Filosofia Tis Istorias

175

:

2008-2009

1

: &

(1 ) 1: Machiavelli Vico

(1 ) 2: (Condorcet & Turgot)

(1 ) 3: Rousseau

(1 ) 4: Kant

(3 ) 5: Herder

(1 )

6: (Fichte & Hegel) (2 )

: (Marx)

(1 )

2

&

1.

- , / : -

, .1

- - * :

. .2

2. - - 3. - & * :

, . , , , .3 , , , , , . , , , , , ,

1 .., , , 1976, .11. 2 ., Sartre, , 1980, .3-4. 3 .., .81.

3

, , , .4

* - - ; - ; - ; ; ; - ; * :

- .5 . . . , . [] ( ) .6

., , , 1981. ., , , 1985. ., , , 1980. ., , , 1987 , .., , , 1976. , .., , , , 1965, .67-

118. , .., , ,

, 1990, .37-66. , .., , [

], 1968. , .., ,

, ![1936], 1, .1-34. , .., ,

, ![1936], 2-3, .175-218, 257-289. , ., Sartre, ,

1980. ., , , 1994. -----------------------------

4 .., , [ ], 1968, .77-78. 5 Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, (Translated by H.B.Nisbet with an introduction by Duncan Forbes), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, p.54. 6 ., , (, - ), , 1985, .291.

4

.., ;, , [: .], 1999. , K., , [: .-.], ,

1985. , ., , [: .], , .. Aron, R., La philosophie critique de l histoire, Librairie philosophique J.Vrin (Points), Paris 1969. Collingwood, R.G., The Idea of History, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994. Walsh, W.H., , [: ..],

, 1982.

5

1 Machiavelli Vico

* : ( & )

1. VICO 1.1. Giambattista Vico 1668. , Vico , , , . 1686 Rocca Salerno, . , Vico Machiavelli, , . , , , , , , Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Bayle .

1699 , . , , , , , . Vico 1744, . 1725 1730, 1744, . 1.2. : Descartes : & / & / &

, , , , , . (137) , , , . (138)

: verum-factum

, , , []. , . , , . , , , , [ ], ,

6

, , .[ 349]

/

, , . (150) , , . , , , . (368)

- (385) - (386) - (391) - (392) - (393) - (394) - (399) 1.3. -

[] , , : , . , , , [ ] , , , . [331]

-

(1) , , , [*] (2) , , [*] (3) , , , , . [*] [31]

-corsi ricorsi*

7

* , , .

, , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . [1106]

-

, . , , , , , , , . , , . [] . , , , [ ] . (132, 133) [], , , , , .[1108]

8

-

, , , . [1108] , , . , , . , . , , , , , , .[1411]

1.4. : Vico-Hegel Vico-Marx

9

2. : MACHIAVELLI 2.1. 2.2. virt fortuna necessit occasione 2.3. - (), , , ( virt) (fortuna). - - & Machiavelli [* ] & & & & & 2.4. : & & , ; *: , : , , , , .

10

2 (Condorcet & Turgot)

, , .

Bossuet (1681), , Voltaire (1765), - Voltaire.

.7 1. 2.

, , , , , Voltaire . . , , : , , , .8

3. - - ( ) 4. 5. . & : 1. (Condorcet) 2. : (Rousseau) 3. (Montesquieu) 7 K., , .., .159. 8 Collingwood R.G., The Idea of History, .., p.78.

11

1. CONDORCET 1.1. [ ] Condorcet 1743. . . , , . . , , , , 1793 1794 . , , , . 1.2.

, , , , , , , , , ; , , ; , [] , , , ;9

- &

, , , , , , , [] , . , , [...].10 , , ,

9 Condorcet, Esquisse d un tableau historique des progrs de l esprit humain, Flammarion, Paris 1988, p.266. 10 .., pp.80-81

12

, .11

-

,

, , , ;[].12

10 (.45-46)

[4 9 ] 3

,

, , ;[] , , , , , , , ; [] , , , , ,

1 : (p.85) [ 1 3 ] 2 :

: 10 , , , , , . . [ ] , , , . [ ] , , . [ ] , , , , , , , . ,

11 .., pp.265-267. 12 .., p.286

13

, .13

10 (.185 ..) -: (.190-191)

: . []14

- ;

, , , , : , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , , [ ].15

& (.188,191) (.192)

, , , , [] [ ] , [].16

13 .., pp.86-87 14 .., pp.265-266 15 .., p.233 16 .., p.272

14

(.193 ..) , , , . []17 , , . , , , , , . , , , , , [.].18

: - (.203-204)

, , , . [ ] . , , . . . , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , .19

17 .., p.274 18 .., p.276 19 .., pp.287-288

15

, , , , , , , , , , , .20

- (.210)

, , , , , , , , , ; , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , .21

20 .., p.270 21 .., p.296

16

2. : TURGOT 2.1. Anne-Robert Turgot 1727. , . Voltaire, , Quesnay, de Nemours . (1770). ! , , , 1781, . , , , . 1.2.

, , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , : .22

-

[] , , , , , . , , . , . [] , [].23

22 Turgot, Plan de deux Discours sur l Histoire Universelle, Oeuvres de Turgot, dition Schelle, tome I, pp.276-277. 23 Turgot, Plan de deux Discours sur l Histoire Universelle, .., p.283.

17

3 Rousseau

. 28 1712 Rousseau 1728 , Mme. de Warens 1740-1741 M. de Mably 1742-1749 ,

. Diderot

. 1743-1744 . 1750 Dijon,

. 1752 . 1753 ,

. 1754-1755

.

1755

( ) 1756 Hermitage, Mme. d Epinay. 1758 dAlembert. philosophes. 1761 Julie ou la nouvelle Hloise 1762 . Rousseau

Neuchtel. 1764 Lettres crites de la Montagne,

, . 1765 . 1766 Hume,

. 1768 Thrse Levasseur,

, . 1770 1770-1771 1772-1776 : Rousseau Jean-Jacques. 1777 . 2 1778 Ermenonville. 1794

1756-1759 Extrait du Projet de Paix Perptuelle (Fragment)

Jugement du Projet de Paix Perptuelle Que l tat de Guerre nat de l tat social (Fragments sur la guerre)

18

II. 1756-1760 Extrait du Projet de Paix Perptuelle (Fragment)

Jugement du Projet de Paix Perptuelle Que l tat de Guerre nat de l tat social (Fragments sur la guerre) Polysynodie de l Abb de Saint-Pierre Jugement sur la Polysynodie

, Rousseau, , , , , . , , , , , , , . [...] . . , , . , ; ! ! , , , , . ! , . ! !24

. Rousseau : 1. ; . 1: , Rousseau, . [.., !] 2. : .

, : , , . , , , , ,

24 Rousseau, Que l tat de guerre nat de l tat social, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres compltes, ditions de la Pliade., vol. III, pp.608-609

19

: . .25

.

. ; , . . [ ] , .26

Discours sur les sciences et les arts, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres compltes, ditions Gallimard(Bibliothque de la Pliade), Paris 1964, vol. III, pp.11-12 2: * .

*: . 3. : [] .

[.., !, .VI,VIII] /: / ;

[.., !, .VII] .

[.., !, .VIII] 3: .

[.., !, .]

4. : Rousseau / ; 4: .

[.., !, .,IV]

25 - , , (: -), , 1992, .113. 26 Rousseau, Discours sur les sciences et les arts, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres compltes, ditions Gallimard(Bibliothque de la Pliade), Paris 1964, vol. III, pp.11-12

20

5. / / / ;

5: / / . . Rousseau : Abb de Saint-Pierre 1: Saint-Pierre , Rousseau . 2: Saint-Pierre , Rousseau . 3: Saint-Pierre , Rousseau, , .27 4: , Saint- Pierre , Rousseau ,* . * (. V .) 5: . , , . , , , .

, . , . , , , , , , . , , . , . [.] , , , . [.] , , , , . [.] , . []

27 Rousseau, Jugement sur le projet de paix Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres compltes, .., vol. III, p.594

21

, , , , , , . [] , , , , , . , , , . , .28

6: . , .

, [ Abb de Saint-Pierre] , Rousseau, . [] [ Abb de Saint-Pierre] , , , , , , , , . , [...]. , . : , , , , [ ] ; , , .29

28 Rousseau, Que l tat de guerre nat de l tat social, .., pp.601-607 29 Rousseau, Jugement sur le projet de paix, .., vol. III, pp.595, 599-600.

22

4

Kant

. 22 1724: Knigsberg *

*( )

1732 Collegium Friedericianum 1740 Knigsberg. , 1746-1755 . 1755 Knigsberg. 1770 Knigsberg. 1787 12 1804 , ,

, . 1781 1783 1785 1788 1790 (82-86) 1793 *( 1797, -

!. .)

1797 1784-1798 1784 : 1786 1793 : ,

1795 1798 (*[ ] )

23

- Allison, Henry E., Kants theory of freedom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990. Arendt, Hannah, Lectures on Kants Political Philosophy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1982. Bennett, Jonathan, Kants Diakectic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1974. Cavallar Georg, Kant and the theory and practice of international right, University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1999 Galston, William A., Kant and the Problem of History, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 1975 Goldmann, Lucien, Kant, New Left Books, London 1971. Habermas, Jurgen, , Murphy, Jeffrie G., Kant : The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan St Martins Press, London & Basingstoke 1970. Van der Linden, Harry, Kantian Ethics and Socialism, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/cambridge 1988 Velkley, Richard L., Freedom and the End of Reason, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1989 Vlachos, G., La pense politique de Kant, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1962. Williams Howard, Kants Political Philosophy, Blackwell, Oxford 1983. Williams Howard (ed.), Essays on Kant s Political Philosophy, University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1992 Yovel, Yirmiyahu, Kant and the Philosophy of History, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1980. , , , ,

, 2001. Booth, William James, Reason and History: Kants Other Copernican Revolution, Kant Studien, 74(1983), pp.56-71 Cavallar Georg-Reinisch August, Kant, Intervention and the Failed State, Kantian Review, vol.2 (1998), pp.91-106 Dupr, Louis, Kants Theory of History and Progress, Review of Metaphysics, 51(1998), pp.813-828 Fackenheim, Emil T., Kants Concept of History, Kant Studien, 48(1956-1957), pp.381-399 Hffe, Otfried, Some Kantian Reflections on a World Republic, Kantian Review, vol.2 (1998), pp.51-71 Lindstedt D., Kant: Progress in Universal History as a Postulate of Practical Reason, Kant Studien 2(1999), pp.129-147

24

. Kant ) [. Van der Linden, pp.99-115, Yovel, pp.125-157]

: .

, , , , .

, , , , , , , , , , , , , [ ].

1

.

2

[] , , .

3

: , .

4

, , , . ,

25

, . [] , , - , [=] , [=] .

5

. , , , , [] , , []. , [=] .

6

. [] , , . , , . , , , . ; , . . [] , , . .

26

7

. [] , , [ ] , , , , , , [].

8

[ ] , . [] [ ] . [] , , , . . , , [] . [] []. [] , , .

9

, , . , .

27

, , , [] ( .)

a priori , .

28

) [. Vlachos, pp.563-582, Williams, pp. 244-271, Habermas]

1 1 2 , 3 4 5 * [ * , ] 6 2 [ , , ] 1 * [ * , : .] 2 - - - - - , - [ ] 3

29

1 : - : , - , . - : 2 : , . .

30

) [ ] 1. , , Kant (4 ) 2. , : - - - ( ) 3. Kant, , :

, , [ ] , , , , [ ] , , [], [ ] , . [] , , [].

4. : - ,

, . -

, [ ], [], .

5. , , signum rememorativum, demonstrativum, prognostikon,

, . , , [], ( ), , [].

6. , , .

, , Kant, , ,

31

, , , - , , ( ) [] , .

* : - , , - , , . 7. , (revolutio) , (evolutio) , - - .

, . [] , , , , , - , .[].

8. () ; , :

, , [].- . , , . , [ ] , , , , [] , , , , , , , , , .

32

) 82-86 82 :

: ; , , , , .

83 : (Kultur)

, , , , . , , , , . []

, , , , , , , []. , [] , , . ( ) []. , [].

, , ,

.

33

,

, , , , , , , , .

* , , . - . Rousseau:

( , , ) , , .

Kant, , ,

, .

:

[ ], .

, ,

. , , :

, ,

34

, , .

84

.

, , ( ), , , , , ,

: . .

85

( ) . , []. [ ] , .

86

[] , , .

35

1 ; 1. - 1793 Kant . - 1793, , , . - 1793 . ; -: , . -: - , . -: . [ , ]

[ Cavallar, pp.113-120, 126-131, Vlachos, pp.578-582, Williams, pp.244-271]

2. * : : 7 8 (1784) , .155-159 (1793) : , .42 .. (1795) : , 53-61 (1797) : ( : ) ; ( : ) ( ): ( ) ( ): , 3. - (... .35, 38, .., 67-68, .., 155-159, .., .57 ..). . Hassner, - Saint-Pierre Rousseau- : . . Nussbaum, Kant

36

. - (.., .44) - - (.., .45-46): Tuck. - - .., .45 [. , - .., .29, 35] - : - .., .46-47- (. Vlachos, p.574, ) Habermas, Rawls Williams, Kant : 1. 2. (. Vlachos, pp.576-577) 3. Kant Mertens, Habermas Rawls. Hffe : 1. Kant, ,

. 2.

, . , communitarians , , .

Kleingeld , , . (p.557 ff.), Kant - , .

-

Cavallar Georg, Kant and the theory and practice of international right, University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1999. Cavallar Georg-Reinisch August, Kant, Intervention and the Failed State, Kantian Review, vol.2(1998), pp.91-106. Habermas, Jrgen, La paix perptuelle. La bicentenaire dune ide kantienne, Les ditions du CERF, Paris 1996. Hassner, Pierre, Les Concepts de Guerre et de Paix, Revue franaise de science politique, XI(1961), pp.642-670. Hffe, Otfried, Some Kantian Reflections on a World Republic, Kantian Review, vol.2(1998), pp.51-71. Kleingeld Pauline, Kants Cosmopolitan Law: World Citizenship for a Global Order, Kantian Review, vol.2(1998),

pp.72-90. Mertens, Thomas, From Perpetual Peace to the Law of Peoples: Kant, Habermas and Rawls on International

Relations, Kantian Review, vol.6(2002), pp.60-85. Nussbaum M., , , 18, 2, 2000,

.157-192. Rawls, J., , , 2002 Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace, Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant,

Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999.

37

2 &

1. Res publica nooumenon/Res publica phaenomenon: .., ! : [ (.., .61-62)] : (..., .106 .., .130) (.., .131-134) (.., .135-138) 2. : ..., .86 .. .., ! : : (..., .43-45) (..., .60) (..., .80-81) (..., .97-98): (..., .106-107)

3. /-Res publica phaenomenonnooumenon

(.., .192-193, 195) / Res publica phaenomenon Rem publicam nooumenon : : / ;

(.., pp.209,241) Williams, p.44 Van der Linden, pp.(11,36),153-164, 190-194 Yovel, pp.137-157 Nicholson, p.264 Beck, pp.419-422 Axinn, p.431 Galston, pp.225-246 (.., .69 ..) ; (..., .29, .., .153-155, .., .167.., .193-194, REL., pp.86-87) *. Dupr

38

- Kemal, Salim, Kant, Morality and Society, Kantian Review, vol.2(1998), pp.14-50. Paton, H.J., The Moral Law, Hutchinson University Library, London 1948. Roulier, Scott M., Kantian Virtue at the Intersection of Politics and Nature, North American Kant Society, Studies in

Philosophy, vol.7(2004) Wakler, Ralph, , , , 2003. Watson, Stephen H., Kant on Autonomy, the Ends of Humanity, and the Possibility of Morality, Kant Studien

77(1986), pp.165-182 , , , 2004,

1773, .774-788.

39

3 ;

1. : (..., .24-25) (..., .28-29, .., .60 ..) - (...,.37-38, A.I., .66-68, .., .63-65) - (..., 82-86) (.., .60120)- : Nicholson, pp.249-268 (.., .141-142,146, .. pp.130-131,133,161, A.E. .74-75, 91-93)-. Beck, p.413 ff., Van der Linden, pp.179-187, Vlachos, pp.526-545, Williams, pp.198-208 (.., .184-190)- . Atwell, p.435, Axinn, pp.426-432, Beck, pp.415-419, Nicholson, pp.262-264, Van der Linden, pp.175-179, Vlachos, pp.546-557, Williams, pp.208-214, 2. 2.1. (.., .66-68, .., .190-191, 194-195) [ , ..., .31,55/47-50: ]

. Williams, p.41 ff. 2.2. ( .., .80-82, ..)- . Van der Linden, p.171

2.3. (..., .., .147, .., p.130)- . Vlachos, p.541, Kant

, . Reiss Kant - -

Reiss Kant , , , , , , .

-

Axin, Sidney, Kant, Authority and the French Revolution, Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXII(1971), pp.423-432. Beck, Lewis W., Kant and the Right of Revolution, Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXII(1971), pp.411-422. Bielefeldt, H., Autonomy and Republicanism: Immanuel Kants Philosophy of Freedom, Political Theory, August 1997, vol.25, No4, pp.524-558. D Hondt, Jacques, O , , 12 (- 1994), .81-92. Dodson, K., Autonomy and Authority in Kants Rechtslehre, Political Theory, February 1997, vol.25, No1, pp.93-111. Flikschuh, Katrin, Freedom and Constraint in Kants Metaphysical Elements of Justice, History of Political Thought, vol.XX, Issue 2, September 1999, pp.250-271. Lilla, Mark, Kants Theological-Political Revolution, Review of Metaphysics, 52(2)(1998), pp.397-434. Nicholson, Peter P., Kant, Revolutions and History, Howard Williams (ed.), Essays on Kant s Political Philosophy, University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1992, pp.249-268. Reiss, Hans, Kant and the Right of Rebellion, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol.17(1956), pp.179-192. Seebohm, Thomas, Kant s Theory of Revolution, Social Research 48(1981), pp.557-587. Tosel, Andr, Kant rvolutionnaire. Droit et Politique, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1988. Van der Linden, Harry, Kantian Ethics and Socialism, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis/Cambridge 1988, pp.165-189. Vlachos, G., La pense politique de Kant, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1962, pp.515-557. Williams Howard, Kants Political Philosophy, Blackwell, Oxford 1983, pp.198-220. [Symposium], Kant on Revolution, Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXII(1971).

40

( )( : = ) [ ] ( ) ( ,)

( ) ( ) ,

( & Yovel, pp.185-198, Williams, pp.262-263)

41

5 Herder

.

25 1744 Herder Mohrungen . 1749 Goethe. 1762-1764 , , Knigsberg,

Kant Hamann. Rousseau, Lessing Winkelmann.

1764 , , . 1769 * ( * ,

) 1770 Hegel. Goethe. 1771 Bckeburg, . 1774 . 1776 ,

Goethe. Klinger Sturm und Drang,

. 1784-1791 ,

Kant. 1794-1797 . 18 1803 Herder .

- Beiser, F.C., The Political Theory of J.G.Herder, Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism, The Genesis of German Political Thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1992, pp.189-221. Berlin, I., Vico and Herder, The Hogarth Press, London 1992. (. . . ) (Forster M. N. ed.), Herder. Philosophical Writings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002. Linker, D., The Reluctant Pluralism of J.G.Herder, The Review of Politics, Spring 2000, pp.267-293. Lovejoy, A.O., Herder and the Enlightenment Philosophy of History, Essays in the History of Ideas, Capricorn Books, New York 1960, pp.166-182. Meinecke, F., Historism. The Rise of a New Historical Outlook, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1972, pp.295-372. Wells G.A., Herders Determinism, Journal of the History of Ideas, 1(1958), pp.105-113. Wells G.A., Herders Two Philosophies of History, Journal of the History of Ideas, 4(1960), pp.527-537. ----------------- Herder, Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, A.Lacroix et Cie diteurs, Paris1874. [Nouvelle dition] Herder, Histoire et cultures. Une autre philosophie de l histoire, (prsentation Alain Renaut), Flammarion Paris 2000. ---------, J.G.Herder on Social and Political Culture, (trans., edited and with an introduction by F.M.Barnard), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1969. ---------, Herder. Philosophical Writings, (trans., edited and with an introduction by Michael N. Forster), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002.

42

. Herder

, ,

, . (Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, A.Lacroix et Cie diteurs, Paris1874. [Nouvelle

dition], tome I, p.286) , , , ,

, , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, p.288) ,

. (Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, p.122)

1. Herder . / ( , This too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity, p.340)

.

(This too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity, p.350)

, , ! , , , !


, , , , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, tome I, p.116) - - & * (*: ) - ( ) - ( ) -/ / * (* ) -, -

43

2. Herder: , , .

3. :

. (This too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity, p.357)

. , , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, p.248) 4. :

, , , , . [] . , , , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, pp.183-184) , , , , , , . [] , []. , . [] , , , , , , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, pp.120-122)

5. &

. (Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome I, p.107)

, , , . [] [].

44

, .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome II, pp.74-75) 6. Humanitt, Krfte, Bildung

7. ;

:

. .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome II, p.115) , , , , , . , : .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome II, p.70) , :

, . [] , , , .[] [] , . , , .

(Philosophie de l Histoire de l humanit, .., tome II, pp.112, 116-117) Beiser

, . , , .

(Beiser F.C., The Political Theory of J.G.Herder, Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism, The Genesis of German Political Thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1992,

p.211)

Berlin

Herder, Nietzsche, . [...] , , Rousseau.

(Berlin I., Vico and Herder, The Hogath Press, London 1992, p.162)

45

Herder . , , . , . [...] Herder . , , , -, .

(Berlin I., Vico and Herder, .., p.181) 8. :

, ! ! !


, , ; [] ! , .


[] . [] .

( 116) , .


; [,,,] [].


, .


Berlin

[ Herder], , ,

46

, , .30

(Berlin I., Vico and Herder, .., p.177) Barnard

Herder, , , , .

(Barnard F.M., J.G.Herder on Social and Political Culture, (trans., edited and with an introduction by F.M.Barnard), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1969, p.34)

Linker

- . , , . Herder , , .

(Linker D., The Reluctant Pluralism of J.G.Herder, The Review of Politics, Spring 2000, pp.279-280)

Linker

, Herder - , . .

(Linker D., The Reluctant Pluralism of J.G.Herder, .., p.283)

30 , , , 1968, .20-21, Herder , [] . .

47

Kant, Herder , , . 1. Herder, , Hegel , , , , . , , Herder, , - . , Herder . 2. Kant, Herder , . , , conditio sine qua non . Kant, Herder . 3. Kant Herder . 4. Herder, .

Kant , 1785 Allgemeine Literaturzeitung. Herder, : (1786).

48

5 Hegel

. 27 1770 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. 1783 . 1788-1793 Tbingen. Hlderlin Schelling. 1793-1796 1797-1800

(* , .) 1799 . 1801-1807 1807-1808 ,

. 1808-1816 1811 Marie von Tcher. 1816-1818 . - . 1817 . 1818-1831 . 1829 . 1831 .. :

[ Nohl 1907] 1798-1802 1801 Fichte Schelling 1802-1803 System der Sittlichkeit 1803 1803-1804 Realphilosophie I 1805-1806 Realphilosophie II 1807 1812-1816 1817 Stnde 1821 1831 1832 1833-1836 1835-1838 1837

49

- ., , (: . ), , 1994, .19-28. ., , , -

1981, .4, .80-82. ., , , (: ., : ., :

., .), 1992. ., , , 1999. Avineri S., Hegels Theory of the Modern State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. Habermas J., Hegels Critique of the French Revolution, Theory and Practice, Polity Press, Cambridge 1988, pp.121-

141. Hyppolite J., Introduction la philosophie de lhistoire de Hegel, Seuil, Paris 1983. Kaufmann W., (ed.), Hegels Political Philosophy, Atherton Press, New York 1970. Marcuse H., Reason and Revolution, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1986. McCarney J., Hegel on History, Routledge, London 2000.

Meinecke Fr., Machiavellism, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey 1998, pp.343-369. Popper K.R., The Open Society and its Enemies, Routledge, London and New York 1966(1945), volume 2(Hegel & Marx). Pelczynski Z.A., (ed.), Hegels Political Philosophy, problems and perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge1971.

., , (, , , : .), , 1999.

Taylor Ch., Hegel and Modern Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979. -------------------------- Hegel : , , (, , : .), , 1993. Hegels Philosophy of Right, (translated with notes by T.M.Knox), Oxford University Press, Oxford 1967. , , (. .), , 1980,1981- !

!]

50

-

(257-360)

Sittlichkeit (182-256)

- (158-181)

Moralitt (105-141) (34-104)

-

( - -) - (-, - -)

(- -)

51

. Hegel Die Welt Geschichte ist das Weltgericht

1. (* Bossuet Hegel)

, , , Hegel . . , [] . , , [].

(Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, (Translated by H.B.Nisbet with an introduction by Duncan Forbes), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, p.42)

2. :

, , . , . . , - - .[] - .

(Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., pp.46, 54) * :

[ ] . . [] : , , , - - , , . , , , .

(Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., p.99)

52

[] : . , , .

(Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., p.97) ** *** 3. ; ( : , -, /Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., pp.54, 129-131, 196-209) -List der Vernunft (* List der Vernunft

List der Natur List der Produktion) , , , , , , .

(Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., p.74) , , . , .

( Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., p.89) -

[ ] . , . , , , .

(Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., p.71) - (*

) , Hegel, . . .[] , . [] [ ] , . , , .

53

, , . -, .

(Hegel Lectures on the Philosophy of World History. Introduction, .., pp.84-85) *

- - . , , , , .

[Hegel to Niethammer, October 13, 1806]

. . . , , , , . , - - , , , .

[Hegel to Niethammer, April 29, 1814]

(. 1. 2. ) - (* )

. , , , . .

[ 349] - . , , .

[ 330] , . , , , .

[ 345]

54

, , ,

. , [ ] .

[ 352] 4.

[] , , .

[ 246] , , , , , .

[ 324R] , , . Kant , . , . , , , .

[ 333]

55

1 - 582-595 - 5 [+], 258 -

-

Habermas, J., Hegels Critique of the French Revolution, Theory and Practice, Polity Press, Cambridge 1988,

pp.121-141. Hyppolite, J., The Significance of the French Revolution in Hegels Phenomenology, pp.35-69. Ritter, J., Hegel and the French Revolution, Essays on the Philosophy of Right, The MIT Press, Cambridge,

Massachusetts 1984. Schmidt, J., Cabbage Heads and Gulps of Water: Hegel on the Terror, Political Theory, February 1998, vol.26, No1, pp.4-32.

Shanks, A., Hegels Political Theology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991, pp.114-116. Solomon, R.C., In the Spirit of Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1985, pp.559-564. Suter, J.-F., Burke, Hegel and the French Revolution, Z.A.Pelczynski (ed.), Hegel s Political Philosophy,

problems and perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971, pp.52-72. Taylor, Ch., Hegel and Modern Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1974, pp.100-125 Wokler, R., Contextualizing Hegel s Phenomenology of the French Revolution and the Terror, Political

Theory, February 1998, vol. 26, No1, pp.33-55. 1.

, , . , . . . ( )

2. , [ ] . , - . [] . . , , , . , . , . , , , . , . , , , , .

56

3. :

[] : , . , , , , .

4.

, , , . , , . (* Hegel Burke) Joachim Ritter - Hegel : ( ), ( ). - , , : () / . - Hegel : , . , . Jrgen Habermas - Hegel , : , . - Hegel , . , , . ( ) - , Hegel . [] Hegel , . Jean Hyppolite - Rousseau Kant, . (* : Kant , , Robespierre . . , . Hegel, ) - Rousseau, , . , , . , Hegel ,

57

, , , , . , :

, [ Hegel . ] 1794 . , . - , .

- , : , Hegel, .

58

2 1. Hegel - - [] . , . [Hegel to Christiane Hegel, January 18, 1831] - / [Zweck] / [Ende]: Hegel . - 1789 : , . - / , . [257, 260] - /: - . : , , . 2. Nietzsche , , , .[] - , , . , , Hegel, . , , . , , . [, , (--: ..), , 1993, .82-83.] , Goethe , : . , , , , , , . [, , .., .85] , , . . , : , . , ! , . . , , . [, , .., .86]

59

, . [, , .., .93] [ ] [] , - ! ; ; ; , [] [[, , .., .95] - : , , [, , .., .17-26, 106-107] - : , , [, , .., .27-40] - : Hegel - [, , .., .87-99] 3. Kojve

3.1. -

, , . [ , 431 Zusatz] - 178-196 , . [] []. 187 - 430-438 [ ] . 431 . 432 . [] , , . , , , . 432 Zusatz , , , - . . 433 , . 436 Zusatz

3.2. Kojve

- [p.141 ff.] -- [p.145 ff.] [ - ] [pp.436-437] - -Hegel [pp.147-148] -=== [pp.435, 483 ff.] - : [p.496 ff.] - [p.508 ff.] - [p.523 ff.] 4. Fukuyama

1. , , Kant (4 )82 :* , , . - . : 84 1 ; 2 & *. Dupr-

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