Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
Pharmacology Equations 1) Vol. of Distribution (Vd) 2) Clearance (CL) 3) Loading Dose 4) Maintenance Dose Acid Equations 1) Anion Gap 2) Henderson-Hasselbalch 3) Winters Formula
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
2
Cardiac Equations 1) Cardiac Output (CO) 2) Stroke Volume (SV) 3) Ejection Fraction (EF) 4) Fick Principle 5) Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) 6) Pulse Pressure 7) Wall Tension, Law of LaPlace 8) Resistance
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
3
Pulmonary Equations 1) Determination of Physiologic Dead Space 2) Minute Ventilation (VE): Total volume of gas entering lungs per minute 3) Alveolar Ventilation (VA): Volume of gas per unit time that reaches alveoli 4) Alveolar Gas Equation
Pulmonary Equations Lung Volume
Equation
IRV
TV
ERV
RV
IC
FRC
VC
TLC
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
4
Hypothalamic Nuclei Hypothalamic Nuclei Nucleus Action Destruction
Supraoptic Nucleus
Paraventricular Nucleus
Lateral Area
Ventromedial Area
Anterior Hypothalamus
Posterior Hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
OVLT Area Postrema Thalamic Nuclei Thalamic Nuclei
Nucleus Input Info Destination
Ventral Posteriolateral (VPL)
Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)
Ventral Lateral VL
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
5
Innervation of the Tongue
Taste
Pain
Anterior 2/3: _____ Anterior 2/3: _____
Posterior 1/3: _____ Posterior 1/3: _____
Epiglottic: _____ Epiglottic: _____
Motor: _____, ______
Neurotransmitters in Disease
Norep inephr ine :
Locus ceruleus
Dopamine: Ventral Tegmentum,
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta
Seroton in (5-HT) : Raphe Nuclei
Acety lcho l ine : Basal Nucleus of Meynert
GABA: Nucleus Accumbens
Anxiety
Norep inephr ine Dopamine Seroton in (5-HT) Acety lcho l ine GABA
Depression
Norep inephr ine Dopamine Seroton in (5-HT) Acety lcho l ine GABA
Huntingtons Disease
Norep inephr ine Dopamine Seroton in (5-HT) Acety lcho l ine GABA
Parkinson Disease
Norep inephr ine Dopamine Seroton in (5-HT) Acety lcho l ine GABA
Alzheimer Disease
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
6
Cell Surface Proteins Cell Surface Proteins
Cell Type Surface Protein
T-Cells
Helper T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Regulatory T-Cells
B Cells
Macrophages
NK Cells
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Cytokines Cytokine Action Secreted by Macrophages
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-12
TNF-
Secreted by All T-Cells
IL-2
IL-3 Secreted by Th1 Cells IFN- Secreted by Th2 Cells
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
Vitamin Names Water Soluble Vitamins Lipid Soluble Vitamins Vitamin Name Vitamin Name
Vit B1 Vit A
Vit B2 Vit D
Vit B3 Vit E
Vit B5 Vit K
Vit B6
Vit B7
Vit B9
Vit B12
Vit C
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
7
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins Class Agent Action Analog
Leukotrienes
LTC4
LTD4
LTE4
LTB4
Prostacyclin PGI2
Prostaglandin
PGE1
PGE2
PGF2
Thromboxane TXA2
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
8
Aortic Arch Derivatives Aortic Arch Derivatives Arch Arterial Derivative Mneminic
1st Arch 1st arch is Maximal
2nd Arch Second = Stapedial
3rd Arch 3
rd letter of alphabet = C
4th Arch
6th Arch
Brachial Arch Derivatives Brachial Arch Derivatives: Mesoderm Arch Cartilage Muscles Nerves
1st Arch: M & T Structures
Meckel Cartilage
2nd Arch: S Structures, Second = Stapedius
Reichert Cartilage
3rd Arch: -pharyngeals
4th 6th Arch: Cricothyroid Laryngeal
4th Arch:
4th Arch:
6th Arch: 6th Arch:
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
9
Brachial Pouch Derivatives Brachial Pouch Derivatives: Endoderm Pouch Derivatives Mneminic
1st Pouch: Ear
Ears, Tonsils, Bottom-to-Top
1: Ear 2: Tonsils 3: Bottom (inf. para.)
Top (thymus) 4: Top (sup. para.)
2nd Pouch: Tonsils
3rd Pouch
4th Pouch
Neural Crest Derivatives Neural Crest Derivatives
Peripheral Nervous System
Head
Ear
Eye
Adrenal Gland
Mouth
Heart
Digestive System
Thyroid
Skin
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Teratogens Teratogens
ACE Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Tetracyclines
Cyclophosphamide
Methotrexate (X)
Carbamazepine
Valproic Acid
Phenytoin
Lithium
Statins (X)
Warfarin (X)
Isotretinoin (X) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (X)
Thalidomide (X)
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
11
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Disease Findings Deficient Enzyme Accumulated Substrate Inheritance
Sphingolipidases
Fabry Disease
Pain Peripheral Neuropathy Angiokeratomas Cardiovascular Disease Renal Disease
XR
Gaucher Disease
Hepatosplenomegaly Panycytopenia Bone Disease Gaucher Cells
AR
Neimann-Pick Disease Progressive Neurodegeneration Hepatosplenomegaly* Cherry-red spot on macula
AR
Tay-Sachs Disease Progressive Neurodegeneration NO Hepatosplenomegaly* Cherry-red spot on macula
AR
Krabbe Disease
Progressive Neurodegeneration Optic Neuropathy Globoid Cells Onset: 3-6 mos of Life
AR
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Progressive Neurodegeneration Ataxia, Dementia Onset: after 1st year of life
AR
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Hurler Syndrome Gargolyism/Dwarfism Corneal Clouding*
AR
Hunter Syndrome Like Hurler Syndrome + Aggressive Behavior NO Corneal Clouding*
XR
P450 INDUCERS: Guinness, Coronas, and PBRs cause Chronic Alcoholism
G C P B R S C
P450 INHIBITORS: CRACK AMIGOS
C R A C K A M I G O S
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
12
Organophosphate Poisoning: Cholinesterase Inhibitor DUMBBELS
D U M B B E L S S
Antidote:
Atropine Poisoning: Muscarinic Antagonist
Hot as a hair: Dry as a bone: Red as a beet: Blind as a bat: Mad as a hatter:
Antidote:
Disulfiram-Like Reactions: PoMPouS PMT
P o M P o u
1st gen. S -P -M -T
Sulfa Drugs: Popular FACTSSS P F A C T S S S
Drugs that cause Photosensitivity: SAT For photo(sensitivity)
S A T
F o r Photosensitivity.
Drug-Induced Lupus: SHIPPE
S H I P P E
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Direct Cholinergic Agonists Agent Uses Bethanechol
Carbachol
Methacholine Pilocarpine
Indirect Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterases Agent Uses 1. Donepezil 2. Galantamine 3. Rivastigmine
Edrophonium
Neostigmine
Phyostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Cholinergic Antagonists Agent Uses Atropine
Benztropine
Glycopyrrolate Hyoscymine Iprotroprium Oxybutinin Scopolamine
Sympathomimentics Receptor Agent Uses
2 > 1 Albuterol
1 > 2 = Dobutamine
D1 = D2 > > Dopamine
> Epinephrine
1 = 2 Isoproterenol
1 > 2 > 1 Norepinephrine
1 > 2 Phenylephrine
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Autonomic Nervous System Receptor Recptor Class Major Functions Sympathetic
1 Gq (DAG, IP3)
2 Gi (cAMP)
1 Gs ( cAMP)
2 Gs ( cAMP)
Parasympathetic
M1 Gq (DAG, IP3)
M2 Gi (cAMP)
M3 Gq (DAG, IP3)
Dopamine
D1 Gs ( cAMP)
D2 Gi (cAMP)
Histamine
H1 Gq (DAG, IP3)
H2 Gs ( cAMP) Vasopressin
V1 Gq (DAG, IP3) V2 Gs ( cAMP)
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
15
GRAM-POSITIVE ALGORITHM
Gram Stain
Gram (+) purple/blue
Cocci
Bacilli
Catalase (+): clusters _______________
Catalase (-): chains _______________
Coagulase (+) _______________
Coagulase (-) Novobiocin sensitive
_______________ Novobiocin resistant
_______________
Branching Filaments
_______________ Anaerobic, Not acid fast
_______________ Aerobic, Acid Fast
_______________ Capsule Optochin sensitive Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)
Group A _______________ Bacitracin sensitive
Hemolysis
_______________ No Capsule Optochin resistant Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)
Group B _______________ Bacitracin resistant
Group D, Growth in: Bile, AND 6.5% NaCl Enterococcus _______________
Group D, Growth in: Bile, But NOT 6.5% NaCl Non-enterococcus _______________
______________________
Partial Hemolysis (green)
Complete Hemolysis (clear)
No Hemolysis
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
16
GRAM-NEGATIVE ALGORITHM
Gram Stain
Gram (-) Pink
Diplococci ___________
Coccoid Rods 1 2 3 4
Maltose Fermenter _______________
Maltose Non-Fermenter _______________
Rods
Lactose Fermenter: White on MacConkey
Lactose Non-Fermenter: Pink on MacConkey
Fast Lactose Fermenter 1 2 3
Produce H2S 1 2 3
Does NOT Produce H2S ____________
Oxidase (+) Oxidase (-) ________
Oxidase (+) Comma-Shaped
Grows at 42 C
Grows in Alkaline Media
Produces Urease: Urease Breath Test
Black on TSI or Hektoen Agar
No Change on TSI or Green on Hektoen Agar
Lactose
Oxidase
Maltose
Slow Lactose Fermenter 1 2 3
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Encapsulated Bacteria: SHiNE SKiS
S H
i N E S K i - S
Inc. Risk for Infection:
Catalase (+) Bacteria: Cats Need PLACESS to hide Catalase: H2O2 H2O + O-(Fe Complex)
N P L A C E S S
Inc. Risk for Infection:
Transplacental Transmission: ToRCHHeS
T Other:
1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________
R C H He S
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Metronizdazole: GET GAP on the Metro
Anaerobes below the diaphragm Toxic Free radicals DNA Damage
G E T G A
P Toxicities:
Tetracyclines: GET GAP on the Metro Bind 30S subunit: prevent attachment
of aminoacyl-tRNA VACUuM THe BedRoom
V A C U u M T H e B e d R
Toxicities
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin Extended-Spectrum: HHELPSS
H H E L P S S
Cephalosporins 1st Gen:
1. Cefazolin 2. Cephalexin
PEcK and Gram (+) cocci
P E
c K
2nd Gen: 1. Cefoxitin 2. Cefaclor 3. Cefuroxime
HENS PEcK and Gram (+) cocci
H E N* S P E
c K
*growing resistance
3rd Gen: 1. Ceftriaxone 2. Cefotaxime 3. Ceftazidine
Ceftriaxone 1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ Ceftazidimine 1. ______________
4th Gen: Cefepime 1. ______________ 2. ______________
5th Gen: Ceftaroline No
Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1
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Elevated Anion Gap Acidosis: MUDPILES
M U D P I or I L E S
Normal Anion Gap Acidosis (8-12mEq/L): HARD-ASS
H A R D A S S