Fig. 34-0. Ecology From: Biosphere to individual Be able to describe and give examples of levels of study.

Fig. 34-0

Ecology

• From: Biosphere to individual

• Be able to describe and give examples of levels of study

Fig. 34-0a

Fig. 34-1a

Fig. 34-1b

Fig. 34-1c

Fig. 34-1d

Fig. 34-2b

• Rachel Carson

Fig. 34-3a

Global climate predicts Biomes

• Review some of the large scale affects of weather, ocean currents and geography

Fig. 34-5a

Low angle ofincoming sunlight

Sunlight strikesmost directly

Low angle ofincoming sunlight

Atmosphere60°SSouth Pole

Tropic ofCapricorn

30°S

0° (equator)

30°NTropic ofCancer

North Pole60°N

Fig. 34-5b

June solstice(Northern

Hemisphere tiltstoward sun)

March equinox(equator faces sun directly)

December solstice(Northern

Hemisphere tiltsaway from sun)

Constant tiltof 23.5°

Septemberequinox

Fig. 34-5c

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Trade winds

Ascendingmoist airreleasesmoisture

Trade winds

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Temperatezone

Temperatezone

Tropics

Doldrums0°

30° 23.5° 23.5° 30°

Fig. 34-5d

60°N

30°N

30°S

Fig. 34-5e

Greenland

NorthAmerica

Europe

Africa

Gulf Stream

PacificOcean

Atlantic Ocean

South America

Fig. 34-5f

EastWinddirection

PacificOcean

CoastRange

SierraNevada

Rain shadow Desert

Biomes, ecotones and Ecosystems

• Biomes are identified by:

• Ecotones are areas where:

• Ecosystems are:

Aquatic Biomes and Ecosystems

• Be able to describe the principle components of freshwater and marine biomes.

Fig. 34-6a

High waterLow water

Oarweed (to 2 m)

Brain coral(to 1.8 m)Intertidal

zone

Continental shelf

Benthic realm

Photiczone

Ap

ho

tic

zon

e

Pelagic realm

Sea pen(to 45 cm)

(seafloor)

Brittle star(to 60 cm)

Sponges (1 cm to 1 m)

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Octopus(to 10 m)

Sea spider(1 to 90 cm)

Glasssponge(to 1.8 m)

Sea cucumber(to 40 cm)

Rat-tail fish(to 80 cm)

Tripod fish(to 30 cm)

Man-of-war(to 50 m)

Blue shark(to 2 m)

Turtle(60 to 180 cm)

Sperm whale(10 to 20 m)

Hatchet fish(2 to 60 cm)

Gulper eel(to 180 cm)

Anglerfish(45 cm to 2 m)

200 m

“Twilight”

1,000 to4,000 m

No light

6,000 to10,000 m

Fig. 34-6b

Fig. 34-6d

Fig. 34-7a

A tour of the Biomes

• As you view these you should be able to discuss the major components of the Biome

Fig. 34-7b

Fig. 34-8

30°N

Tropic ofCancer

60°N

Arcticcircle

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

30°S

Tropical forestSavannaDesertChaparral

Temperate grasslandTemperate broadleaf forestConiferous forestTundra

High mountainsPolar ice

Fig. 34-9

Fig. 34-10

Fig. 34-11

Fig. 34-12

Fig. 34-13

Fig. 34-14

Fig. 34-15

Fig. 34-16

Cycles that affect Ecosystems

• List each cycle

• Describe the cycle and major implications when the cycle is disrupted

Fig. 34-17

Solarheat Net movement

of water vaporby windWater vapor

over the sea

Precipitationover the land

Water vaporover the land

Precipitationover the sea

Evaporationfrom the sea

Evaporationandtranspiration

Flow of waterfrom land to sea

Surfacewater andgroundwater

Oceans

Fig. 37-14

Energyflow

Lightenergy

Chemical energy

Chemicalelements

Heatenergy

Bacteriaand fungi

Chemical cycling

Fig. 37-20

Animals

1Plants

Detritus

Decomposersin soil

Decomposition

Phosphatesin rock

Weatheringof rock

Runoff

Assimilation

Phosphatesin solution

Phosphatesin soil

(inorganic)

Precipitated(solid) phosphatesRock

Upliftingof rock

6

3

2

4

5

Fig. 37-19

Photosynthesis

Decomposers(soil microbes)

Cellular respiration

Detritus4

1

2

35

Plants, algae,cyanobacteria

Primaryconsumers

Higher-levelconsumers

Burning

CO2 in atmosphere

Plant litter;death

Wastes; death

Dec

om

po

siti

onWood

and fossilfuels

Fig. 37-18

Consumers

Geologic processes

Producers

Decomposers

Nutrientsavailableto producers

Abioticreservoir

4

1

2

3

When Populations Change , ecosystems change

• Be able to discuss

• 1. Factors affecting population growth

• 2. Demography

• 3.Density and dispersion

• 4. r and K selected species

Fig. 37-2

Fig. 37-8-4

Plant

A terrestrial food chain

Producers Phytoplankton

An aquatic food chain

Primaryconsumers

Grasshopper Zooplankton

Secondaryconsumers

Mouse Herring

Snake TunaTertiaryconsumers

Fig. 37-9

Producers(plants)

Primaryconsumers

Secondaryandprimaryconsumers

Tertiaryandsecondaryconsumers

Quaternary,tertiary,and secondaryconsumers

Fig. 37-16

1,000,000 kcal of sunlight

10 kcal

100 kcal

1,000 kcal

10,000 kcalProducers

Primaryconsumers

Secondaryconsumers

Tertiaryconsumers

Patterns of population growth

• Exponential growth: G=rN

• G= population growth rate

• r= per capita rate of increase (#births-#deaths)

• N= population size

logistic growth curves

• Environmental factors will limit growth

• This model is idealized population growth

• G=rN (K-N)\ K K=carrying capacity

Fig. 36-4bb

Year

1915 1925 1935 1945

Bre

edin

g m

ale

fur

seal

s(t

ho

usa

nd

s)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Fig. 36-4c

Time

Nu

mb

er o

f in

div

idu

als

(N)

0

K

G = rN

G = rN(K – N)

K

Fig. 36-4d

Fig. 36-6

Lynx

Snowshoe hare

Ly

nx

po

pu

lati

on

siz

e(t

ho

usa

nd

s)

Ha

re p

op

ula

tio

n s

ize

(th

ou

san

ds)

Year1850 1875 1900 1925

0

40

80

120

160

0

3

6

9