Figure 8.1 What was natural? Illustration of the degradation of coral reef ecosystems from past to modern conditions due to human impacts.

Figure 8.1 What was natural? Illustration of the degradation of coral reef ecosystems from past to modern conditions due to human impacts

Figure 8.2 Illustration of the shifting baseline syndrome and the change in living memory from old to young fishermen in the Gulf of California

Figure 8.3 The availability of data has exponentially increased over time

Table 8.1 Comparisons of data sources used by the different disciplines involved in marine historical ecology

Table 8.2 Different approaches to combining or comparing data to reconstruct the past

Figure 8.4 Uses of data from paleontological records

Figure 8.4 Uses of data from paleontological records (Part 1)

Figure 8.4 Uses of data from paleontological records (Part 2)

Figure 8.5 Uses of data from archaeological records

Figure 8.5 Uses of data from archaeological records (Part 1)

Figure 8.5 Uses of data from archaeological records (Part 2)

Figure 8.5 Uses of data from archaeological records (Part 3)

Figure 8.6 Historical records compared to modern records show a loss of nesting beaches and demonstrate the contraction of a range

Figure 8.6 Historical records compared to modern records show a loss of nesting beaches and demonstrate the contraction of a range (Part 1)

Figure 8.6 Historical records compared to modern records show a loss of nesting beaches and demonstrate the contraction of a range (Part 2)

Figure 8.7 Historical records show declines in fish catches

Figure 8.7 Historical records show declines in fish catches (Part 1)

Figure 8.7 Historical records show declines in fish catches (Part 2)

Figure 8.8 Historical fisheries records from the outer Bay of Fundy

Figure 8.9 Uses of whaling and hunting records

Figure 8.9 Uses of whaling and hunting records (Part 1)

Figure 8.9 Uses of whaling and hunting records (Part 2)

Figure 8.9 Uses of whaling and hunting records (Part 3)

Figure 8.10 Uses of early scientific surveys

Figure 8.10 Uses of early scientific surveys (Part 1)

Figure 8.10 Uses of early scientific surveys (Part 2)

Figure 8.11 Living memory data based on interviews with fishermen of different ages in the Gulf of California

Figure 8.11 Living memory data based on interviews with fishermen of different ages in the Gulf of California (Part 1)

Figure 8.11 Living memory data based on interviews with fishermen of different ages in the Gulf of California (Part 2)

Figure 8.12 Recent increase of gray whales in the northeastern Pacific compared with different historical population estimates

Figure 8.13 Conceptual diagram of historical depletion and recovery trends

Figure 8.14 Historical changes in coral reef ecosystems

Figure 8.14 Historical changes in coral reef ecosystems (Part 1)

Figure 8.14 Historical changes in coral reef ecosystems (Part 2)

Figure 8.15 Historical changes in estuaries and coastal seas

Figure 8.15 Historical changes in estuaries and coastal seas (Part 1)

Figure 8.15 Historical changes in estuaries and coastal seas (Part 2)

Table 8.3 Definitions of cultural periods based on human presence, technology, and market conditions

Figure 8.16 Comparison of extinction risks for different taxonomic groups through time

Figure 8.17 Projecting future states of marine populations and ecosystems

Figure 8.17 Projecting future states of marine populations and ecosystems (Part 1)

Figure 8.17 Projecting future states of marine populations and ecosystems (Part 2)

Figure 8.18 Distinguishing natural from anthropogenic changes

Figure 8.18 Distinguishing natural from anthropogenic changes (Part 1)

Figure 8.18 Distinguishing natural from anthropogenic changes (Part 2)

Table 8.4 Past drivers of extinction in the ocean and current threats

Figure 8.19 The use of historical data affects extinction risk assessments and fisheries reference points

Table 8.5 Estimates of long-term change in shark populations in the Mediterranean Sea, with and without historical data

Figure 8.20 Three different ways of communicating the effects of overfishing on the size of fish to the general public

Figure 8.20 Three different ways of communicating the effects of overfishing on the size of fish to the general public (Part 1)

Figure 8.20 Three different ways of communicating the effects of overfishing on the size of fish to the general public (Part 2)

Figure 8.20 Three different ways of communicating the effects of overfishing on the size of fish to the general public (Part 3)