Filipino housemaids in Hong Kong Cultural Differences and Challenges
Dec 25, 2015
Filipino housemaids in Hong Kong – Cultural Differences and Challenges
•Recently, there were 223,394 foreign housemaids in Hong Kong•Around 8% of HK employed labor(Highest ratio in the world)
Why housemaid
s?
•53% of housemaids•Largest group in HK except local Chinese
Why Filipino?
ParametersFilipino
Housemaids in Hong Kong
Whether Filipino housemaids are
facing challenges in Hong Kong
Whether culture of Philippines
and Hong Kong is compatible
1. Parameters
Whether culture of Philippines and Hong Kong is compatible
• Hypothesis: The culture of Philippines and Hong Kong are NOT compatible
1. Parameters
Hypothesis: The culture of Philippines and Hong Kong are NOT compatible
• Consequence of August 2010 Philippine hostage crisis
• Day to day cultural conflicts• Cultural shocks
2. Parameters
Whether Filipino housemaids are facing challenges in Hong Kong
• Hypothesis: Filipino housemaids ARE facing challenges in Hong Kong
2. Parameters
Hypothesis: Filipino housemaids ARE facing challenges in Hong Kong
• Government policies are discriminating them
• Social discrimination exists in HK• Living and salary condition also
poses challenges for them
Methodology1. Literature review
2. Questionnaire– 93 Filipino (Central District)– 114 HK People (Online)
3. Data Analysis
Expectations
• Expected results:– Positive responses from both Filipino and Hong
Kong people interviewees – Both Hypotheses are proved to be valid, i.e.
1. The culture of the Philippines and Hong Kong are not compatible
2. Filipino housemaids are facing challenge in Hong Kong (government policy, social and job insecurity)
– Implications and solutions could be developed
Expectations
Possible limitations / obstacles
• Ready-made researches and studies might not be available • Sample size of interviewees is not large enough• Targeted interviewees might be less responsive than we have expected • Our hypotheses might not be entirely accurate• A possibility that no solution could be developed
Flow of presentation
•Brief history of Filipino Housemaids in Hong Kong•Cultural of the Philippines and comparison with Hong Kong
Hypothesis 1: The culture of Philippines
and Hong Kong are not compatible
•Government policy discrimination •Social discrimination•Job Insecurity
Hypothesis 2: Filipino Housemaids are
facing Challenge in Hong Kong
•Summary and implications•Significant of the research results•Evaluation of our research
Conclusion
History for maids came to Hong Kong
Philippines massively exported housemaids to Hong Kong
There were 223,394 foreign housemaids in Hong Kong.53.11% were from Philippines, 43.15% were from Indonesia and 20.5% were from Thailand.
1970s
Indonesia and Thailand followed suit to export domestic workers.
1990s 2005
How long do you plan to work in Hong Kong
more than 6 years 4-6 years 1-3 years Less than 1 year0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
59%
19% 19%
3%
Republic of the Philippines
Capital : Manila
Official language(s):Filipino (based on Tagalog),English
Government: Unitary presidential constitutional republic
President: Benigno Aquino III
Area-Land: 299,764 km2 (72nd)
Population:91983000(2009 estimate,12th)
Independence from Spain ,from United States
Established: April 27, 1565
Currency: Peso
Problems:MismatchAffordabilityQualityBudget
Education problems in the Philippines:
For every 10 children who start their primary education,only 6 go on to continue with their secondary educationand 4 will manage to enter college.
The economic growth is threatened by education, unstable infrastructure and investment barriers.
agri-culture
34%
in-dus-try 15%
services 51%
Labor force by occupation:
Economy of the Philippines:
Poverty problems in the Philippinesofficial unemployment rate for Philippine in 2010 is
7.3% 23% of the population (20 million Filipinos) people
lives below US$1.25 a day.44% of the population (40 million Filipinos) people
lives below than US$2 a day.
Cultural diversity Definition:― “ Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in
a specific region, or in the world as a whole. ”
― Obvious cultural differences that exist between people such as language, dress and traditions, there are also significant variations in the way societies organize themselves, in their shared conception of morality. ” – Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Resource Guide to Pale anthropology
Cultural of the PhilippinesFilipino culture blends the indigenous traditions of the
Philippines with the American cultures and Hispanic culture.
Filipinos are Catholic ,religion accounts for most of the traditions.
Filipino value most their respective families, their earnings were all devoted for their families.
Cultural of the Philippines and comparison with Hong Kong
Culture of the Philippines
Culture of Hong Kong
1. The Filipinos are mostly Catholic
Hong Kong people has a wide variety of religious belief.
2. Every Filipino woman desires to have a big family with many children
Most women in Hong Kong want small families as it requires less work to do.
3. In the Philippines culture, males and females are treated unequally
In Hong Kong, males and females are treated equally in family and society
Case study:A domestic helper’s life in Hong Kong“ No one told me that to be smart, you have to be stupid. ”“ You have to forget who you are and be someone else- a maid. ”“ You cannot be sick, you cannot be sad. You have to switch off your
feelings and mind because you are being paid to do as told and emotions, especially homesickness have no place. You have to learn to hide it, and learn to put a smile on your face no matter how much your heart aches. ”
“ To survive and triumphed the overseas saga, we need these: Heart, Mind and Lunacy. ”
-------Domestic Helper's Life- A Closer Look
Conclusion: Life has been difficult for some of the housemaids in Hong Kong , but whatmakes it happen?(reasons other than homesick.)
Survey result:What makes it difficult to integrate into the culture of Hong Kong?
Communication pro
blems caused by la
nguage barrier
There is disc
rimation against
you
Homesick
Different lifesty
le among you and Hong Kong people
Cultural d
ifference betw
een Hong Kong and Philippines
Difficu
lt to adopt fo
od in Hong Kong
Different relig
ion beliefs
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35% 32%
26%
15%
11%
6% 6%4%
Conclusion Communication problem is the major cause of difficulty In integrating into culture of Hong Kong 17% of Filipino housemaids believe that the difference of
lifestyle or culture between Hong Kong and Philippine makes they difficult to integrate into the Hong Kong community.
The culture between Hong Kong and Philippine are incompatible
Hypothesis 2 - Breakdown• 2a: Government policies are
posing challenges for Filipino housemaids
• 2b: There are social discrimination against Filipino housemaids
• 2c: Underpaid leads to job insecurity
Government policy discrimination
Hypothesis 2a: Filipino housemaids are facing challenges in Hong Kong
No upside to levy 2003 HK government tries to justify its HK$400
levy per month on foreign domestic workers
Cuts their salary from average 3,670HKD to 3,270 HKD
The levy was condemned as discriminatory as it was a new form of tax on an already low paid population
Local news report:
http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=6176&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030301&sear_year=2003
No upside to levy
2004 Levy challenged as illegal, violating Article 73(3) of the Basic Law
Simultaneously, there was cut in minimum wage for foreign workers
2005 levy ruled as lawful. Was determined to be strictly a charge, and not a form of tax.
No upside to levy
2008 Regina Ip joins street protest for the abolishment of the levy
Government bowed to pressure and extended suspension on the levy from 2 years to 5 years
No upside to levy
Really Against
41%
Quite Against
34%
Quite Satis-fied16%
Really Satsified9%
Housemaid's Perspective on the Levy
No upside to levy
Data analysis: More than 75% of the Filipino maids are not
happy about the levyImplies that the Filipino maids do not perceive
the government as protecting them 25% that are satisfied most likely because
employers are paying them well above the minimum wage
No upside to levy
Implications:Demonstrates the public disapproval of
government treatment towards foreign domestic workers
Portrays the low economic priority in which government places foreign domestic workers especially in hard financial periods
Filipino housemaids themselves have suffered because of the levy policy
Minimum Wage
Currently, proposed that foreign domestic workers are to be excluded from statutory minimum wage law
Regarded as “…reducing status of foreign workers and thus are slaves…” (Global Nation Inquirer)
Minimum Wage
Reasons for exclusion of housemaids:1. Maids have “distinctive working pattern”2. They also enjoy “in-kind benefits” such as free food and accommodation 3. Brings financial hardship to families4. Will affect and undermine the Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDH) policy
Minimum Wage
Instead, housemaids wages is dictated by the Minimum Allowance Wage policy from the FDH policy
The minimum allowance wage is reviewed annually by government
The periodic reviews are NOT transparent and is insecure for domestic workers
Minimum Wage
Really Against
25%
Quite Against22%
Quite Sat-isfied37%
Really Sat-isfied16%
Housemaid’s perspective on minimum wages
Minimum Wage
Data analysis:Interestingly, more than 50% of the maids
were satisfied with the minimum wageMostly due to the fact that the minimum
wages in HK is relatively higher than other jurisdictions
As will be shown in later data, one of the primary reasons why they choose HK is higher salary
Minimum Wage
Implications:Exclusion of workers from statutory minimum wage
can be perceived as discriminatory However, direct adverse impact on the foreign
domestic workers is not as major as expectedYet respondents are also unsatisfied with minimum
wage, strongly implies that on individual basis they perceive their rights overlooked.
Right of Abode
HKSAR immigration department requires foreign domestic helper to leave HK within two weeks of termination of employment contract unless she can find another employment
Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (HKHRM) declares this as discriminatory
United Nations also condemn this two-week rule
Right of Abode
HKRM:“two week-rule” exploits labor rights and
discriminates on grounds of race and non-citizen status
Because same limitation is not imposed on other foreign workers
Although condemned, no positive action was taken on government to change the rule
Right of Abode
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination:
Realizes that government endorses rule to prevent workers job-hopping
Points out that rule places workers in vulnerable position preventing them reporting violation of their rights from their employers
Points out that rule eradicates possibility of citizenship for workers
Right of Abode
Really Against6%
Quite Against22%
Quite Satisfied41%
Really satisfied31%
Housemaid’s perspective of their immigration
Right of Abode
Data Analysis:
• Surprisingly large majority is satisfied with immigration laws of HK• Most likely because migrating into HK is convenient and efficient• As will be shown later, large number have good relationships with employer, so
simply resign contract to lengthen abode
Right of Abode
Implications:There is unfair treatment towards foreign domestic
workers for their abodeThe direct impact on individual basis is not as
profound as expectedMost likely because those that are concerned with
abode are ones that are not in HK anymore
Conclusion Government policies are indeed posing challenges for filipino
housemaids This is especially evident in the recent levy scheme Other policies, such as exclusion from statutory minimum
wage and “two-week” rule challenges their fundamental rights
Yet most respondents from survey are quite satisfied with them most likely because the other two policies has not directly affected them yet
Social Discrimination• “Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on
race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.” - Center for the Study of Human Rights
• ‘denial of a human relationship.’ – International Council of Human rights
• “Everyday racism”
Social Discrimination – Model of Filipino Maids in Hong Kong
Hypothesis: Filipino maids are facing social discrimination in Hong Kong
• Verbal abuse• Physical violence• Marginalization• Problemization
Our model of Social Discrimination for Filipino Maids in Hong Kong (Cox, Taylor, Jr. and Nkomo, Stella, 1996)
Social Discrimination – perspective of Filipino maids
How often do you experience Racial Discrimation?
9%
28%
50%
13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Never Occassionally Sometimes Alway s
Social Discrimination – perspective of Hong Kong people
Do you think there is social discrimination againstFilipino maids in Hong Kong?
3%
26%
61%
10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
No Mild Moderate Sev ere
Verbal Abuse
Abusive behavior involving language
which bullies, insults, harasses, discounts and lowers the self esteem of Filipinos
Examples:
Verbal Abuse - Case study
'The War at Home' by Chip
Tsao (March 2009)
Background: Dispute over
the sovereignty of the Spratly
Islands between the Philippines
and China
Quotes:
Verbal Abuse
Implications:
• Verbal abuse is a common form of social discrimination against Filipino housemaids in Hong Kong
• The very first category of discrimination that our Filipino interviewees could associate with
Physical violence
Physical violence is the intentional use of physical force with the potential for causing death, disabilities, injury or harm
• Pushing• Grabbing• Slapping• Punching
The most severe form of social discrimination
Examples:
Physical Violence – perspective of Filipino maids
How often do you experience Physical Violence?
63%
28%
6% 3%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
Never Occassionally Sometimes Alway s
Physical violence
Implications:
• Physical violence is not the most common form of social discrimination against Filipino housemaids in Hong Kong
• It usually exists in a form of pushing or grabbing while the original intention is not to attack• The reason could be due to the higher education level and well awareness of consequence
of applying physical violence
Marginalization
Marginalization and exclusion of Filipinos from the community
• Being rejected admission to common area of the estate they live in• Being banned from using passenger lift and asked to take cargo lift
instead• Being treated adversely in supermarket compared to local people
• Equal Opportunities Commission, official cases of complaint
Examples:
Marginalization – perspective of Filipino maids
How often do you experience marginalization?
13%
50%
31%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Never Occassionally Sometimes Alway s
Marginalization
Implications:
• Marginalization is a common form of social discrimination against Filipino housemaids in Hong Kong
• 87% of our Filipino maid interviewees experienced marginalization• It is related to house-rules and general perception of Hong Kong people towards
Filipino maids
Problematization
Propose features or characteristics of Filipinos as a problem
• Smell• Ascent / the way they speak• Gesture
Examples:
Problematization – perspective of Filipino maids
Question for Filipino Housemaids:How often do you experience problematization?
16%
31%
47%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Never Occassionally Sometimes Alw ay s
Problematization - Case study
• Manila Hostage Crisis (August 2010)• Background: A former Manila policeman
hijacked a Hong Kong tour with 25 people, asking for a fair hearing for his dismissal. 8 hostages were shot to death while another 9 were injured
Problematization - Case study
Aftermath:
• Several reports of Filipino maids sacked by employers angry at the deaths• “…we are also angry with our government … I hope the Hong Kong government
can explain to local people that it is not the fault of Filipino maids.” - Dolores Balladares-Pelaez, chairwoman of the 6,000-member United Filipinos in Hong Kong
Problematization - Case study (Perspective of Filipino maids)
Has the hostage incident in August affected the way inwhich the general pulibc and your employer treat you?
13%
87%
YesNo
Problematization - Case study (Perspective of Hong Kong people)
Do you think the Manila hostage crisis haschanged your perception towards Filipino maids?
81%
19%
YesNo
Problematization
Implications:
• Problemization against Filipino maids is common Hong Kong• 84% of our Filipino maid interviewees experienced problemization• It is a implicit form of social discrimination which could explain the behavior of employers• Filipino maids might not be well aware of the broadness of problemization exerted on
themselves
Conclusion• An overwhelming 90% of Hong Kong people and
Filipino maids believe there are mild social discrimination in Hong Kong
• Social discrimination is posing challenges for Filipino maids
• It exists in the form of verbal abuse, marginalization and problematization, but less frequently physical violence
Suggestions
• The crux of the matter: public’s attitude towards Foreign Domestic Workers
Do you think Filipino maids is a part of Hong Kong?
61%
39%
YesNo
Do you think there are too many Filipino maids inHong Kong?
65%
35%
YesNo
Suggestions
Education
• Compulsory orientation for first time employers of Filipino Maids• Promoting human right of foreign housemaids in primary and secondary schools• An urge for higher press / media coverage on social discrimination of foreign housemaids • Monitoring of employers who change their domestics helpers frequently• Social workers following up cases of domestic Filipino maids abuses
Definition
•salary is paid at an unreasonable level, and causing unsatisfactory
Underpaid
•Being unsatisfied with the job due to stress and unfavorable working condition
Job Insecurity
Cases• 賊外傭押贓物增 典當業禍福難料• http://paper.wenweipo.com [2010-05-31]
• ■有典當集團表示,去年共收到逾百件賊贓,當中一半來自外傭客。本報記者莫雪芝 攝• 香港的外籍家庭傭工逾 25 萬人,平均每 10 戶家庭就有 1 戶聘用了外傭。由於多數僱主無法全
天候監察外傭在家的舉動,遇有操守欠佳的家傭,家中財物隨時不翼而飛。警方數字顯示,每年約有 400 宗外傭雜項盜竊 ( 包括在僱主家偷竊的個案 ) ,今年首 1 個月更按年增 32.1% 。賊人要把賊贓「套現」,典當是途徑之一。有典當集團表示,每月有逾千宗外傭典當生意,令典當業有「回春」之勢,但亦衍生處理賊贓問題,集團每年有逾百宗誤收賊贓個案,半數來自外傭。 ■本報記者 邱益忠
• 過去 2 年,每年平均有逾 400 宗外傭干犯雜項盜竊,另有百餘宗外傭觸犯店舖盜竊 ( 見表 ) 。外傭稍有歪念誤入歧途,僱主家成為最易下手的場地,當舖更成為他們將賊贓脫手的渠道之一。在沙田開設當舖的羅先生表示,接近式微的典當業近年有「回春」跡象,主因是外傭客源不斷擴大,支撐行業發展,以該店為例,
• 5 年前外傭客佔生意額不足 10% ,但今年 30% 生意來自外傭,周六、日更有數十宗外傭典當的生意。
• 當舖老闆嘆外傭客「雙刃劍」• 不過外傭客是典當業的「雙刃劍」,羅先生嘆喟,業界會慎重地收購外傭的典當品,「今年初
有一名外傭拿一隻一卡的鑽戒來典當,當時心大心細,一方面擔心是賊贓,另方面又想做成這筆生意,最後決定博一鋪,以數千元收購,怎知事隔數天便有警察來沒收賊贓。」
• 全港擁有 12 間分店的靄華押業,於假日外傭雲集的中環開設 2 間分店,而這 2 間分店外傭客比例約 30 至 40% 。該集團董事陳啟豪說,不少外傭一需要金錢應急,便想到典當,該集團每月至少有逾千名外傭典當貨物,每次平均變賣 400 至 600 元。為照顧這些「大客」,該店除了在菲律賓報章刊登廣告外,更在當舖門外設立大電視播放菲律賓的節目。
• 賊贓須充公 賠償須等官判• 不過他透露,去年該店證實共有約 100 至 120 件典當品是賊贓,涉及金額約 10 萬元,當中本
地人及外傭各佔一半,有關典當品主要為手錶、金器、銀器、電話、微型電腦等。若被警方證實是賊贓,典當品會被充公,幸運的話,法庭會批准向當舖發放賠償,但多數情況下,當舖是血本無歸。
• 當舖一般提供 3 至 4 個月的贖回期,贖回時客人要支付 3 至 4% 的利息。有業界人士指出, 30% 至 40% 的外傭不會贖回典當品,因此有當舖以低價從外傭處收購金飾,「斷當」後便趁金價高企賣出金飾,從中賺取利潤。
•
Hong Kong Employer of Domestic Helpers Association
• VP: Law Guan Den• Est. 30-40% of the employers suffer thieving
Police Force of Central District
• Assistant Commander (Criminal): Lee Yik Long• Stolen materials averagely worth $100,000, highest to around $900,000, including diamonds and
jewelries
Government Policy
•Frozen Salary• $3580 per month•$8-11/ hour•Additional: $10 extra in meal subsidies
August,2010
Hypothesis
Underpaid is a common phenomenon in HK
It can be a reason of social insecurity problem of the Filipinos
Literature Review
Edita A. Tan
• UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES • SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
“The Wage Structure of Overseas Filipino Workers”
Why do you com to HK?
Higher salary78%
higher standard of living 6%
trend in the Philippines to come to Hong Kong
13%
immigration policy is attractive 3%
Quotations
• “They do not want to return home because their salary in Hong Kong is higher than a police officer or a professor in the Philippines,” said Fermi Wong, founder of Unison Hong Kong, a group that helps ethnic minorities.
• Alfredo Palmiery, president of the Society of Hong Kong Accredited Recruiters of the Philippines (SHARP), said that Hong Kong is still the best destination for Filipino household workers: It is close to the Philippines, it offers relatively competitive salaries, and it has very few welfare cases compared to those in the Middle East.
Underpaid?
•But HK does provide a reasonable condition already
Everyone are willing to have a
higher salary
Underpaid is a common phenomenon in HK
It can be a reason of job insecurity problem of the Philippines
Any other reasons?
Where do you seek help?
Hong Kong Immigration Department
19%
Hong Kong Labor Department25%
Philippines Consulate35%
Shelter2%
Church13%
Friends2%
Agency4%
Support
Support
Highly focus on “hard support”
• Only concerned with working related affairs
Overlook "soft support”
• Little concern on counseling and mental health
Summary
Salary •Salary in Hong Kong is set at a reasonable level
Support •Sufficient in terms of “hard support”, rather weak in “soft support”
Overwork •Overwork is a common problem
Implication of our research
Rights and living conditions for Philippine maids could be improved
There still has room to improve in social, policy, cultural aspects
Summary - Hypothesis 2
2a: Government policies are indeed posing challenges for Philippine housemaids
• Suggestion: Arouse Filipino towards their rights and equality
2b: There are mild social discrimination in Hong Kong existing in the form of verbal abuse, marginalization and problemization.
• Suggestion: Education
2c: Underpaid does not lead to job insecurity
• Suggestion: Salary can remain unchanged, but there is not enough support network
Evaluation
Limitation:
• Limitation of survey format and questions.• Questions are not specific enough.• Sample size is not large enough.• There may be a Possible bias of Filipino.• Two perspectives (Hong Kong people and Filipino maid) are not enough.
―Increase the sample size.―In-depth interview could be conducted.―To be more objective , collect ideas from Agency, government,
authorities, institutions, union/association.
Recommendation:
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