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Figure 23.1 Alimentary canal and related accessory digestive organs.
Mouth (oral cavity)Tongue
Esophagus
LiverGallbladder
Anus
DuodenumJejunumIleum
Small intestine
Parotid glandSublingual glandSubmandibulargland
Salivaryglands
Pharynx
StomachPancreas(Spleen)
Transverse colonDescending colonAscending colonCecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canal
Largeintestine
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Figure 23.1 Alimentary canal and related accessory digestive organs.
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Figure 14.1 Organs and accessory organs of the digestive system and their functions.
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Figure 23.6 Basic structure of the alimentary canal.
Glands in submucosa
Submucosa
LumenMucosa-associatedlymphoid tissue
Duct of gland outsidemucosa
Gland in mucosa
NerveArteryVein
Lymphaticvessel Mesentery
Mucosa• Epithelium• Lamina propria• Muscularis mucosae
Muscularis externa
• Longitudinal muscle • Circular muscleSerosa• Epithelium• Connective tissue
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Figure 23.7b Anatomy of the oral cavity (mouth).
UvulaPalatine tonsil
Sublingual foldwith openings ofsublingual ducts
Tongue
Gingivae (gums)
Hard palate
Soft palate
Opening ofsubmandibular duct
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Figure 23.9a The salivary glands.
Teeth
Ducts ofsublingualgland
Sublingualgland
Submandibularduct
Parotid duct
Body of mandible (cut)
Parotidgland
Tongue
Submandibulargland
(a)
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Figure 14.6 Swallowing.
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Figure 14.3 Motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Esophagus• Mucosal epithelium is stratified squamous
Stomach
• Mucosal epithelium is simple columnar
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• Liq uified food in the intestinal tract, first produced in the stomach is chyme.
• Contents of the intestinal tract in the fetus is meconium.
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Figure 23.14a Anatomy of the stomach.
Esophagus
Pyloric sphincter(valve) at pylorus
Rugae ofmucosa
Body
Lumen
Serosa
Lessercurvature
Greatercurvature
Muscularisexterna • Longitudinal layer • Circular layer • Oblique layer
(a)
Duodenum
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Figure 23.16 Photographs of a gastric ulcer lesion and of the bacteria that most commonly cause it.
Bacteria
Mucosalayer ofstomach
(a) A gastric ulcer lesion (b) H. pylori bacteria
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Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach
Figure 22.15
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Small Intestine
• Three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
• The bile duct and main pancreatic duct join the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
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Figure 14.9e The wall of the small intestine.
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Figure 14.9c–d The wall of the small intestine.
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Figure 14.10 Locations and digestive functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Figure 14.10 Locations and digestive functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
1 4
5 7
2
8
6
3
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Figure 23.21 The duodenum of the small intestine, and related organs.
Jejunum
DuodenumHepatopancreaticampulla and sphincter
Gallbladder
hepatic ducts of liver
Bile duct
Main pancreatic duct
Pancreas
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Pancreas
• Exocrine function– Secretes pancreatic juice which contains
enzymes which break down all categories of foods
– Secretes HCO3– which neutralizes acidic
chyme, and provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes
• Enzymes are released in inactive form and activated in the duodenum
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Figure 23.26a Structure of the enzyme-producing tissue of the pancreas.
Smallduct
Acinar cells
Basementmembrane
Zymogengranules
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
(a)
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Liver
• The largest gland in the body
• Has four lobes
• Hepatic artery- brings oxygen rich blood to the liver
• Hepatic portal vein- brings nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver
• Both of these empty into the sinusoids of the liver
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Figure 14.11 The hepatic portal system.
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Figure 23.25a-b Microscopic anatomy of the liver.
(a) (b)Lobule Central vein Connectivetissue septum
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Liver: Microscopic Anatomy• Liver sinusoids – enlarged, leaky capillaries • Kupffer cells – hepatic macrophages found in liver
sinusoids• Hepatocytes’ functions include:
– Production of bile– Processing bloodborne nutrients– Storage of fat-soluble vitamins– Detoxification– Protein synthesis– Synthesis of cholesterol
• Secreted bile flows between hepatocytes toward the bile ducts
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Figure 23.25c Microscopic anatomy of the liver.
(c)
Interlobular veins(to hepatic vein) Central vein
Sinusoids
Portal triad
Plates ofhepatocytes
Portal vein
Bile duct (receivesbile from bile canaliculi)
Bile duct
ArteriolePortal venuleHepatic
macrophagesin sinusoid walls
Bile canaliculi
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Figure 14.19 Gallstones
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Large Intestine
• Subdivided into the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal– Cecum and appendix have digestive function in
herbivores
• Has three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis
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Figure 23.30d Mesenteries of the abdominal digestive organs.
(d)
Pancreas
LiverLesser omentum
Stomach
Duodenum
Greater omentumMesentery
Jejunum
Visceral peritoneum
Urinary bladder
Transverse colon
Ileum
Parietal peritoneum
Rectum
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Figure 23.30a Mesenteries of the abdominal digestive organs.
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Stomach
Greater omentum
Small intestine
Cecum
(a)
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Figure 23.30b Mesenteries of the abdominal digestive organs.
Liver
Lesser omentumGallbladder
StomachDuodenum
Transverse colon
Small intestine
Cecum
(b)
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Figure 23.30c Mesenteries of the abdominal digestive organs.
Transverse colon
Descending colonJejunumMesentery
Sigmoid colon
Ileum
(c)
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Tooth Structure
Figure 22.11
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Tooth Structure 1
• Two main regions – crown and the root
• Crown – exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva (gum)– Covered with enamal, the hardest substance in the
body, which is composed of calcium and phosphate salts
• Root – portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone– Covered with cementum, which is also calcified
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Tooth Structure 2
• Periodontal ligament– Anchors the tooth in the jaw
• Dentin – bonelike material beneath the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth
• Pulp cavity –center of tooth, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
• Root canal – extension of the pulp cavity out of the root
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• Teeth are classified according to their shape and function
– Incisors: chisel-shaped teeth adapted for cutting or nipping
– Canines: conical or fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
– Premolars (bicuspids) & molars (tricuspids): have broad crowns with rounded tips and are best suited for grinding or crushing
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Figure 23.10a Human dentition. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW AGE OF APPEARRANCE OF TEETH)
IncisorsCentral (6–8 mo)
IncisorsCentral (7 yr)
Canine (eyetooth)(16–20 mo)
Canine (eyetooth)(11 yr)
Premolars(bicuspids)
First premolar(11 yr)
MolarsFirst molar(10–15 mo)
MolarsFirst molar (6–7 yr)
Lateral (8–10 mo) Lateral (8 yr)
Second molar(about 2 yr)
Second molar(12–13 yr)Third molar(wisdom tooth)(17–25 yr)(a)
Permanentteeth
Deciduous(milk) teeth Second premolar
(12–13 yr)