Fiksasi Nitrongen

8/18/2019 Fiksasi Nitrongen

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Nitrogen Fixation

•> 70 % (78 %) udara adalah gas N2 ;

•02, CO2, H2, dll sisa

Fi!sasi N " #$07 t &'

• agaiana *aran&a +

edu!si en-adi NH. (le/ih doinan) !sasiO!sidasi en-adi NO.

'

1 3 tinggi

4rti*ial5 N2

6 . H2

''''''''''''''''''' 2 NH.

(00'800oC #00 at)


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Bakteri Pemfiksasi nitrogen berdasarkan hubungannya dengan tanaman

dikelompokkan menjadi tiga, yaitu:

(1)Simbiosis,

(2) Asosiasi,

() !idup bebas"#hi$obium merupakan bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen yang hidup se%ara

simbiosis dengan akar tanaman inang


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O9O:C49 N1O:N F


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=oe Free 9iing Organis

4enis -ontoh

Ar%haba%teria

5ethanogens

uba%teria

!eterotroph

An aerob

'akultatif

Aerob

Autotroph -hemotropi% Ba%teria

Photosyntheti% Ba%

Metanococcus voltae

Halobacterium halobium

Closrtridium pasteurianum

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Azosprillum lipoferum

Thiobacilus peroxidans

Rhudospirilum rubrum


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=oe asso*iation Organis

4enis 6nang

Azosprillum spp.

Azotobacter paspalli

grasses


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=&/iosis Organis

4enis 6nang

#hi$obea%eae

A%tinomy%etes

Frankia

ndophyti% ba%teria

Acetobacter diazotrophicus

Azoarcus spp. Herbaspirillum spp.

-yanoba%teri

/egume and Parasponia

&on legume

Alnus Casuarina M!rica (a%tinorhi$a plant aremainly 7oody)

8ropi%al grasses

Sugar%ane

9allar grass#i%e, mai$e, shorgum, sugar%ane

"unnera (angiospermae)

Mactrozamia(ymnos)

Azolla (Pteridophyte)

#lazia (Bryophyte)

Rhizosolenia (diatome)

-ertain li%hens (fungi)

$iphonochalina (sponge)


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1?o t&@e oA s&/ioti* s&ste5

$ Nodulated legue and nodulated non legue

$ =&/iosis ?ith /lue'green algae

3ada siste 5 su/er C se@enuhn&a dari inang

5 se/agian dari F=

x5 4Bolla @innata'4na/aena aBolla (/lue greenalgae) engi!at #0 '80 !g Nha @adi

7D'0. !g Nha


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NOE9Nodul (/intil) +

intil a!ar adalah organ si/iosis &ang a@uela!u!an !sasi N dari udara

hiBo/iu 5 9e/ih /an&a! e/entu! /intil a!ar@ada

tanaan !a*ang'!a*angan di daerah

/eri!li sedang$

rad&rhiBo/iu 5 e/entu! /intil a!ar @ada tanaan

!a*ang'!a*angan @ada i!li tro@is$


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=&/iosis et?een 9egue and a*teria


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6lustrasi proses pembentukan bintil akar saat terjadi

simbiosis antara #hi$obium dengan akar tanaman

inang" 8ahap a7al (A) dimana akar mengeluarkaneksudat untuk menarik bakteri, selektifitas jenis bakteri,

ke%o%okan, dan mulai terjadi infeksi pada bulu akar dan

mulai masuk ke dalam sel akar" 8ahap lanjutan (B)

bakteri mulai berkembang dan mulai terbentuk bintil

akar dan proses fiksasi mulai aktif


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nAe*tion

$ e*ognition /et?een le*tin Aro host and sugar

residues Aro /a*teria9e*tin 5 are @roteins or gl&*o@roteins ?ith t?o or ore

/inding sites that re*ogniBe a s@esi* seIuen*e oAsugar residues$ 1he& are lo*ated at the externalsurAa*e oA root *ells, ainl& root hairs

2$ nAe*tion5 starts ?ith the @enetration oA the /a*teria

into the root *ells

nAe*tion *orrrelated ?ith a/undant root hair Aoration

and root hair lenght


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.$ 1he /a*teria en*losed /& a thread ?hi*h gro? in

the *orti*al *ell @roliAerates and nodule gro?th/egin

J$ Euring nodule gro?th, the /a*teria transAoredto /a*teroids

a*teroids ?hi*h are seeral ties larger thanoriginal /a*teria

1he transAoration oA /a*teria to /a*teroid is

*losel& related ?ith5 s&nthesis oA heoglo/in

nitrogenase and other enB&s

NFC1ON to N2 F


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3asangan 9e*tin':ula

/e%tin Sugar Spesifi%

-on%ana+alin A (from 4a%k Bean)

Soybean /e%tin

;heat germ le%tin

/otus seed le%tinPotato le%tin

a


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N1O:N4=

N2 '''''''''''''' 2 NH. nitrogenase

Nitrogenase5 Bi &ang eng!atalisa

redu!si N en-adiaonia!

1erda@at @ada /a*teroid

=ensitiA terhada@ O24da . enB& nitrogenase&ang /er/eda se*arageneti!5

$ o'Nitrogenase(engandung

ole/denu dan Fe)2$ K'Nitrogenase(engandung anadiudan Fe)

.$ Fe'Nitrogenase(engandung Fe sa-a)

3er/edaan lihat 1$$. @$JAro 9ea and 9eegood

4:44N4 94N:=N:NL4FM=4= +


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-on+ert &2 gas to &!=> ammonium

symbioti% &2 fiing ba%teria li+es in the plant root nodules (anaerobi%) in poor

&2 %onditions

ba%terias (eg" leguminous, #hi$obia symbioti%, %yanoba%teria free li+ing)

gi+e plants 7ith fied &2 and plants gi+e ba%terias 7ith nutrients and %arbs"

nodules pro+ide anaerobi% %onditions by:

lo7 gas permeability

leghemoglobin

plant gi+es: nodule

leghemoglobin oygen transport

nutrients

ba%teria gi+es:

fied &2 +ia &itrogenase en$yme

heme part of hemoglobin

&itrogenase rn:

&2 > ?'dred > ?!> > 1 A8P 2&! > !2 > 1 A

1Pi

by redo rn in 'e protein and redu%ing 5o'e (ironmolybdenum) protein


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io*heistr& oA N Fixation

@9ebutuhan energi 00 k4 per mol &! untuk reaksi di atas 103 A8P

@-ontoh ini adalah 5onitrogenase yg memp" 2 sub unit: S9 C 'e (mentransfer

elektron ke SB) SB C 5o'e (reduksi &2&!)

@Substrat lain (proton (!D>), asetilene (-2!2) 33 E suplai energi dilepas

sebagai !2

@ &2 > 13 !> > ? e 2 &!=

> > !2 2 &! > 2 !2


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Nitrogenase 5 sensitie to O2; there is a largereIuireent Aor energ& (413)

=trateg& Aor Oer*oe the di*ult& oA O2 inhi/ition5

$ 9iing under an aero/i* *ondition (e$g$

Clostridiu)2$ es@irator& through ex*essie res@iration (e$g$

4Boto/a*ter)

.$ 9iing in *olonies *oered /& slie sheets, ?hi*hrestri*t O2 diusion$

J$ Controlling O2 diusion enB&ati*all& /&legheoglo/in (legue)


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9egheoglo/in 5 regulates the trans@ort oA O2 Arooutsite the nodules to the /a*teroids and order to

aintain PO2Q in /a*teroids surAa*e

e*&*ling CO2 5 sintesis asa organi! ia lintas 33'*ase

33'*ase a*tiit& in nodule > 0 ties larger thanroot or leae

4/out 2 % oA the solu/le @rotein *onsist oA 33'*ase

@ to 2# % oA *ar/on s!eleton ?hi*h in*or@orated

Aro CO2 res@irator&agaiana selan-utn&a +++


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F nB& &ang /er 1R thd asiilasi NH. adalahglutain sintetase dan glutaat sintase$

Eei!ian -uga @ada sel-aringan di luar nodule

F Nitrogenase eru@a!an enBi alosteri! &angdiha/at oleh NH., glutain, glutaat

H / t F= d ! i N d / / i


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Hu/ungan antara F= dengan !sasi N @ada /er/agaiuur

#yle at al" 1GG#espirasi

pada nodule 2 rs pada

akar yg tdk ada nodule!erridge * Pate,

1G:13E - dr net 'S ke

nodule H untuk #S

nodule * H sbg rangka

karbon untuk

dikembalikan ke shoot

Pate * !erridge 1G?:

03 E 'S ke nodule( ? E

#S, 13 E gro7th, 12 E

amino %ompound to theshoot)

Pate at al 1GG: =13 mg 9!. mg & berapa 9! yang

diperlukan bila & yang difiksasi adalah 103 kg &.ha II

t A i l N t i t di tl i di tl / th


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e*t oA ineral Nutrient5 dire*tl& or indire*tl& /& otherineral

;hat different bet7een

nodules and shoot > #oot I

/o7ther * /oneragan (1G?)

After nodule initiation further

nodule gro7th 7asnJt affe%ted

by de%rease -a

Apa maknanya II

Bagaimana kalau p! turun II

Apa upaya yg dilakukan II

elationshi@ /et?een N2 xation and N u@ta!e Aro soil


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elationshi@ /et?een N2 xation and N u@ta!e Aro soil FertiliBer in nodulated legues

F


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&itrat

Supply(kg.ha)

&itrogenase A%ti+ity & in shoot

=G days(E)


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Nitrogenase nhi/itors

1" &! from & redu%tion by

&itrogenase

2" lutamine * lutamate from

ogat * lutamine synthase

" &! from &!= fertili$er

=" &! from &D fertili$er

0" &D2 from a%ti+ity of ni#

"


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Free'9iing N'Fixing i*roorganis

Heterotro@h organis (Clostridium pasteurianum Azotobacter chrocoococcum)

N &ang di!sasi S !g Nha$ enga@a ++

aai/ilit& oA C organi* *o@etition ?ith otheri*roorganis

#0'J00 g C @er g N2 &ang di!sasi

4utotro@h organis (C&ano/a*teria)

N &ang di!sasi .'28 !g Nha

9eaA =urAa*e Organis

es@e*iall& in huid tro@i* (hetero or autotro@h)


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e*t oA leaA s@ra&ing ?ith N2'xing /a*teria s urea a@@li*ation on ri*e

8reatment &itrogenase

a%ti+ity of thelea+es

rain Lield & %ontent

Stra7 rain

-ontrol

M!cobacterium flavum

Klebsiella pneumoniaerea

133

03

02= 3

133

211

1?21?

133

10

1?32

133

13

1G1G0


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hiBos@here 4sso*iation

M&!=&DN (g.l) &itrogenase A%ti+ity Shoot dry 7eight(g.plant)

3,33

3,3=

3,3?

3,1

233

10

13

3

3,=G

3,G

1,?=

2,3

ffe%t of %ombined & (&!=&D) on the gro7th of mai$e ino%ulated 7ith

Azosspirilum


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