ps' et Rick Altman Film Sound - All Of It In the Introdttction to Sound'l'hertr,-/Sound Pntr'tit't, Icallcd li)r a trciltlncnt ol "CinemaasEvent."r Isuggestedthatwe considercinernilnot astcxtalonc.norcvcltils text plus reception, but as a thlee-dimcnsional clait occupying space and tinre within a nrulti-tlirtrcnsional culturc Whilc thatcxhortatir)n hilsilttfitctcrl a ccrtirin urlourrt ol' illlcnli()n ll'orrr TOtn Gtrnning irrrrl 0lhcrs. n() systclrtitltc itlte nlPl lo rcvirc oLrr crilicirl praxis hasgrown out of thc notion ol cirrcrla as cvclrl. This urticlc is an uttctnl)t to I)ut someteeth in the claim thatcinenrit nrust bc treatcd as a tull-l'lcdgctl cvct)1. Thc lrticlc is divided inttlfirurparts. Ibegin by sLrggcsting that ourcurrcrrt dcl'inition ol'I'ilrlsourrd is overly narrow. inhcritcd as it is ll'onr a tcxt-orientccl traclition. Insteucl ol onc typc ol' stluttd. wc shoultlhc consrdcritrg al lcust lirLrl clil'li'r'crrt ciltcgofics ol sountl. I tlrcrr provide a historical overview ol lcgitirnatc thcltcr tlcsigrr lhrrn thc stlnripoint ol' audlence sound. A third section treats thcatcr sourrdscapc changcs ovcr-thc coursc ol' filrn history. Finally, I considel appropriate ways to thcolizc l'ilrnsourrd whcn it is rcdclincd to tncludc thc cntilc sounrlscuDe ol cincrrur us c\cnt. Four'lypes of F'ilm Sound ln the past,thc tcnn "l'ilnr sotrncl" hasalways nlclrlt thc sounrl prorluccd hy. lirr. or with thc I'ilrn. In othcr worcls, wc havc rcgularly tlkcrr lirr glurrtctl lhlrlorrrtopic is lhc sound that accornpanies the l'ilnr,the sor:nd that is part ol thc tcxt. the sountlautlroretl by thesame industry that authored thc l'ilrn. By acccpting thisre stlictcd clcl'inrtion ol our object of studywe havenot only undulylinritcd thc rangc ol oul possiblc conclusiorrs. but we haveinadl'ertently supportcd onc ol'thef ilnr rnclLrstry's nrost inrp()rtilnt bul scll- scrvittg tcncts: thatarnong allthc soLrntls plorlucctl irr irntl irlotrnrl lr rnovic lhclrtcr. orrly thc sounrl producctl by lntl lirr thc lilrrr is lirllyworthy ol rltclrlion. lrrslcirtl ol lirritirrr: ouratralysistothisrestrictcdvc|siorr0l liInrsouncl.lcl usinslclrl ilttcil(l toill|{hcsourrtls producedinconncctionwithI'ilrncxhibitron.Orrlybycxplrrtlirrsourrlcl.irriliorrol lilrrr sottndcitn we htlpe cver to undelsllntltlrc irrrlrrstrv's irrrcslrrrcrrl itr lcsllrclirrIt otrr' attcntion to its owtt uttcnlnccs. llrcloul intcrcst in rclirsing lhlrltcstlictiorr. Rick Alttnan, "l:iltn Sound - nll Of lr." lrr lT (Splng l()()()): PP J l -1t{
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Notc
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c c l u i d c | . c x t c l t s t t l t t t l c c c s r c c h e r c h e s a u - d e l i d ' u n n t l m b r e t i m i t 6 d e p e r s o n n e s e t d e s l i c ls . [ . ' cn r rcpr rsc r l l c l l r c ( in i t idc par R ick A l tman ' i qu i i l fau t en rendre I 'hommage)
dupr .cscr l t rcc t rc i l t l c tcx tcs | l l cpara i rp r .opre i t . fa i re i rvancerce t tecausedpasdege in ts , Ji1. rr ' , is part ictr l iErerrent heureux d'y part iciper'
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/ t t t .k orr I ' i l r tr . t t t trr t t l i t r F.untl te ( ' (rnl i t lue.s I t t be httmpered bv severct l pntblems spetiJic
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. 'g t t l lerr t l t ' t t< t ' l ( ) t t ' ( t r ( l r r t l tn ipt t l t t l i r tn ' Int t ' rnt t t iont i l problems cr tn l r r t t t t t t rg ' s t tut t t t
t t r t l ic .s i t t t l t r t l t ' t l is l r i l t t t t t t t t t i t t t l i f l t ' rant l t t t tg ' t r t tge l 'err l ( ) ' l ' ! ' pre jut l i tes rcgurdtr t '? '
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Film Sound - All Of It
In the In t rod t tc t ion to Sound ' l 'her t r , - /Sound Pnt r ' t i t ' t , I ca l l cd l i ) r a t rc i l t lncn t o l " C i n e m a a s E v e n t . " r I s u g g e s t e d t h a t w e c o n s i d e r c i n e r n i l n o t a s t c x t a l o n c . n o r c v c l t i l s tex t p lus recept ion , bu t as a th lee-d imcns iona l c la i t occupy ing space and t in re w i th in a nru l t i - t l i r t rcns iona l cu l tu rc Whi lc tha t cxhor ta t i r )n h i l s i l t t f i t c tc r l a cc r t i r in u r lour r t o l ' i l l l cn l i ( )n l l ' o r r r TOtn Gt rnn ing i r r r r l 0 lhcrs . n ( ) sys tc l r t i t l t c i t l te n lP l lo rcv i rc oLr r c r i l i c i r l p rax is has grown out o f thc no t ion o l c i r rc r la as cvc l r l . Th is u r t i c lc i s an u t tc tn l ) t to I )u t some tee th in the c la im tha t c inenr i t n rus t bc t rea tcd as a tu l l - l ' l cdgc t l cvc t )1 . Thc l r t i c lc is d iv ided in t t l f i ru rpar ts . Ibeg in by sLrggcs t ing tha t ourcur rc r r t dc l ' in i t ion o l ' I ' i l r l sour rd is over ly nar row. inhcr i t cd as i t i s l l ' onr a tcx t -o r ien tcc l t rac l i t ion . Ins teuc l o l onc typc o l ' s t lu t td . wc shou l t l hc consrdcr i t rg a l l cus t l i rL r l c l i l ' l i ' r ' c r r t c i l t cgo f ics o l sount l . I t l r c r r p rov ide a h is to r ica l overv iew o l l cg i t i rna tc thc l tc r t l cs ig r r lh r rn thc s t ln r ipo in t o l ' aud lence sound. A th i rd sec t ion t rea ts thca tc r sour rdscapc changcs ovcr - thc coursc o l ' f i l rn h is to ry . F ina l l y , I cons ide l appropr ia te ways to thco l i zc l ' i l rn sour rd whcn i t i s rcdc l incd to tnc ludc thc cn t i l c sounr lscuDe o l c incr ru r us c \cn t .
Four ' l ypes o f F ' i lm Sound
ln the past, thc tcnn " l ' i lnr sotrncl" has always nlclr l t thc sounrl prorluccd hy. l i rr . or w i th thc I ' i l rn . In o thcr worc ls , wc havc rcgu la r ly t l kc r r l i r r g lu r r tc t l lh l r l o r r r top ic i s lhc sound that accornpanies the l ' i lnr, the sor:nd that is part ol thc tcxt. the sountl autlroret l by the same indus t ry tha t au thored thc l ' i l rn . By acccpt ing th is re s t l i c tcd c lc l ' i n r t ion o l our ob jec t o f s tudy we have no t on ly undu ly l in r i t cd thc rangc o l ou l poss ib lc conc lus io r rs . bu t we have inad l 'e r ten t ly suppor tcd onc o l ' the f i l n r rnc lL rs t ry 's n ros t in rp ( ) r t i ln t bu l sc l l - sc rv i t tg tcnc ts : tha t a rnong a l l thc soLrn t ls p lo r lucc t l i r r i rn t l i r lo t rn r l l r rnov ic lhc l r tc r . o r r l y t h c s o u n r l p r o d u c c t l b y l n t l l i r r t h c l i l r r r i s l i r l l y w o r t h y o l r l t c l r l i o n . l r r s l c i r t l o l l i r r i t i r r r : o u r a t r a l y s i s t o t h i s r e s t r i c t c d v c | s i o r r 0 l l i I n r s o u n c l . l c l u s i n s l c l r l i l t t c i l ( l t o i l l | { h c s o u r r t l s p r o d u c e d i n c o n n c c t i o n w i t h I ' i l r n c x h i b i t r o n . O r r l y b y c x p l r r t l i r r s o u r r l c l . i r r i l i o r r o l l i l r r r so t tnd c i tn we h t lpe cver to unde ls l ln t l t l r c i r r r l r rs t rv 's i r r rcs l r r rc r r l i t r l cs l l rc l i r r I t o t r r ' a t tcn t ion to i t s owt t u t tcn lnccs . l l r c l ou l in tc rcs t in rc l i rs ing lh l r l t cs t l i c t io r r .
Rick Al t tnan, " l : i l tn Sound - n l l Of l r . " l r r lT (Splng l ( ) ( ) ( ) ) : PP J l -1t{
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\ ( , l \ r l 1 \ ( l l | | i r ' t l l l ! i l lbl! 'r dcs sourccs cl lrouvcr dcs tdll. loignlges' lc tr0vail el 'fectui par Rick
Purl i ( t t lur p( t - i t tds t t r c()wl l r les '
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, . r ( )c lu t r , . ( )u b ic t l l c l rcu g fom6t r ique abs t ra i t d 'une s6r ic d ' in ten t ions (du c6 t6 de sa
. . | , ' . . ' , ' , , | . r l r r c s e i t . t c t | c p r o c e s s u s < l e < r d c e p t i o n > ( d u c 6 t 6 d u p u b l i c ) . E n m € m e t e m p s '
t . : : : - t l l l l , r , , . a , , . ] . . " i . ] .1 , , , y , , ' cc cn I ' *uvrc p . rssc de . rcurc r t ians I 'an96 l isnre c t dans
i t t ld L r ' " r " ' , . c ]s c r rnd i t i t l r t s c , r r tc rc tcs d 'a l tp l r r . i t io t r c t ( l ' cx is tcncc .
1, ' 1 , r1 i1 t t l c f l c l l \ i l \ ' ( ) l l ( l c \
B i c l r c t . l t c | l d t l . t . , . , t c c q u . . j . a i d i t d a n s c c t a r t i c l e n e m c t p a s e n c a u s e l a r 6 a l i t 6 e t
. , ,L , i . ; ; i i , " 'u tn* t in t f re t dcs rechcrches e t pub l i ca t ions d6 j i r ex is tan tes sur l c son '
n o t l l | ] ] I - l l c | l t c n f r l a n c c ' I e c h e r c h e s e t p u b l i c a t i o n s s u r l e s q u e l | e s . e n r a i s t l n d e m o n .rr, ,*. ,".", ct dc rncs Propres travaux' j 'ai <lcs positrons vari6es Le probldme pose est
c c l u i d c | . c x t c l t s t t l t t t l c c c s r c c h e r c h e s a u - d e l i d ' u n n t l m b r e t i m i t 6 d e p e r s o n n e s e t d e s l i c ls . [ . ' cn r rcpr rsc r l l c l l r c ( in i t idc par R ick A l tman ' i qu i i l fau t en rendre I 'hommage)
dupr .cscr l t rcc t rc i l t l c tcx tcs | l l cpara i rp r .opre i t . fa i re i rvancerce t tecausedpasdege in ts , Ji1. rr ' , is part ictr l iErerrent heureux d'y part iciper'
l , rn s rns d i l l i c t r l t c p ( ) t l r r l ssc l l lD l ! ' l ' ocs s ( ln r ucs s t r r ( 'u r " ' " ' ' l - " : - ' - ' - - -
,1 , ' . . u r i " " . , r , , * t i ra rs - tJn is n 'a n ta l l rcure t tsc lncn t pas son iqu iv l l cn t en France
/ t t t .k orr I ' i l r tr . t t t trr t t l i t r F.untl te ( ' (rnl i t lue.s I t t be httmpered bv severct l pntblems spetiJic
t t l t t , I . .rrr0ltattrt . \ ' ( t , t t( ' . ' l - l te.sc problent.s i t t t l r tdt ' l i t r t i lul i t t tr ' t r2l ki l r tw' lct lgc rutd <'t tmttrt t '
. 'g t t l lerr t l t ' t t< t ' l ( ) t t ' ( t r ( l r r t l tn ipt t l t t l i r tn ' Int t ' rnt t t iont i l problems cr tn l r r t t t t t t rg ' s t tut t t t
t t r t l ic .s i t t t l t r t l t ' t l is l r i l t t t t t t t t t i t t t l i f l t ' rant l t t t tg ' t r t tge l 'err l ( ) ' l ' ! ' pre jut l i tes rcgurdtr t '? '
' r i r , r r<,r r l .s t r . /c . r ' . ut t t ! luck t , l k .n1)x ' let lge t rboul nt t tde 's t tJ exhi l t i t i r tn unt l l is tening 'speci l i t
.i1,{ 1 ry"ffryrffry"rywry
Film Sound - All Of It
In the In t rod t tc t ion to Sound ' l 'her t r , - /Sound Pnt r ' t i t ' t , I ca l l cd l i ) r a t rc i l t lncn t o l " C i n e m a a s E v e n t . " r I s u g g e s t e d t h a t w e c o n s i d e r c i n e r n i l n o t a s t c x t a l o n c . n o r c v c l t i l s tex t p lus recept ion , bu t as a th lee-d imcns iona l c la i t occupy ing space and t in re w i th in a nru l t i - t l i r t rcns iona l cu l tu rc Whi lc tha t cxhor ta t i r )n h i l s i l t t f i t c tc r l a cc r t i r in u r lour r t o l ' i l l l cn l i ( )n l l ' o r r r TOtn Gt rnn ing i r r r r l 0 lhcrs . n ( ) sys tc l r t i t l t c i t l te n lP l lo rcv i rc oLr r c r i l i c i r l p rax is has grown out o f thc no t ion o l c i r rc r la as cvc l r l . Th is u r t i c lc i s an u t tc tn l ) t to I )u t some tee th in the c la im tha t c inenr i t n rus t bc t rea tcd as a tu l l - l ' l cdgc t l cvc t )1 . Thc l r t i c lc is d iv ided in t t l f i ru rpar ts . Ibeg in by sLrggcs t ing tha t ourcur rc r r t dc l ' in i t ion o l ' I ' i l r l sour rd is over ly nar row. inhcr i t cd as i t i s l l ' onr a tcx t -o r ien tcc l t rac l i t ion . Ins teuc l o l onc typc o l ' s t lu t td . wc shou l t l hc consrdcr i t rg a l l cus t l i rL r l c l i l ' l i ' r ' c r r t c i l t cgo f ics o l sount l . I t l r c r r p rov ide a h is to r ica l overv iew o l l cg i t i rna tc thc l tc r t l cs ig r r lh r rn thc s t ln r ipo in t o l ' aud lence sound. A th i rd sec t ion t rea ts thca tc r sour rdscapc changcs ovcr - thc coursc o l ' f i l rn h is to ry . F ina l l y , I cons ide l appropr ia te ways to thco l i zc l ' i l rn sour rd whcn i t i s rcdc l incd to tnc ludc thc cn t i l c sounr lscuDe o l c incr ru r us c \cn t .
Four ' l ypes o f F ' i lm Sound
ln the past, thc tcnn " l ' i lnr sotrncl" has always nlclr l t thc sounrl prorluccd hy. l i rr . or w i th thc I ' i l rn . In o thcr worc ls , wc havc rcgu la r ly t l kc r r l i r r g lu r r tc t l lh l r l o r r r top ic i s lhc sound that accornpanies the l ' i lnr, the sor:nd that is part ol thc tcxt. the sountl autlroret l by the same indus t ry tha t au thored thc l ' i l rn . By acccpt ing th is re s t l i c tcd c lc l ' i n r t ion o l our ob jec t o f s tudy we have no t on ly undu ly l in r i t cd thc rangc o l ou l poss ib lc conc lus io r rs . bu t we have inad l 'e r ten t ly suppor tcd onc o l ' the f i l n r rnc lL rs t ry 's n ros t in rp ( ) r t i ln t bu l sc l l - sc rv i t tg tcnc ts : tha t a rnong a l l thc soLrn t ls p lo r lucc t l i r r i rn t l i r lo t rn r l l r rnov ic lhc l r tc r . o r r l y t h c s o u n r l p r o d u c c t l b y l n t l l i r r t h c l i l r r r i s l i r l l y w o r t h y o l r l t c l r l i o n . l r r s l c i r t l o l l i r r i t i r r r : o u r a t r a l y s i s t o t h i s r e s t r i c t c d v c | s i o r r 0 l l i I n r s o u n c l . l c l u s i n s l c l r l i l t t c i l ( l t o i l l | { h c s o u r r t l s p r o d u c e d i n c o n n c c t i o n w i t h I ' i l r n c x h i b i t r o n . O r r l y b y c x p l r r t l i r r s o u r r l c l . i r r i l i o r r o l l i l r r r so t tnd c i tn we h t lpe cver to unde ls l ln t l t l r c i r r r l r rs t rv 's i r r rcs l r r rc r r l i t r l cs l l rc l i r r I t o t r r ' a t tcn t ion to i t s owt t u t tcn lnccs . l l r c l ou l in tc rcs t in rc l i rs ing lh l r l t cs t l i c t io r r .
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