! undergraduate!

Tulane!students!and!their!alcoholQrelated!behaviors!throughout!their!progression!in!

college.!!To!develop!an!accurate!understanding!of!these!behaviors,!interviews!were!

held! to!discuss!alcohol!on!Tulane’s!campus!with!Key! Informants;! these! interviews!

were! then!analyzed! for! themes!and!codes!by! the!research! team! in!order! to!create!

questions!for!the!focus!groups.!!Codes!that!stuck!out!the!most!in!both!Key!Informant!

and! focus! group! interviews! were! environment,! social! norms,! and! excessiveness.!!

The!city!of!New!Orleans!makes!it!extremely!easy!for!Tulane!students!to!gain!access!

to!alcohol,!whether!it!is!at!a!liquor!store!or!another!beverage!outlet.!!The!laidQback!

drinking! culture! in! New! Orleans! is! important! to! note! because! many! students!

enrolled!at!Tulane!are!from!outQofQstate,!and!are!unfamiliar!with!this!type!of!culture.!

These!students!are!not!accustomed!to!the!environment!that!they!are!put!into;!

the! increased! accessibility! of! alcohol! combined! with! student! inexperience! with!

alcohol,! causes! there! to! be! problems!with! drinking.! ! In! the! literature! review,! the!

research! team! learned! that! binge! drinking! and! the! overconsumption! of! alcohol! is!

the! biggest! area! of! concern.! ! It! also! became! apparent! that! it! is! very! common! on!

Tulane’s! campus,!with! students! reporting!binge!drinking! as! the!norm.!Drinking! is!

often! explained! a! rite! of! passage! in! college,!which! is! extremely! dangerous! for! the!

drinker!and!those!we!are!affected!secondhand.!!

“Frequent!binge!drinkers!are!21!times!more!likely!than!nonQbinge!drinkers!to!

miss! classes,! fall! behind! in! schoolwork,! engage! in! vandalism,! be! injured! or!

hurt,!engage!in!unplanned!sexual!activity,!not!use!protection!when!having!sex,!

get! in! trouble! with! campus! police,! or! drive! a! car! after! drinking”! (Binge!

Drinking!on!College!Campuses,!2008).!

Key!Informants!and!students!identified!the!environment!(New!Orleans)!as!a!

major!influence!on!student!drinking!habits.!!They!also!both!touched!upon!excessive!

drinking!and! its!affect!on!an! individual’s!academics.! !While! the!drinking!culture!of!

New! Orleans! is! not! changeable,! the! drinking! norm! and! safety! among! ofQage! and!

underage!students!can!be!altered.! !The!enforcement!of!rules,!access!to!alcohol!and!

the!use!of!bars/other!drinking!outlets!in!the!city,!and!the!social!norms!surrounding!

alcohol!can!all!be!addressed!to!help!combat!alcohol!misuse!at!Tulane!University.!!

!

! 18!

XI.!Appendices!!

Appendix!I:!Key!Informant!Interview!Questions!1. What!are!your!beliefs!about!alcohol!use!at!Tulane?!2. How!does!alcohol!use!impact!academic!performance?!3. Can!you!tell!me!about!alcohol!use!in!Tulane!students!who!are!underage!

(people!under!the!legal!age!of!21)?!!

4. Can!you!tell!me!about!alcohol!use!in!Tulane!students!who!are!of!age!(those!who!are!legally!allowed!to!drink!i.e.,!21+)!!

5. Can!you!tell!me!about!alcohol!use!in!students!who!live!on!campus!(residence!halls)?!!

6. Can!you!tell!me!about!alcohol!use!in!students!who!live!off!campus!(i.e.,!any!student!who!does!not!live!in!a!residence!hall;!houses!including!Greek!houses)!!

7. How!does!Tulane’s!location!(city!of!New!Orleans)!affect!the!alcohol!use!of!Tulane!students?!!

8. What!do!you!think!about!the!norms!regarding!high!risk!drinking?!!(Binge!drinking,!drinking!that!leads!to!alcohol!poisoning)!!

a. Can!you!tell!me!how!TEMS!influences!these!norms?!!9. What!role!do!you!think!that!alcohol!use!plays!in!motivating!Tulane!students!

to!practice!healthy!living?!!

10. How!does!alcohol!use!impact!violence!at!Tulane?!!(In!the!context!of!this!interview,!we!define!violence!as!...!“the!intentional!use!of!physical!force!with!

the!potential!for!causing!death,!disability,!injury,!or!harm”!with!emphasis!on!

the!idea!of!power!based!personal!violence,!a!form!of!violence!that!has!a!

primary!motivator:!assertion!of!power,!control!and/or!intimidation!in!order!

to!harm!another.!!This!includes!relationship/partner!violence,!rape/sexual!

assault,!and!stalking,!and!other!uses!of!force,!threat,!intimidation,!or!

harassment!of!an!individual.!!For!the!purposes!of!this!interview!we!define!

sexual!violence!as...a!specific!form!of!powerQQQbased!personal!violence!

involving!physical!force,!sexual!actions,!and/or!words,!to!compel!a!person!to!

engage!in!a!sexual!act!against!his!or!her!will)!!

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Appendix!II:!Master!Code!List!for!Key!Informant!Interviews!1. Environment!(New!Orleans)!2. Enforcement/regulation!3. Academics!!4. Behavioral!shift!5. Excessiveness!6. Safety!7. Accessibility!8. Social!norms!9. Experience!10. Health!11. Bars!12. PreQgame!13. House!party!14. Consequences!!15. Violence!16. College!Culture!17. Balance!

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Appendix!III:!Focus!Group!Questions!1. Can!you!tell!me!about!the!drinking!norms!at!Tulane?!2. Can!you!describe!the!environment!where!you!usually!consume!alcohol?!!i.e.,!

pregaming,!bars,!clubs,!house!parties,!frat/sorority!parties,!at!

home/residence!halls!with!friends!

3. What!are!your!attitudes!about!drinking!at!Tulane?!4. What!are!the!reasons!for!which!you!consume!alcohol?!5. Can!you!tell!me!about!the!relationship!between!alcohol!consumption!and!

academics!at!Tulane?!

6. How!have!your!drinking!behaviors!changed!since!high!school?!!(UNDERCLASSMEN)!

7. How!have!your!drinking!behaviors!changed!since!freshman!year?!!(UPPERCLASSMEN)!!

8. Can!you!tell!us!what!you!consider!highQrisk!drinking?!!i.e.,!how!many!drinks!a!night,!getting!sick,!blacking!out,!making!poor!decisions!!

9. How!does!Tulane’s!location!(city!of!New!Orleans)!affect!the!alcohol!use!of!Tulane!students?!!

10. What!are!your!feelings!about!TEMS?!11. What!are!your!feelings!about!BASICS?!!

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XII.!References!!Binge!Drinking!on!College!Campuses.!!(2008).!!Center!for!Science!in!the!Public!!

Interest.!!Retrieved!from:!

http://www.cspinet.org/booze/collfact1.htm!

!

College!Drinking.!!(2013).!National!Institute!on!Alcohol!Abuse!and!Alcoholism!!

(NIAAA).!!Retrieved!from:!

http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/CollegeFactSheet/CollegeFact.htm!

!

Lazar,!V.,!Orchowski,!L.,!&!Untied,!A.!(2013).!!College(men’s(and(women’s(respective((

perceptions(of(risk(to(perpetrate(or(experience(sexual(assault:(The(role(of(

alcohol(use(and(expectancies.!!Vol.!19.!No.!7.!p.!903Q923.!doi:!

10.1177/1077801213498216.!

!

McKenzi,!J.,!Neiger,!B.,!&!Thackeray,!R.!(2012).!Planning,!implementing,!&!evaluation!!

health!promotion!programs:!A!primer!(6th!ed.)!San!Francisco,!CA:!Benjamin!

Cummings.!

!

National!College!Health!Improvement!Program!(NCHIP).!(2013).!A(collaborative(

network(dedicated(to(improving(the(health(of(college(students.(Retrieved(from:(

http://www.nchip.org/(

!

National!Institute!of!Health!(NIH).!(2002).!A(call(to(action:(Changing(the(culture(of((

drinking(at(U.S.(colleges.!!Task!Force!of!the!National!Advisory!Council!on!

Alcohol!Abuse!and!Alcoholism.!U.S.!Department!of!Health!and!Human!

Services.!p.!vQ54.!

!

Substance!Abuse!and!Mental!Health!Services!Administration,!Results(from(the(2010((

National(Survey(on(Drug(Use(and(Health:(Summary(of(National(Findings,!

NSDUH!Series!HQ41,!HHS!Publication!No.!(SMA)!11Q4658.!Rockville,!MD:!

Substance!Abuse!and!Mental!Health!Services!Administration,!2011.!Retrieved!

from:!

http://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/2k10nsduh/2k10results.htm#Fig3Q3!

!

Tims,!M.S.,!(2013).!Coding(and(analyzing(qualitative(data([PowerPoint!slides].!!

!

Tims,!M.S.,!(2013).!Healthy(Tulane(2020![PowerPoint!slides].!

!

Tims,!M.S.!(2013).!Models(for(program(planning(in(health(promotion![PowerPoint!!

slides].!

!

Toomey,!T.,!Nelson,!T.,!Erickson,!D.,!Lenk,!K.,!&!Winters,!K.!(2012).!College!alcohol!!

systems!model:!Addressing!student!alcohol!use!and!related!problems.!

Retrieved!from:!

http://www.epi.umn.edu/alcohol/conceptmod/index.shtm!

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!

Tulane!Health!Report!Card.!(2010).!National!College!Health!Assessment!II!(NCHAQ!

II).!p.!22Q24.!!

!

U.S.!Department!of!Health!and!Human!Services!(DHHS).!(2007).!What(colleges(need((

to(know,(an(update(on(college(drinking.!National!Institute!on!Alcohol!Abuse!

and!Alcoholism.!Retrieved!from:!

http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/1College_BulletinQ

508_361C4E.pdf!

! !

Wechsler,!H.,!Davenport,!A.,!Dowdall,!G.,!Moeykens,!B.,!&!Castillo,!S.!(1994).!Health!!

and!behavioral!consequences!of!binge!drinking!in!college:!A!national!survey!

of!students!at!140!campuses.!Vol.!272.!No.!21.!p.!1672Q1677.!