FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,

FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current.

Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

FIGURE 4.2 Metal resistance increases almost linearly with temperature.




FIGURE 4.3 Line L represents a linear approximation of resistance versus temperature between T1 and T2.




FIGURE 4.4 Note the compensation lines in this typical RTD signal-conditioning circuit.




FIGURE 4.5 Thermistor resistance versus temperature is highly nonlinear and usually has a negativeslope.




FIGURE 4.6 Divider circuit for Example 4.8.




FIGURE 4.7 The Seebeck and Peltier effects refer to the relation between emf and temperature in a two-wire system.




FIGURE 4.8 Practical measurements with a thermocouple system often employ extension wires to move the reference to a more secure location.




FIGURE 4.9 These curves of thermocouple voltage versus temperature for a reference show the different sensitivities and nonlinearities of three types.




FIGURE 4.10 A change of reference from 0°C to 20°C is equivalent to sliding the TC curve down in voltage.




FIGURE 4.11 Automatic reference correction is now common in TC systems. Frequently thermistors or other solid-state temperature sensors are used for the reference measurement.




FIGURE 4.12 Since TC voltages are small, great care must be taken to protect against electrical noise by using shielding, twisting, and differential amplification.




FIGURE 4.13 A solid object experiences a physical expansion in proportion to temperature. Here the effect is highly exaggerated.




FIGURE 4.14 A bimetal strip will curve when exposed to a temperature change because of different thermal expansion coefficients. Metal thickness has been exaggerated in this view.




FIGURE 4.15 Vapor-pressure curve for methyl chloride.




FIGURE 4.16 Some solid-state temperature sensors operate like a zener diode whose voltage depends upon temperature.




FIGURE 4.17 One possible solution to Example 4.17.




FIGURE 4.18 Circuit solution for Example 4.18. Trimmer resistors are used to obtain nonstandard resistance values.




FIGURE 4.19 Vapor temperature-control process for Example 4.19.




FIGURE 4.20 One possible solution for Example 4.19.




FIGURE 4.21 One possible solution for Example 4.20.




FIGURE 4.22 Circuit for Problem 4.13.




FIGURE 4.23 Electrical power from a lantern flame using thermocouples. See Problem S4.1.




FIGURE 4.24 Use of thermistors for measurement of wind speed in Problem S4.3.




FIGURE 4.1 Energy bands for solids. Only conduction-band electrons are free to carry current. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology,

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