CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN PROCESS Design Introduction Literature Review Design Research and Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCEPTUALIZATION 98 Neighborhood 98 Block 100 Metropolitan Radiography 101 MASTERPLANNING 102 GIS Data 102 Comprehensive Site Analysis 104 Proposed modifications 101 Interior perspective rendered 126 Front perspective rendered 127 Side perspective rendered 128 Front perspective rendered 129 Floor Plans 130 Elevations 132 Systems integration 134 Environmental Control Systems and Sustainable Strategies 134 Building Envelope and Structural Systems Exploded Axon 136 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 108 Corridor Development 109 Massing 110 Preliminary prototypes 112 Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design 114 Vernacular parameters 122 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 24 Top view of a complete block 124 Side views of a complete block 125 Side view of a complete block rendered 126
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CHAP
TER
fou
R:
D
Esig
n P
RoCE
ss
DesignIntroduction Literature Review
Design Research and Analysis TAblE of ConTEnTs
ConCEPTuAlizATion 98
neighborhood 98
block 100
Metropolitan Radiography 101
MAsTERPlAnning 102
gis Data 102
Comprehensive site Analysis 104
Proposed modifications 101
interior perspective rendered 126
front perspective rendered 127
side perspective rendered 128
front perspective rendered 129
floor Plans 130
Elevations 132
systems integration 134
Environmental Control systems
and sustainable strategies 134
building Envelope
and structural systems Exploded Axon 136
sCHEMATiC DEsign 108
Corridor Development 109
Massing 110
Preliminary prototypes 112
Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design 114
Vernacular parameters 122
DEsign DEVEloPMEnT 24
Top view of a complete block 124
side views of a complete block 125
side view of a complete block rendered 126
C4 Design 98
ConCEPTuAlizATion
n E i g H b o R H o o D
understanding of the context relies on the accumulation and simultaneity of data that can either coexist in harmonious continuity or collide to eliminate jarring alternatives.
Typology alone does not inform the design; the city has a structural function that organizes and articulates the contemporary urban space.
Vacant lots offer permeability. The neighborhood can be further fragmented based on land value and potential for improvement, which forms the basis of the future grid of public corridors. These will, ultimately, rejoin the urban fabric that they once severed.
To the Park, the new recreational/social center
To Downtown, the constant center
i-10 is the infrastructure barrierTo broad street, the retail and transportation center
s o u t h e r n o a k d a l e i n t e r s t i t i a l space:infills as per block in purple, orange and blue.
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www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/
C4 Design 98 C4
Design 99
The gis map of oakdale and its vicinity gives evidence to the complexity of land use, environmental determinants, transportation infrastructure, open space, green areas, and regional distinction between neighborhoods.
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single family Residential space
Multi family Residential space Commercial space
industrial space
Vacant space
new urban fabric comes from restructuring interstitial open spaces via new interventions
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Interstitial relationships Flood Control Social Space Preservation
Envisioning the manipulation of these interstitial urban spaces, ‘voids’, via the city’s historical record but also the restructuring capacity of new data sets that emerge from more pragmatic processes supported by technology.
These open spaces can also be interpreted as syncopes, intervals or interruptions that have the potential to generate new relationships between the urban build fabric and the human social realm. The consolidation process evokes a dual role for a residential project: occupation and liberation of the urban fabric according to volumetric and social needs.
Hence, the resulting built environment has to maintain open loci for future permutations and present needs for ecological rehabilitation. Moreover, the architecture itself has to be permeable to the sun, light and air, and include open spaces where the social fabric can be mended.
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www.flickr.com/groups/mobilealabama/pool/
finding the VoiDs
Developing the VoiDs
Making new VoiDs
C o u r t y a r d s C o r r i d o r s
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Design 101
METRoPoliTAn RADiogRAPHy
REfEREnCE Mixed Developments structural networks open spaces
ConCEPT Complex formations
Dynamic guidelines
Manipulated Voids
iDEAs
growth
Communications
landscape
New Park
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can become manipulated voids.
Open spaces
Mixed Developments
Open Spaces
Infrastructure/Network
New Green Corridor
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MAjoR RoADs
CulTuRE CHuRCHEs sCHools
TRAil RAils MAss TRAnsiT
gis DATA
M A s T E R P l A n n i n g
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Design 103
bikE TRAils
MulTifAMily low inCoME DEVEloPMEnT
DRAinAgE wETlAnDs flooD lEVEls
Hiking TRAils gREEns
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Government Street
Broa
d St
reet
Tennessee Street Greenway Rail-Trail to the Riverfront
Virginia Street
Baltimore Street
Kentucky Street
Texas Street
Tr a d i t i o n a l School
Proposed Riverfront Park
Was
hing
ton
Stre
et
Ladd Peebles Stadium Mixed-Use / Residential Development
Mognolia Cemitery, Black Heritage Memorial Park and Museum and Civic Services Corridor
Broad Street / Virginia Street Commercial / Civic / Mixed-Use Revitalization District
Broad Street / Virginia Street Mass Transit
Martin Luther King Mass Transit
Proposed Pedestrian and Bicycle Paths
Hank Arron Loop
Dauphin / Government Streets Mass Transit
Corridor Improvement and Redistribution of I-10 to Downtown Traffic
Intersection Improvement via Roundabouts (TYP)
Comprehensive site Analysis based on gis Data 4.27
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Design 105
Proposed modifications
new green corridor to the proposed waterfront park. Accommodates cars, bikes and pedestrians.
new mass transit stops ancillary to the green corridor and supportive of the increased community density.
walking pathways through the redevelopments intended to foster social interaction, deter flooding, and create a riverfront focus.
new senior-living housing to allow older members of the neighborhood to remain in the community.
Convenience shopping (coffee shop, small grocery, etc.)
Day-care to accommodate greater density of young families.
new neighborhood parks and playgrounds.
new businesses along broad street from vacant premises.
Existing retail parking.
LEGEND
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CouRTyARDs
CoRRiDoRs
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Design 107
The most versatile blocks are those that allow for a square courtyard, nestled between four enveloping rows of houses. There are numerous blocks on the upper section of oakdale that could be formatted according to this layout. All of the wind directions are adequate to bring air flow through the block. The interior space is large enough to accommodate a water feature or a community center. Each side of the block can be landscaped differently in order to better offset the effects of flooding. The separation between the rows of buildings allows for more sunlight, hence, there are more opportunities for having two-story back additions. The existing mature landscape can be fully enjoyed by the community.
Landscape berms not only deter flooding but also provide privacy, visual interest, and a more interactive playground. Rows that are parallel to one another could have different height in order to force greater wind circulation: building additions on the leeward side ought to be taller than those on the windward side. The second model explores the possibility of a single addition per row, one that would be inclusive to all the buildings.
A second story in the lower section of oakdale would have a view over the i-10, towards the river and the new Park. Vertical structures also shade the courtyard and can induce wind currents, particularly if the buildings on the windward side are shorten than those on the leeward side. Consequently, it will make more sense in this hot and humid climate to seek passive conditions that create both shade and air flow. The second concept block illustrates such a case scenario, with second story additions exclusively on the leeward side.
The horizontally of the courtyard is further emphasized by having a continuous corridor between blocks. The courtyards are landscaped in an undulating manner to avert flooding. This configuration also creates a wind tunnel that brings solace to the humid summer conditions by channeling river/bay winds.
The need of landscape berms to avert flooding, a functional determinant, had important consequences on the development of the block, in general, and the courtyard, in particular. An unexpected turn of events, though, was the inspiration that i drew from this organic feature and how it came to inform the design. The gulf Coast ‘shotgun’ cottage is a rectilinear building, made of wood layout out horizontally, typically with a rectangular floor plan that is perpendicular to the street, and toped by a relatively sloped roof. Even though many are white, there are a variety of colorings that are appropriate. originally, i envisioned a modern addition, even one that was being conceived more as a contrasting than as a compatible addition, to be essentially streamlined, metal and glass, and very rectilinear.However, the landscape berms, just like the roof façades from afar, have a rather undulating, organic rhythm from which perhaps some architectural inspiration can be drawn. just like each house has a slightly different roof slope, each new addition could also have a non-symmetrical roof line. similarly, just like each house has different decorative/ornamental elements, each addition could have different materialities; as long as the material of choice is congruent with the lighting needs, for each building itself as well as the combined effect on the block.
C4 Design 108
sCHEMATiC DEsign
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Design 109
Addition comprehended in between the existing houses:offset ‘camelback.’
Addition as an extension of the existing houses:Regular ‘camelback’
Corridor Development
Materiality expressed by exposed by an exposed steel frame and glazing. Privacy and resistance to water damage present a case for a potential third material: cast-in-place concrete.
Additions are proposed in the in between spaces. A 30 feet corridor is delineated. The third story of the additions is limited to the repeating atrium element; it houses the mechanical systems, holds and controls the solar panels, and collects and processes non-potable water. surplus space can accommodate an office and provides a balcony.Cantilever second story over the back to provide shade and potential area for interaction (barbecue). Courtyard addition to be extensively fenestrated on the yard side but to allow for privacy adjacent to the neighboring property.
outer wall incloses plumbing and is contiguous to all units (its added thickness reinforces support)
kitchen and bathroom located along plumbing wall
balconies face the inner courtyard
Circular stairs make available additional living space
sECTion CuT THRougH THE sPACEs PERPEnDiCulAR To THE CoRRiDoR
living and circulation complete each other
second story incloses private spaces
Cantilevered second story allows shaded social area
Exterior circulation on the second story promotes passive ventilation and daylighting
Courtyard facing fenestration facilitate cooling
PREliMinARy MoDifiCATions bAsED on PHysiCAl MoDEl
Extend walls and eliminate steel beam.
Cantilever floor and walls, which is allowable by the structural system up to 6 feet.
Shutters to be rolled along the lip of the floor plate.
Create more interesting widow openings compatible with vernacular shapes and sizes.
C4 Design 112
Preliminary prototypes
bACk ElEVATion
back entrance with social patio.Third story for mechanical/office/balcony.window placement/size allows for privacy.Circulation atrium promotes passive ventilation.
mechanical/office/balcony
circulation
bedroombedroom bathroom
kitchen living
Articulated steel frame and circular stairs Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing
C4 Design 112 C4
Design 113
fRonT ElEVATion
Courtyard views from all rooms.Exterior circulation on second story.Abundance of shaded openings blur the transition between indoor and outdoor rooms.
mechanical/office/balcony
circulation
circulation
bedroom
bedroom
bathroom
living
Articulated steel frame and circular stairs Thin cast-in-place concrete and corrugated floors Corrugated steel roofs and solar panels, and glazing
C4 Design 114
Contemporary ‘shotgun’ design
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Design 115
Building Studio, new orleans, lAscheme intended to have a purpose for the area below the house (flooding deterrent) and conform to the needs of varying family types.lower central space in open to the sky, which allows plants to grow and create shade/permeability.on either side of the lower central space are two distinct spaces for outdoor activities: Private and public gatherings, storage,and parking.Pier foundation minimize site disturbance.open courtyards allow breezes and porches provides overhang to eliminate south-facing heat gain at glazing.Cistern collect rainwater used for landscape and flushing toilets.Several floor plan options, some of which designate an efficiency (ecodensity).operable windows using low-E insulated glass and thermally broken panels are placed on opposite sides of the room for cross ventilation and natural cooling.Exterior metal siding mimics the quilts from gee’s bend in southwest Alabama.
Lang Architects, new orleans, lARestoration of a historic shotgun by connecting the original structure to a new camelback shotgun. The resulting volume has a newly configured 3,000 sq. ft. area. The structures are connected by a grass bridging volume; the materiality is intended to suppress and dematerialize the distinction between the new and the old. The former is scaled in relation to the latter but its architecture is clearly contemporaneous, hence a clear departure from the accepted building practices. The site strategy allows the ‘parabuilding’ to coexist seamlessly among it’s small and low lying neighbors, while enjoying generous spaces both interior and exterior to the building proper.
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Design 117
Billes, new orleans, lA
form is a function of climate and culture:natural ventilationControlled daylightingHigh ceilings with fansshading devicesThermal mass
Added a hallwayMaintained stoop and porchElevated 5 ft. above the groundAttic storage and emergency refuge
Shigeru Ban, Tokyo, japan
structural furniture:integrated structural componentConstructed off-site of prefabricated sfuAllows for an open floor plan and walls of glass that open to the outsidestorageinsulationlower construction costGreater quality and flexibilityC-channel shape can withstand lateral forces parallel to the backboard and also those in the perpendicular orthogonal directions (albeit less efficiently)
Engages the community via both front porch and terrace at the center of the house.
bald Cypress tree in the terrace is the only feature providing shading/cooling.
operable walls and windows allow cross ventilation.
Reduced sun exposure.
sustainable material selection.
Pugh and Scarpa, santa Monica, CA
flexible, multifunctional home for a modern family on a limited budget. Private space is de-emphasized in favor of large public living areas.
inspiration from geometric patterned quilts is reinterpreted as wood pallet cladding. Together with decoratively perforated cement board, they provide shade and privacy but allow vistas and breeze.
High ceilings and operable windows allow for cross-ventilation, a process enhanced by fans and the roof’s incline.
Materials
Building materials specified with regard to local sourcing, durability, non-toxicity, recycled content, and environmental responsible manufacturing:
overhang and porch on the south side provide passive solar protection for the building’s interior.
openings along the east and west sides are protected by overhangs, vertical screens and porches.
North side is flat and exposed, allowing daylighting with a minimum of heat gain.
Inclined roof slope induces airflow.
wood pallets and perforated cement boards offer shading and a thermal break.
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Design 119
Trahan Architects, new orleans, lA
Connectivity between figure and ground allowed by displaced landscape.
shotgun typology as a function of lot constraints, environmental conditions, and efficient planning (traditional) but with a contemporary take.
Efficient plan with elevated slab, centralized entry/porch and minimal interior corridor.
Program divides living and serving spaces, and public and private spaces.
Kieran Timberland, Philadelphia, PA
flexible and integrated system that allows a wide range of customized options in terms of aesthetics and environmental systems:sun screens, slatted trellis, and area of refuge
floor plan separated based on ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ spaces to maximize efficiency and options:Plumbing systems consolidated into linear clusters
Modularity and prefabrication:safe and healthy working conditions, minimal waste, minimal site impact, better product
Graft, los Angeles, berlin, beijing
Affordable modern sustainable amenities:solar panelswater catchment systemgeothermal system with heat pumpTankless water heaterHigh ceilings for stack ventilationHighly insulated hurricane-resistant, operable windows aid stack ventilation and promote cross ventilationHigh-R-value insulationNon-off-gassing paint and finish materials
Merges metaphorical abstractions of traditional and modern architecture:Exaggerated gable roof and generous front porchAreas to encourage socialization
Private intermediate Public
yellow is on-site stick-built construction
green is off-site panelized assembly
black is off-site modular fabrication
Roof as the main architectural feature:Entry, circulation and interior space organizerHigh performance component (galvanized steel frame and zinc louvers)shading devicesolar energy and rainwater collectorsolar water heater
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www.studioedr.com
C4 Design 120 C4
Design 121
Eskew+Dumez+Ripple, new orleans, lA
Transforms local housing traditions to accommodate modern living standards:spatial segregation between private and public spaces.Highly efficient envelope and shutter system:Maximizes natural ventilationProtects against solar radiation and damaging winds.Roof slope:Aids in water collection optimizes solar panel exposure to direct radiation Allows hot interior air to rise and be exhausted to the rear.
Morphosis, santa Monica, CA
Macro-scale vision that synthesizes the unique local social, cultural, economic and ecological conditions.
floating house:foundation enables the house to function independently of the basic infrastructureHouse is integrated in the environment, enriched with sustainable technologies, and respectful of cultural traditions.Foundation of polystyrene foam encased in glass fiber-reinforced concrete.
MVRDV, Rotterdam, netherlands
Adapting vernacular architecture to the constraints of flooding.
bending the structure along a medium axis creates a place at ground level that functions as a cooling buffer and facilitates natural ventilation:Carport in the front and shadow garden in the back.Bedrooms and living spaces are above flood level.
impervious materials (gravel, grass and stone pavers) prevent localized flooding, decrease ambient temperature (vegetation shade and evapotranspiration) and provide outdoor shaded spaces for socialization.
one room wide and three or more rooms deep, all of which are organized en suite. A half bay is located near the rear of the sequence for service functions such as a bathroom. Doors and windows are aligned to each other in order to induce cross-ventilation. Double wide floor plans have a central wall and rely on cross ventilation along the long direction.
A ridge beam spans the entire length of the house, resulting in a gable roof that pitches towards the sides; rainwater runs off the sides of the roof rather than the front or the rear. nonetheless, the front of the roof may also be hipped to meet the street and include a dormer window for light and ventilation.
The structure is often a balloon frame comprised of either wood-frame or barge-board construction, both of which raised on a low brick pier foundation and capped by either metal or asphalt roofing materials. Common decorative elements include Victorian spindlework or bargeboard and decorative balustrades.
The houses occupy narrow, rectangular lots with a little frontage. such an alignment results in a row of dwellings with minimum building separation and creates a definite streetscape rhythm.
1600 sq. ft.28 ft. width34 ft. X 100 ft.
880 sq. ft.14 ft. width20 ft. X 100 ft.
880 sq. ft.34 ft. X 100 ft.
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Design 123
Distinct Pediments
Colonnade
french doors
stairs
front porch
shutters
Cornices
Paneling
spindles
iron railings
Colors
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DEsign DEVEloPMEnT
Top view of a complete block
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C4 Design 124 C4
Design 125
side views of a complete block
north Elevation
south Elevation
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side view of a complete block rendered
interior prespective rendered
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Design 127
frontal prespective rendered
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C4 Design 128
side prespective rendered
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Design 129
front prespective rendered
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C4 Design 130
REF.
18' - 0"18' - 0"
15' -
4"
18' -
0"
12' -
0"
18' - 0"
14' - 4"
22' -
10"
1/16" = 1'-0"1 Crawlspace
UP
REF.1 23
4
5 6
30
31
3233
38
38
38
38
38
38
39 39 39
34
38 38EQ EQ EQ
397 SFLiving
400 SFSleeping
159 SFEating
164 SFCooking
181 SFCooking
484 SFCirculation
567 SFLiving
69 SFWashing
1/16" = 1'-0"2 Level 1
floor Plans
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Design 131
DN
UP
12
13
14
15
18 20
2223 24
25
27
29
460 SFSleeping
264 SFWashing
210 SFSleeping297 SF
Circulation
165 SFCirculation
39
1/16" = 1'-0"4 Level 2
DN
43EQ EQ
37 38
4' - 0"6' - 4"4' - 0"
247 SFRoom
1/16" = 1'-0"3 Level 3
floor Plans
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C4 Design 132
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
1/16" = 1'-0"2 North
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
1/16" = 1'-0"1 South
Elevations
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C4 Design 132 C4
Design 133
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
1/16" = 1'-0"1 East
1/16" = 1'-0"2 West
Elevations
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C4 Design 134
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
----
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
----
1/4" = 1'-0"1 Elevation 1 - a 1/4" = 1'-0"2 Elevation 2 - a
1/4" = 1'-0"3 Elevation 3 - a
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
A-114
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
Roof32' - 0"
1/4" = 1'-0"4 Section 9 1/4" = 1'-0"5 Section 8
Elevations
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Design 135
3" = 1'-0"2 Section 12
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
----
1/4" = 1'-0"4 Section 14
Level 216' - 0"
3/4" = 1'-0"3 Section 13
Crawlspace0' - 0"
Level 14' - 5"
Level 216' - 0"
Level 324' - 0"
1/4" = 1'-0"1 Section 10
Details
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2 3
1
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1
3
4
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sysTEMs inTEgRATion
Environmental Control systems and sustainable strategies
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1. windows align for cross ventilation.
2. shutters provide shade, privacy and protection during storms.
3. fans move the air within the rooms.
4. Delta lighting fluorescent suspended fixtures.
5. Crawl space is a flooding deterrent and diminishes humidity levels.
6. Courtyard decks both in the front and the back.
1. Adsorptive cooling system housed on the third-story. Ancillary solar panels also provide electrical energy benefits.
2. Chimney (@ utility wall) provides an hearth both figuratively and effectively.
3. Tower unit cools the building via stack effect and provide a vantage point for river vistas.
4. Circular steel stairs allow for additional living space.
1. underground cistern collects daily rainfall and provides protection against flooding and graywater for irrigation and sanitary uses.
2. gutter system around the roof divert water to the ground or directly to an above ground cistern that meets the needs of the household (located at back porch).
Plumbing wall at back immediately adjacent to greywater cistern, first floor kitchen and second floor bathroom.
3
1
4
5
2
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steel studs sized for the anchoring steel frame structural system
utility punchout
standard gyp board interior
18 gauge expanded lathsteel track
Thermal insulation on the interior
1” concrete on the exterior and interior lath and studs
a. Steel trusses and metal roofing.
b. Metal decking filled with concrete for flooring.
c. outswing casement windows featuring high-performance thermal qualities and hurricane resistance.
d. Aluminum sunshades help reduce energy consumption.
e. Pre manufactured modular wall panels. Cold formed steel and lightweight Concrete), enable speed of design, rapid deployment of structures, and efficient use of eco-friendly and recycled materials. steel manufacturing is an important component of the local economy.
f. steel studs sized for anchoring steel frame structural system. Articulated joints between steel members form a flexible structural frame onto which modular prefabricated panels can be introduced. Columns to be filled with concrete for thermal break.
h. Three-dimensional brick wall along the perimeter of the crawlspace.
i. wood decking and stairs.
building Envelope and structural systems Exploded Axon