field work at ankara

Field work

Geological study of Ankara region turkey

By

Junaid f. kareem

Study date

2013/8/15-2013/8/23

Report date

Abstract

The field work for this academic year (2012-2013) was operated in Ankara in west and northeast of turkey. This work includes the construct of geologic map, geologic cross -section, and columnar section; these studies were done according to the lithology descriptions and measuring the thickness, dip angle of the bed, slop angle and slop distance.

In this work the formations:-

Memluk, karyaody, kocabal, dedecam, kapakly,gelinkaya,yakacyk,arpyndere, kumludere were studied.

The Jurassic (LateTriassic-EarlyLiassic) granitoids of the Pontides are suggested to correspond to the Fractionated residue of the basic volcanism of the Triassic arc. These granites have intruded the Kara kaya formation and Have been transgressed by a carbonate-flysch wedge of the south ward on lapping back-arc basin, the Black Sea, in Liaison with ocean ward shift of the respective compressive and

dilatational systems of the fore-arc and back-arc basins Due to a presumable recess of subduction.The deposition in the extensional basins has started in troughs of earlier Collapse and the intervening areas have been subject to progressive submergence between Portlandian-Berriasian and The uppermost Cretaceous.

Chapter One ---Introduction Page No.1.1 Preface......……………………………….……………………………………………………1

1.2 Geographic Location ………………………….............................................2, 3

1.3 Aim of the study …………………………………………………………………………….4, 5

Chapter Two--- Geology of studied area2.1 Tectonic Setting ………………………………………………………………………………..6

2.2 Structure………………………………………......................................................7

2.3 Geomorphology …...……….………………………………………………………………….. 8

2.4 stratigraphy…………………………………………………………………………………………9, 10

2.5 environment & climate …………………………………………………………………………11

2.6 soil & vegetation …………………………………………………………………………..11,12, 13

2.7 land use ……………………………………………………………………………………………….13

Chapter Three--- field work

List of content

3.1 field instruments ……………………………………………………………………………….14-22

3.2 field work …………………………………………………………………………………………..23-27

3.3 conclusion & recommendation ………………………………………………………………28

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface Ankara geographically located in the west and North West of turkey.

The area under discussion lies around yakacyk MH. Memlik koyu. (40-60) KM NW of Ankara. However, our studies were concentrated mainly on the northern part of Ankara.

The above-mentioned area essentially consists of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. Volcanic rocks and Tertiary Formations are also represented .The Region isgenerally made up of fairly Low hills and shallow valleys. Dedekaya (1925m), GelinTepe (1900m), and GözdereTepe (1895m) are the most important heights of the area, and they are covered by Paleozoic lime stones.

This area consists of some quaternary sediment recognized in the area of kumlu dara which is alluvial sediments.

Two types of faults were recognized in the area revers fault that extends for a long distance north of yakacykand normal fault to the west.

As we move to the north the number of faults will increase due to increasing of tectonic activities and we can also notice number of fractures especially in the shallow marine limestone.

1.2 Location Area The places that have been studied during this work are located to the North and North West of Ankara.The first area was yakacyk MH. It is about 40-50 km. from Ankara city at (40° 2'28.30"N) and (32°46'10.58"E)and the elevation about (3300-3600) ft. the location was chosen for the study is showed in Fig (1-1).

Fig (1-1)

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The second area was memlik koyu and it is about 60 km from Ankara city at (40° 3'49.45"N) and (32°45'5.65"E) and the elevationabout (4000) ft. thelocation is showed infig (1-2).

Fig (1-2)The last one was digermen tepe about 4.5 km away from yakacyk and 2.6 km from memlik koyu. At (40° 5'1.07"N) and (32°46'11.89"E) and the highest region in this areaabout 1263m, the location is showed in fig (1-3).

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Fig (1-3)

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1.3 Aim of the study Field geology offers students the opportunity to apply what has been learned in the classroom to real geological problems. Unless you already have fairly extensive field experience you should emerge from the course with a much deeper and more realistic app recitation of problems attending the collection, analysis, interpretation, and synthesisof geological information. In the field, rocks look different than they do in textbooks or on lab benches. A valuable aspect of the field course is practice in approaching an outcrop and knowing what to do next. Even an incorrect solution to a field problem or a faulty interpretation of a geological event is of value because it prepares the way for a better solution or interpretation next time. As you getbetter at your job through practice, you gain confidence in your abilities. For this reason, a field course must stress individual effort and personal initiative. Students usually work in teams, primarily for safety, and we all realize that a good deal of learning can be derived from discussing ideas with classmates. But it is your own interpretation of the geology, developed from your own investigation that will be of most value. Beside the field application construction of curriculum

course with in the geological department, that the aimsfollowing:

1- Teaching students for using the geological field instruments practically that are used in research and geological studies.

2- Showing students the geological feature in close distance especially concerning the geologicalstructure and different geological Formations and the reconstruction and studying the lithological formations in detail in the field.

3- Doing the complete geological survey throw preparing the geologic map for the part of satin folds and also teaching students who to draw a completegeological map.

4- Drawing the geological cross-section for the field by using the instruments this paragraph requires a detail study about the lithology and the attitude of geological formation structure with the geological cross-sections pass throw it.

5- The summer field work is considered as a train for students to for how to work correctively in all fields and also it is like the examination in standing and potion that is needed to make sucha kind of geomorphologic feature and also contains the different variety on river pattern.

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At the completion of their geology degree programs students will meet the following three broad goals:-

GOAL 1. Students will have basic knowledge and understanding of the content of modern geology.

GOAL 2. Students will acquire knowledge and demonstrate skills to collect and analyze Earth’s minerals and rocks.

GOAL 3.Students will understand the philosophical, mathematical and physical science foundations of geology.

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CHAPTER TWO

GEOLOGY

2.1 Tectonic Setting of studied area Turkey consists of several continental fragments which were joined together into asingle landmass in the late Tertiary. During most of the Phanerozoic these continental fragments, called terranes, were separated by oceans, whose relicts - ophiolites and accretionary prisms - are widely distributed throughout the Anatolia. The three terranesin the northern Turkey, the Strandja, İstanbul and Sakarya, are collectively called as the Pontides.

The region has undergone two types of folding’s: The Hercynian uplifting movements affecting the Paleozoic formations, and the Alpine movements affecting the Jurassic system. These movements, in general, have formed the geologic structure under discussion. The Jurassic layers were laid upon the Paleozoic anticline,which was formed as a result of Hercynian movements, and they received their last shapes during the Alpine movements. The Paleozoic, already subjected to uplifting, went through further changes under the influence of the pressures and movements which brought about the deformed Jurassic syncline. The more or less soft schists became severely folded, while the hard

limestone’s in many places were broken by large and small faults which caused them to slide. In some places(BektaşKaya) fragments of these limestone’s intermixed with volcanic materials; appear in the form of a tectonic breccia. Due to the complexities resulting from these influences, no further information other than just mentioning the possible existence of a ratherlarge anticline which extended between İdris Dağ and Elmadağ during the Paleozoic can be given. The Jurassicsyncline with general dips along E-W and SE-NW is located on the side of the anticline NE of Hasan oğlan village. Paleozoic beds are found dipping SE-NW on the east and SW-NE on the west.

2.2 Structure of Studied Area The Region is generally made up of fairly Low hills and shallow valleys.

Two types of faults were recognized in the area revers fault that extends for a long distance north of yakacykand normal fault to the west.

In the area of degermen tepe we can notice folds types symmetrical and asymmetrical and the most important type that found in this area is the minor fold within the major fold which is an anticline within syncline asshown in the photo (2-1).

Photo (2-1)As we move to the north the number of faults will increase due to increasing of tectonic activities and the contour lines will be much closer to each other.

and we can also notice number of fractures especially in the shallow marine limestone.

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2.3 Geomorphology of studied area Geographically, Ankara lies inthe transition zone between the coastal regions and the Central Anatolian Plateau. There are quite a number of cities in this Central Anatolian region that have survived thanks to the possibilities offered by this zone. At a geographical level, Ankara is in the zone of urban areas encircling Central Anatolia. Opportunities provided by the water resources of the mountains, the moderate summer climate and accessibility to agricultural lands have all beenfactors generating this system of urban areas. The existence of Ankara is a function of its location on the Anatolian Peninsula; however, its importance and size would become the functions of its place within theever changing road system on the peninsula and the prevailing political boundaries. Its urban form, on the other hand, has been shaped by the geomorphologicalstructure of the surrounding terrain. A closer look at Ankara's location and the geomorphological outline of the urban area allows an understandingof the many problems the city would encounter as it began to grow as a modern center. The Ankara plain, extending from west to east, is defined by a parallel ridge of mountains open at the western end but closedat the eastern edge where the Citadel is located. The hill on which the Citadel is

constructed has a pertinent role in the location of the city. This eruptive hill, ascending from a plain of average 850 meters to an elevation of 980 meters, offered advantageous defense opportunities.

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2.4 stratigraphy of studied area The stratigraphy of the studied area composed of nine formations that all of them are out cropped, as shown in the figure (2-1).

Fig (2-1)1- Mesozoic:-

The Mesozoic in Turkey begins With the Triassic transgression and is spread over extensive areas. Sincethe Series in some of the limestone fancies belonging to Mesozoic cannot be distinguished from one another,

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they are considered as «Comprehensive Series»; however,in these series containing the Triassic, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous, the Cretaceous limestones are more predominant. Apart from these, there exists the Greenstone complex, which is wide spread in Anatolia and which we include in the Mesozoic. This is a Complexmade up of acidic and basic intrusions, spilites, diabase, serpentinized rocks, peridotites, radiolarites, clay, schists, sandstones and lenticular or seamlimestones. Usually Rosalines are found in the limestones of this series. Likewise in this series the serpentines contain rich chrome bedding.

The formation that does appear in the Mesozoic is as the following:-

1- Kumludere Fn.: - which is belongs to the upper trassic system and is containing the metagraywacke sediments.

2- Arpyndere Fn.:- which belongs to the lower Jurassic system and its lithology of gray coloured conglomerate.

3- Yakacyk Fn.:- which belong to the middle Jurassic system and has pink coloured sandstone marl.

4- Gelinkaya Fn.:- which belong to the upper Jurassic system and has gray coloured shallow marine limestone.

5- Kapakly Fn.:- which belong to the upper cretecaous system and it is of ophiolitic mélange.

6- Dedecam Fn.:- which is belonging to the upper cretecaous system and its lithology of green flysch.

2- Cenozoic:-

In the Cenozoic we have three systems quaternary, neogene, and paleogene.

The quaternary has the lithology of alluvial sediments.The paleogene is classified into two series Paleocene and Eocene.

Kocabal FN.is belongs to the Paleocene series and its lithology of red coloured conglomerate, sandstone and pebble stone, and the karyaody FN. Which belong to the Eocene series and its lithology of beige coloured limestone.

And the last formation is memluk FN. Which belong to the Pliocene series and its lithology of conglomerate and sandstone.

2.5 environment & climate Generally speaking thestudied area contains three major environments shallow,lagoon and river and we can recognize them according totheir fossils.

The climate in this area vary from season to season so its cold rainy in the winter and hot in the summer but it’s a good fertile area for growing because it soilcontain a high rate of minerals.

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The daring pattern in this area is dendritic or parallel and the type of metamorphism in the area is regional.

The volume change potential of a soil is generally a result of geological settings which determines the mineralogical composition and history involving reconsolidating agents like erosion-sedimentation and/or desiccation. The environmental conditions are usually climatic, characterized by the rate of evaporation exceeding the rate of rainfall. The regionswith the most severe problems are usually those with local climates that produce desiccation.

2.6 soil and vegetation In a broad sense, soil may be thought of as an incidental materialin the vast geological cycle that has been going on continuously and relentlessly throughout hundreds of millions of years of geological time. This cycle may beconsidered as consisting of a number of phases.

The first step in the cycle is represented by igneous rocks- that is, rocks that have solidified from molten magma. Igneous rocks include the oldest rocks found on earth and represent the original or primordial sources for soils.

Igneous activity which involves uplift and exposure to the atmosphere initiates the other step in the cycle,

slow chemical degradation or weathering. The gradual breakdowns of hard rock into soil result in "residual soils ".

The regional soils may be classified in three main groups; i) residual soils, ii) recent alluvium deposits, iii) deposits of Pliocene - Pleistocene age which are mostlyterrace formations in the flood plains (also called as Ankara Clay). The surface area of Pliocene and Quaternary age deposits are very large compared to other formations. By disintegration and weathering process a soil layer having a thickness about 0.5-4.0 meters has been formed on the outcrops, which is calledas "residual soils". One would expect that since the residual soils have weathered in place or been moved small distance downslope, there is little reason to suspect that their over consolidated behavior is a result of overburden pressure.

The second group of Ankara soils is called as recent "Alluvial Deposits" formed in Quaternary age by floodwaters. These formations are encountered along thelocal streams. These are normally consolidated soft deposits and ground water level is close to the surface. Most of the alluvial soils are seen along the Ankara River 200-2000 meters in width and 10-45 meters in depth the alluvium, which has been deposited by the floodwaters, has not been in place long enough to show

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any appreciable effect of soil forming factors. The parent material within the alluvium will vary, depending upon the nature of rocks and soils in the areas drained by the streams Residual Soils called Ankara Clay in short is the main focus of attention as far as Volume change problems are concerned.

At the end of the Miocene age, as a result of Attic andRadionics phase movements several lakes have been developed. In the Middle Pliocene age, lakes have been filled by sand, silt, gravel and clay particles transported from the surrounding old formations, mostlyandesite and greywacke’s. At the same time as a result of Epirogenic movements many lakes disappeared and at the beginning of the upper Pliocene age the sediments were subjected to desiccation and reconsolidation. During upper Pliocene new deposits were formed and the previous deposits were subjected to a second loading. At the beginning of the Quaternary age, as a result of uplift and subsequent erosion, sediments were preloadedonce again. By means of cyclic wetting and drying, calcareous concretions occurred near the surface. This formation is generally called as Pliocene - Pleistoceneage Fluvial Lacustrine Deposits or Terrace Deposits. Montmorillonite, Illite, Kaolinite are the basic minerals in these formations.

Pliocene Deposits are not the same everywhere since their parent materials are different such as greywacke’s in the south and andesite in the north.

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Percentages of granular particles are higher at the sides of the Ankara basin is placed east of Enguru Plain where deltas of rivers are believed to exist in the past.

2.7 land use This area is a good fertile landfor growing due to its good soil that’s contain a high rate of minerals and organic matter and the climate is very good for plants to grow because the area is a goodrainy spot.

The area contains a lot of igneous rock that contain different minerals as serpentine and aragonite.

Chapter three

Field work

3.1 field instrument

3.1.1 PrefaceField studies are the main method of

obtaining geologic data. Field studies should have a purpose, even if it be strictly academic. The study maybe as simple as a single outcrop of interest or an openpit quarry. These simple studies may include a sketch, some digital photos, GPS coordinates, making notes on relations between rocks, and/or collecting some hand samples. Other field studies may be complex requiring extensive time in the field utilizing systematic sampling methods of rocks, soil, and even water with detailed mapping in computer applications. Geologic mapping is the backbone of the field study and is frequently referred to as field geology. Mapping finds relations between rocks and other geologic interests. Despite our advanced technology many geologic features of importance such as folds and faults can only be found by geologists with their boots on the ground, in the field, mapping an area. Some ore deposits may be

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found with air borne geophysics but in reality, few are, it is the geologist in the field that makes the discovery. Ultimately, maps convey more than words eve will. Mapping comes down to the observations at the individual outcrops as being the fundamental principle of field geology. The observation and an interpretationis made, a hypothesis is developed, and tested by any means available. The individual outcrop will be the most rudimentary aspect of mapping. As the map developscomplex relations are revealed. Complex relations may occur when multiple processes act simultaneously or through over printing of multiple geologic vents. Sometimes geologic features may be so complex that no distinct conclusion can be found. Up heavily Dome in Canyon lands National Park is believed to be a collapsed salt dome by one camp of geologists and a meteorite impact site by another. Other complex features are understood only when detailed field mapping has been conducted and interpreted.

The geologist should be equipped with at least the following items:-

Transit compass, GPS, Grid line paper, Number2 pencils,Marker, Protractor, Clip board, Pocket knife, Hand lens, Rock hammer, Eye protection, Sample bags, Backpack.

Adequate food, water, sun screen, insect repellent, flash light, extra batteries for everything, and rain gear should also be available.

-Silva compass:-

Silva compass is a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or points) – north, south, east, and west. Intermediate directions are alsodefined. Usually, a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the directions (with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on the compass. When the compass is in use, the rose is aligned with the real directions in the frame of reference, so, for example, the "N" mark on the rose really points to the north. Frequently, in addition to the rose or sometimesinstead of it, angle markings in degrees are shown on the compass. North corresponds to zero degrees, and theangles increase clockwise, so east is 90 degrees, southis 180, and west is 270. These numbers allow the compass to show azimuths or bearings, which are commonly stated in this notation. Fig (3-1)

Fig (3-1)-Geological hammer:- 1

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A geologist's hammer, rock hammer, rock pick or geological pick is a hammer used for splitting and breaking rocks. In field geology, they are used to obtain a fresh surface of a rock in order to determine its composition, nature, mineralogy, history and field estimate of rock strength. In fossil collecting and mineral collecting, they are employed to break rocks with the aim of revealing fossils inside. Geologist's hammers are also sometimes used for scale in a photograph. Fig (3-2)

Fig (3-2)

3.1.2 Using the Transit Compass and Global Position System Geology curriculums typically contain to two summer field courses but thesecourses have seen changes through the years. One of these courses was dedicated to surveying and may have included the use of an alidade and the second field course was geology.

The surveying course has been removed from most geologycurriculums which were a tool geologists could use to locate themselves. This handbook will introduce the Global Positioning System or GPS and how to employ it in concert with a transit compass.

3.1.2.1 Transit Compass:- A transit compass includes a magnetic compass, clinometers (Long Level), and hand level (Round Level) in one package. The transit compass most widely used by geologists today iscalled the Brunton. The Brunton we know and use was designed by Canadian geologist D.W. Brunton in the early1890’s. Although the Brunton Company makes a variety of equipment, the word Brunton is widely accepted to mean transit compasses Fig (3-3).

The various parts of the Brunton are depicted below:-

1. Bearing Needle. 6. Mirror.

2. Graduated Circle. 7. Long Level.

3. Zero Pin. 8. Adjusting Screw.

4. Large Sight with Peep Sight. 9. Lift Pin.

5. Small Sight. 10. Vernier.

11. Round Level.

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Fig (3-3)

-Taking a Bearing:-

A bearing is the direction the compass needle is pointing. In geology there is a specific format for reporting a compass bearing this report will never be greater than 90 degrees. As an example, if the bearing reads 35 degrees then the report would be annotated as N35E. If the bearing was 91 degrees we must remember that the report will never be greater than 90degrees; subsequently a bearing of 91 degrees will be reported asS89E. The east and west indicators on the compass seem to be reversed however this orientation assists inreporting in the correct format. There are many methodsfor taking a bearing. The transit compass may be mounted on a tripod or alidade mount for the greatest

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accuracy. In rugged terrain the tripods can be very cumbersome. The compass to cheek method using the peep sights is a fast method for taking a bearing.

-Strike and Dip:-

Measuring the strike and dip of a geologic feature usesall three functions of the transit compass being the magnetic needle, Round Level, and Long Level. The strike is found by placing the edge of the compass against the inclined rock and adjusting the compass position until the round level is center. With the edgeof the compass flush to the rock and the round level center observe and record the bearing. For this examplethe bearing isN35E.The dip angle will always be orthogonal to the strike. A trick for finding the strike is to pour some water on the rock. The water will flow in the direction of the dip and the strike isorthogonal as stated.

The dip is found by placing the compass flat against the rock orthogonal to the strike. Fig (3-4)

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Fig (3-4)Adjust the lever on the back of the compass until the Long Levels flat. Observe and record the measurement seen on the Vernier. For this example it is 45degrees.This may be written as N35E 45 This may also be annotated on a geologic map with a long line pointing toward N35E and an orthogonal line pointing inthe direction of dip with the dip angle annotated adjacent to the symbol. Fig (3-5)

Fig (3-5)

3.1.2.2 Global Positioning System:- The GPS is a ground based receiver which uses a series of satellite signalsand triangulates itself based on these signals. There are two different varieties of GPS units being the commercial and the profession version. The commercial version is typically accurate to within 4- 9 meters on the X Y axis and about 15 meters on the Z axis. The professional version is accurate to within a meter on the X, Y, and Z axis. This accuracy is even further refined with special antennas and base units. For most field geology applications a commercial unit is adequate. When accuracy becomes critical is when gravity measurements will be taken. Accurate gravity measurements are dependent upon elevation making the professional version of the GPS essential. Whether using the commercial or professional version of a GPS there are two measuring schemes- These are Latitude andLongitude or Universal Transverse Mercator UTM. Latitude and Longitude uses degrees, minutes, and seconds, and is a projection of grid lines on sphere. This results in measurements being made with degrees, minutes, and seconds. The UTM system was designed by the military and is a flat grid based system. A flat system becomes distorted in the Polar Regions but

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warfare in the arctic is unlikely. The system of measurement uses zones ranging from 01 to 60horizontally and letters vertically. The letters “I” and “O” were omitted as they could be confused with numbers. All GPS units have similar features allowing the user to select UTM or Latitude and Longitude. UTM is used for most applications today to including moderngeology tasks .Most computer applications and even mapsuse UTM. When selecting UTM there are two additional selections to be made being the database and the spheroid. Because the earth does not remain stationary nor is it a perfect sphere there are different reference frames and spheroid models in use. The World Geodetic System (WGS) allows us to define the Earth’s reference frame. As we learn more about the earth we update the reference frame and spheroid models. Select the most current WGS when setting up the GPS unit. The earth is not even a perfect oval; it has varying degrees of roundness at different locations. The spheroid of Earth changes locally. In the United Stateswe use North American Datum or NAD 83.A word of caution, because there are so many different coordinatesystems available from Range and Township, Latitude andLongitude, State Plane, and many variations in UTM dependent upon the age of the data and spheroid location, geologists must ensure that any data or maps used have been converted into the same coordinate system. The difference between UTM NAD27 and UTM NAD 83may be on the order of 10s of meters dependent upon

location. A failure to ensure the correct spheroid is in used compounded by a commercial GPS unit’s potentialerror of 4 –9 meters could become a significant distance. Another important function of most GPS units is the ability to establish Way Marks. Geologists mark important locations on their GPS units and enter detailed data about the location. Good geologists also ensure that data and location of any observation is entered into their geology notes. Fig (3-6)

Fig (3-6)

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3.1.3 The Field Map The field map should have the minimum information: - Fig (3-7)

-Map name–should be related to the area of study

-Person developing map

-Purpose of the study

-Date

-Legend

-Scale

-North arrow

Fig (3-7)

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3.2 field workOur study concentrate in the northwest of

city of Ankara in a place called memluk (Ankara, turkey) region. As shown in the map Fig (3-8).

Fig (3-8)We begin our study in a place called Yakacyk MH this area belongs to the middle Jurassic age the lithology of the area is from pink coloured sandstone, marl, unconformable conglomerate and limestone overlay with up oceanic sediment.

To the northwest from the area there is a hill called Gelinkaya tepe which belongs to the upper Jurassic age and the lithology from ophiolite over crusted with limestone and above it flysch. If we dig in this area the sandstone will appear.

From the minerals that can be found in this area listwaenite, aragonite, andesite, augite, serpentine. Photo (3-1)

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Photo (3-1)24

The ophiolite is produce from the subduction of the Arabian plate with Turkish plate. In the case that this ophiolite is not mixed with the materials around it is called melage. Andesite is gray or black colour and can be found in orange colour if it effective by weathering.

In the middle of this area there is alluvial river called Kumludere belongs to the Neogen.

Then we moved to a place called Memlik koyu which belongs to the neogen age the village is surrounded with two hills from the north and the south the first one which belongs to the Paleocene is from flysh and the crust of the Eocene the second one is red colour hill from the radiolraite.

The rocks in this area are almost volcanic with ophiolite the most important thing that can be recognized in this area conformity and unconformity especially in a hill called Cal tepe the lithology of pelagic limestone which is the final transformation of the ophiolite.

This area contain a fault from listwaenite that subjected to cartisification and it is a pink coloured limestone which is called Terra Rosa and it contains Caco3 that’s appear with red colour due to the solutionof the Caco3 by the rainfall after that the Al will appear with its red colour. Photo (3-2)

Photo (3-2)

The area contains a several types of serpentine some of them subjected to alteration due to a high rateof temperature and pressure and because of that the serpentine will transform to listwaenite.

And there is another type of serpentine that transformed from opal and have a sieve texture. Photo (3-3)

Photo (3-3)

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The drainage pattern in this area is revers the layersslope and that’s happen in rare conditions. The drainage pattern either dendritic or radial the soil isvery good for growing due to the high rate of rainfall and the minerals.

Our final study area was at place called Digermen Tepe the most important thing about this area that its contour line is very close to each other due to the high differences in its elevations and the high rate oftectonic movement caused a lot of fault in its structure the lithology is from limestone rocks and a lot of fractures can also be notes especially in the shallow marine limestone.

The sediments in this area is deposit in a horizontallyform and we can recognize the folds also. The folds in this area are asymmetrical fold and the most important type that found in this area is the minor fold within the major fold which is an anticline within syncline.

The limestone rocks in this area are very strong because of the silical matrix.

A lot of digging process happened in this area and that’s made some of the limestone rocks that’s were under the surface to be shown and we can recognize it clearly that’s the upper part of the rock is effected by the alteration, the sun radiation, the animals, and the rainfall in the other hand the lower part of the

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rock that’s were beneath the surface not subjected to this process and a joint can be notice in the rock thatcuts the upper part and the lower part. Photo (3-4)

Photo (3-4) When we reach a place called Akpinar tepe the red colour disappear gradually and the green colour flysh will appear above the limestone. Photo (3-5)

Photo (3-5)

3.3 conclusion & recommendation27

The parent material of Ankara area is composed of three different soils named as Alluvial Soils, Residualsoils and Terrace deposits, which is also known as Ankara clay.

Recent alluvium deposits are encountered along local rivers and streams. Ranges of index properties of terrace deposits are very wide because of their heterogeneous structure, which contains various sizes of silt, sand and gravel particles in the forms of bands and lenses. Another reason for this may be the wideness of the area and the differences in the parent materials of the terrace deposits formed in different locations. Because of this, the engineering problems change from one location to another on terrace deposits. Therefore, terrace deposits are divided into sub groups. Residual soils and terrace deposits are mostly classified as CH.

The work fields at the region of Ankara region have ledto the following

Recommendations:

1. Detailed tectonic study of the study area fordetermining the general tectonic setting of the area and the origin locality of the formation. 2. Detailed mineralogical study of the formations for determining its economic minerals. 3. Detailed geophysical study of the formations for determining its subsurface structures.

4. Detailed hydrological study of the area for determining its drainage patterns.

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