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Notes VUS. 2: Exploration and Colonization 1

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VUS. 2: Exploration and

Colonization


Objectives about VUS.2 Exploration and Colonization

Transatlantic Encounters

I. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic

1. Columbus was born in Italy, but sailed for Spain in 1492, seeking a water route to Asia by sailing to the West

across the Atlantic Ocean

2. Although he didn’t find Asia, this started the process of interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

3. His 3 ships were the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria

4. October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on San Salvador and met the Taino Native Americans

5. colonization – def. – the establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country

6. Other Spanish “explorers”

a. Cortez – conquered the Aztecs

b. Pizarro – conquered the Inca

c. Ponce de Leon – Florida

d. Coronado – American southwest

e. Conquistadors – def. – Spanish explorers and conquerors who took over parts of the Americas for

Spain

II. Gold, Land and Religion

1. Spanish reasons for exploration and colonization = GOLD, GOD, GLORY details

2. Called native inhabitants “Los Indios” = Indians

3. 3 more voyages funded, colonization started on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic/Haiti)

VUS.2 The student will describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians.

Why did he call the natives “los indios”?


Impact on Native Americans

1. military force used to subjugate/control native populations

2. plantation system used with forced labor tactic

3. Encomienda System

a. Spaniard (an encomendero) was granted natives (encomienda) – he was supposed to protect them,

teach them Spanish, and teach them the Catholic faith

b. In return the natives would work on the Spaniard’s lands in the colony

c. Became a system of slavery

II. Resistance and Conquest

1. Native American resistance – included armed defense of lands, and revolts after defeat and colonization

began

2. Pope’s Rebellion

a. In New Mexico, the Spanish tried to force conversion to Christianity on natives, and force Spanish

culture on them

b. 1680-1694 – Pope (Pueblo religious leader) was able to reestablish native control back over SW US

3. Spanish response – brutal military force

III. Disease Ravages the Native Americans

1. Disease took its toll on native populations b/c they had no immunity to them– measles, mumps, chicken pox,

smallpox, and typhus

The Slave Trade Begins

I. A New Slave Labor Force

1. disease killing native populations = not a stable work force

2. African slavery = alternative for labor

3. demand grew quickly – Africans already resistant to European diseases

4. Trans-Atlantic slave trade grew quickly, key part of new American economic system

5. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – 12 million people taken from Africa by early 1800s

So what? Why do we celebrate Columbus Day?


The Impact on Europeans

I. Columbian Exchange

1. Columbian Exchange – def. – movement of new plants and animals across the Atlantic between the Americas

and Europe and Africa

a. New to Europe and Africa – Tobacco, corn, tomato, potato, squash, peanut, pumpkin, peppers,

turkeys

b. New to Americas – diseases, cattle, sheep, pig, chickens, horses, wheat, rice, sugar cane, coffee

II. National Rivalries

1. Portugal v. Spain led to…

a. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – pope divided Western Hemisphere between the 2 countries – East of

line (Brazil) = Portugal, West of line (rest of the Americas) = Spain

b. ignored by the English, French, and Dutch – started colonizing anyway

A New Society is Born

1. Columbus set in motion the collision between Europe, Africa, and the Americas = new societies, new cultures

2. Multiculturalism throughout the Americas resulted, and has lasted to the present day

Why did the Europeans need to import slaves from Africa?

What do you think the benefits would be for: Merchants? Monarchs? Common People?


An English Settlement at Jamestown

Main Idea – The first permanent English Settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown,

VA in 1607

I. English Settlers Struggle in North America

1. Unlike Spanish colonies, English colonies were funded by joint-stock companies – def. – wealthy investors

pooled their money to support a colony and hopefully yield a profit

2. Virginia Company – sent 3 ships with 150 people and founded the colony of Jamestown, the first permanent

English settlement in North America

II. A Disastrous Start

1. Arrogant colonists refused to farm and only looked for gold

2. Drank contaminated water, by winter 1607 there were only 38 left

a. John Smith took control and forced the colonists to farm – Pocahontas story

3. 1609 – 600 new colonists arrived

4. Winter 1609-1610 – “Starving Time”

a. Powhatan burned crops, destroyed farms and animals

b. Only 60 colonists survived

List three multicultural impacts on today.

Who came to Jamestown? How long do you think they were planning to stay (How do you know)?


III. Jamestown Begins to Flourish

1. Were going to abandon, but convinced to stay by another influx of colonists with new leaders to stay

2. Tobacco – “brown gold” – introduced by John Rolfe in 1612

3. Headright system – VA Co. gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for a trip (self or someone else) to the

new world; immigration took off

a. Indentured servant – def – person whose passage was paid for, plus food and water, in trade for 4-7

years of labor, then get freedom; usu. from the lower classes

IV. The First Africans

1. First 20 arrived in 1619 as indentured servants

a. That same year, more were brought against their will as slaves

2. As more tobacco was farmed and plantations grew, the number of indentured servants decreased, number of

African slaves increased

V. The Settlers Clash with Native Americans

1. Relation with Native Americans getting worse, didn’t intermarry like the Spanish

2. Wanted more land for tobacco – remembered the Powhatan’s hostility during starving time

3. Uneasy truce declared with John Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614

4. 1622 – Opechancanough’s revolt – killed a third of VA settlers

a. King James revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony – under direct control of the king

b. 10,000 colonists by 1644, Powhatan population dwindling

VI. Economic Differences Split Virginia

1. Wealthy “cavalier” planters in Eastern Virginia – had tons of land and money

2. Former indentured servants had no money, no land, couldn’t vote,

a. Had to move to the West to find land

b. Governor Berkeley imposed high taxes, mostly paid by the poor

3. Poor were constantly attacked by the Native Americans (and fought back), but had little support from the

Governor

List the effects of tobacco farming on: Colonists Slavery Native Americans


4. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

a. Nathaniel Bacon raised an army of poor whites to fight the Native Americans

b. Condemned by the governor

c. Marched with his army to Jamestown

d. Complained about the Native Americans and lack of representation in the House of Burgesses –

Virginia’s colonial legislature; first elected assembly in the New World; still operates today, but is now

called the General Assembly

e. Bacon’s army burned Jamestown, Bacon died from disease and his army defeated

5. Led to a call for more slaves because less likely to rebel

Puritan New England

Main Idea – English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620

I. Puritans Create a “New England”

1. Puritans – church members who wanted to “purify” or reform the Church of England

2. Separatists/Pilgrims – thought the Anglican Church was too Catholic and wanted a complete break

a. Fled from England on the Mayflower to escape religious persecution in 1620 and founded the

Plymouth Colony, the second permanent English Settlement in North America

3. Mayflower Compact – the Pilgrims were aiming for Jamestown, but way off

a. Agreed to form a civil government based on English law

b. First document of self-government in the New World

4. The Massachusetts Bay Company

a. John Winthrop obtained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company

Wanted to establish a “City upon a Hill” = Boston

b. Right to vote in Mass based on being male and church membership

Actually very democratic with many policies decided through town meetings.

c. Legislature called the General Court

d. No division between Church and government

e. Much better organized than Jamestown – entire families moved, not just individual laborers

What factors led to the increase for more African Slaves to Virginia?


5. Dissent in the Puritan Community

a. Roger Williams stated “Forced religion stinks in the nostrils of God.”

Also believed the colonists should pay the Native Americans for their land

Fled Southwest where he established Providence, Rhode Island and encouraged separation of

church and state and religious freedom

b. Anne Hutchinson also forced to flee – stated people didn’t need to go to church, just read the bible for

themselves

II. Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion

1. Puritans were expanding west

2. Pequot War (1637) resulted in the destruction of the Pequot nation

a. Massacre at Mystic

3. King Philip’s War

a. Metacom, a Wampanoag chief who was also called King Philip by the colonists did not like the Puritan

rules of no hunting or fishing on Sundays

b. Fought for over a year, but Metacom was killed, his forces defeated and ended Native American

power in southeast New England

Who could vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

What are two differences between Massachusetts and Rhode Island?


Settlement of the Middle Colonies

I. The Dutch Found New Netherland

Main Idea – The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle

Pennsylvania.

1. Henry Hudson (an Englishman) sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River

2. The colony New Netherland was established and engaged in the fur trade

a. New Amsterdam was established was founded in 1625, modern day New York City

3. Dutch also took over New Sweden to the South (modern New Jersey)

4. The Dutch couldn’t get enough of their own settlers to move there, so they opened the colony up to other

people

a. Dutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestant), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (slave and free)

5. Had better relations with the Native Americans because of the fur trade

6. English crown did not like the separation of New England and Virginia, so sent the Duke of York to conquer it

a. Conquered it in 1664 and renamed it New York

b. The Duke gave the southern portion to his friends who renamed it New Jersey

II. The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania

1. The Quakers were a Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious toleration

a. Held services without ministers, plain clothes, embraced pacifism

2. William Penn – founder of Pennsylvania; his “holy experiment”

a. Philadelphia established as the capital

b. All settlers promised 50 acres of land and the right to vote

c. Granted freedom of religion

d. Delaware was part of PA at first, but eventually became independent

3. Had no major conflicts with the Native Americans because Penn showed respect for them

4. Needed more settlers, so opened the colony up to German, Dutch, and French settlers

How did Pennsylvania differ from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?


III. Other Colonies

1. New Hampshire – carved out of Massachusetts in 1629 and established by fishermen

2. Connecticut – originally settled by the Dutch, taken over by the Puritans

a. Became Connecticut after the Pequot War under the leadership of Thomas Hooker

3. Maryland – founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics

a. Act of Toleration – led to religion freedom in MD for a while

4. Carolinas – land granted to King Charles II’s friends south of VA

a. Plantation system emerged in South Carolina and became extremely wealthy

5. Georgia – founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for people in debt

a. Also served as a buffer with Florida (controlled by the Spanish)


Glossary VUS. 2 Directions: Fill in the definition/historical significance for the term listed. Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting.

Christopher Columbus .

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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)

Colonization .

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Columbian Exchange .

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Treaty of Tordesillas .

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Conquistador .

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Joint-stock Company .

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John Smith .

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Headright system .

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Indentured servant .

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Nathaniel Bacon .

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Puritans .

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Separatists/Pilgrims .

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John Winthrop .

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Mayflower Compact .

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Roger Williams .

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Anne Hutchinson .

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Metacom .

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William Penn .

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New Netherland .

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Quaker .

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Summary

DIRECTIONS: Choose only one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page)

Filled In - Loudoun County Public Schools · colonization – def. – the ... 6. Other Spanish “explorers” a. Cortez – conquered the Aztecs b. ... What factors led to the increase

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