Final Emotions&Moods

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Why Emotions Were Ignored in OB

Critical factor in employee behavior 

The ³myth of rationality´

Emotions of any kind are disruptive to

organizations

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What Are Emotions?

Moods

Feelings that tend to

be less intense thanemotions and that lack

a contextual stimulus

Emotions

Intense feelings that

are directed atsomeone or something

Affect

A broad range of feelings that people

experience

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Emotions and Moods

Emotions

Caused by specific event

Very brief in duration(seconds or minutes)

Specifically and numerousin nature

 Accompanied by distinctfacial expressions

 Action oriented in nature

Moods

Cause is often generaland unclear 

Last longer than emotions(hours or days)

More general

Not indicated by distinctexpressions

Cognitive in nature

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The Basic Emotions

While not universally accepted, there appear tobe six basic emotions:

1. Anger 

2. Fear 

3. Sadness

4. Happiness

5. Disgust

6. Surprise

May even be placed in a spectrum of emotion:

Happiness ± surprise ± fear ± sadness ± anger -disgust

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Sources of Emotions and Moods

Personality

Day and Time of the Week

Weather 

StressSocial Activities

Sleep

Exercise

 AgeGender 

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 Positive Moods are

Highest

� At the End of the

Week

� In the Middle Part

of the Day

 Negative Moods areHighest 

 At the Beginning of the Week

 And show little variationthroughout the day

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Gender and Emotions

Women

Can show greater emotional expression

Experience emotions more intensely

Display emotions more frequently Are more comfortable in expressing emotions

 Are better at reading others¶ emotions

Men

Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistentwith the male image

 Are innately less able to read and to identifywith others¶ emotions

Have less need to seek social approval by

showing positive emotions

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What Is the Function of Emotion?

What Functions Do Emotions Serve?

Darwin argued they help in survival problem-solving

Evolutionary psychology: people must experienceemotions as there is a purpose behind them

Not all researchers agree with this assessment

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Emotional Labor 

 An employee¶s expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.

Emotional Dissonance:

Employees have to project one emotion whilesimultaneously feeling another 

Can be very damaging and lead to burnout

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Types of Emotions:

Felt: the individual¶s actual emotions

Displayed: required or appropriate emotions

Surface Acting: displaying appropriately butnot feeling those emotions internally

Deep Acting: changing internal feelings tomatch display rules

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External Constraints on Emotions

Organizational

Influences

Cultural

Influences

Individual

Emotions

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EXTERNAL CONTSTRAINTS ON EMOTIONS

1. ORGANIZATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Job requirements

Disney -- learn to smile«and act happy!

Doctors & air-traffic controllers ± never show

emotions & get excited

Evangelists, sports announcers, lawyers ± showemotions to be effective

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2. CULTURAL INFLUENCES

 Americans value enthusiasm

 Americans ± smiling is a sign of friendliness ±

viewed positively

Chinese consider negative emotions to be usefuland constructive

Norms for expressing emotions differ across

cultural groups:

Japanese - smiling indicates a lack of intelligence French ± make no effort to hide their personal

feelings about customers

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Affective Events Theory (AET)

A model that suggests that workplace events

cause emotional reactions on the part of  employees, which then influence workplaceattitudes and behaviors.

Implications of the theory

Current and past emotions affect jobsatisfaction.

Emotional fluctuations create variations in jobsatisfaction and performance.

Both negative and positive emotions candistract workers and reduce job performance.

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Affective Events Theory (AET)

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Theory Implies

Emotions provide valuable insights about

behavior 

Emotions, and the minor events that cause

them, should not be ignored at work: they

accumulate

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TWO VIEW POINTS ABOUT Emotions

Traditionalists

say that emotions

High performers

say that emotions

Distract us

Increase our

vulnerability

Cloud our judgment 

Must be controlled

Motivate us

Increase our

confidence

Speed our analysis

Build trust 

Must be managed

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OB Applications of Emotions and Moods

Emotions and Selection

Decision Making

Creativity

Motivation

Leadership

Customer Services

Deviant Workplace Behaviors

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THANK YOU