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WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 4
RICE, FISH, COWS AND PIGS
Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom
karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmikMBg; RbdM extþ kMBg;FM
MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program
– Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap
Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium
November 2002 vicäika 2002
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WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 4
RICE, FISH, COWS AND PIGS
Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom
tkarsikSa esdækic©sgÁmenAPUmi kMBg;RbdM extþ kMBg;FM
MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program
– Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap
Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium
November 2002 vicäika 2002
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lkñúgGMLgeBlsikSa eyIgdwgfaelakRbFanXMu)anTTYlmrN³PaB kWelak h‘n
h‘l )aneRKahfañk;cracrN_ RkumsikSaTaMgmUl)ansMEdgTukçya:geRkomRkm
cMeBaHmrN³PaB rbs;elak h‘n h‘l . r)aykarN_enH KWCakarcgcaM Canic©
énRkumsikSa During the first part of the field study commune chief
Mr Houn Houl died tragically in a traffic accident.
The whole field study team was deeply saddened by the death of
Mr Houn Houl – this field study
report is dedicated to his memory.
Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from
G‘n mit – Oun Mit, lwg miul – Lin Mil, vn h‘t – Von Hout, h’l
ehOg – Houl Hoern, pan; raMu – Phan Pom, mit sari – Mit Sary, miul
hn – Mil Horn, Cag eRsog – Chhan Sreang, h‘n sarun – Houn Sarun,
h‘n pat – Houn That, gwm sMbUr – Ngim Sambo, say hwm – Shay Him,
hYn rwm – Houn Rim, san pan – San Phan, nwm eCOn – Nim Chim, exov
Lg – Kiev Len, hiun gan – Hin Ngan, xaVv xat; – Kao Keat
RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team
elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of
Rural Development / WUP-FIN kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of
Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN elak sr vuFnI- - Mr Sor Vathny,
Officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom GñkRsI eTB
sux bUra:n; - Mrs Tep Sok Boran, Officer of Seila-programme,
Kampong Thom elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn – Mr Marko Keskinen,
Socio-economist, WUP-FIN kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La – Ms Ulla Haapala,
Socio-economist, WUP-FIN
elakkarsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing
elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, elak ywm sMbUr, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa
Gab;)a:La - Marko Keskinen, Ulla Haapala, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok
For comments and questions please contact [email protected]
or [email protected].
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Table of contents 1. Introduction
.......................................................35 2.
Objective of the field study ...................................35
3.
Methodology.......................................................36
4. Field study team
.................................................36 5. Location of
the field study.....................................37 6. Itinerary
............................................................37 7.
Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs.......38 8. Findings
from key informant interviews ..................38
8.1. Village location and boundaries
.................................... 38 8.2. Village
history............................................................
39 8.3. Migration / urbanisation
.............................................. 39 8.4.
Administrative structure
.............................................. 40 8.5.
Organisations working in the village..............................
40 8.6. Religion, education, health, and
infrastructure................ 40 8.7. Means of livelihood
..................................................... 41
9. Findings from group
discussion..............................41 9.1. Occupations
.............................................................. 42
9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations..............
43 9.3. Natural resource
use................................................... 44
10. Participatory exercises
.......................................44 10.1. Remarks to
participatory map ................................... 44 10.2.
Remarks to transect walk map .................................. 45
10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational ........... 46
preference ranking
............................................................. 46
10.4. Remarks to time ranking
.......................................... 50
11. Findings on migration/urbanisation......................53
11.1. Previous
migration................................................... 53
11.2. Future prospects
..................................................... 53 11.3.
Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation...... 53
12. Remarks from the final discussion .......................55
13.
Discussion........................................................56
14.
Conclusions......................................................58
Annexes
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35
1. Introduction Tonle Sap Modelling Project (WUP-FIN) aims to
model the flow regime and water quality of Tonle Sap Lake. Main
objective is to create a water model of Tonle Sap in order to
better understand the interaction between the physical and
biological features of the lake and their changes that may occur
due to human activities. Socio-economical issues form an important
part of the project. They will be taken into account in the
baseline studies, in the development of management tools and in
guidelines to be produced. One of the aims of the project is that
with the help of the outcomes of the project the utilisation and
protection of the Tonle Sap could be socio-culturally acceptable.
The main aim of the socio-economic analysis is to achieve basic
understanding of the interconnections of the socio-economic and
environmental impacts and factors in Tonle Sap area. Socio-economic
analysis consists of literature and database reviews, expert
interviews, participatory field studies, modelling and final
analysis of gathered information. Socio-economic field studies are
based on different rapid and participatory appraisal (RRA/PRA)
methods and their focus is on village level. During the spring 2002
Tonle Sap Modelling Project conducted three socio-economic field
studies in the villages situated along Tonle Sap in the provinces
of Kampong Chhnang, Pursat and Battambang. In autumn 2002, three
more field studies are conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom
and Siem Reap. Although new field studies use similar approach as
well, some modifications and improvements in actual field studies
as well as in report writing have taken place. Also time of the
studies differs totally from each other: three first field studies
took place during the dry season when the lake was its shallowest,
while three latter ones are conducted just after the rainy season
and peak of the flooding. Aim of the field studies is to collect
information on different socio-economic factors, focusing on
occupations and their seasonal variation, use of natural resources
and access to them, as well as on environmental changes. In new
field studies focus is also put on issues of migration/urbanisation
and floods. Field studies will also give better practical level
understanding of local circumstances as well as of different
RRA/PRA-methods. Since all field studies use similar approach,
reports are also written using similar structure, making them thus
easier comparable with each other. Moreover, some of the more
overall chapters in each report (like this one) are partly or
exactly the same.
2. Objective of the field study Main aim of the field study is
to collect complementary village level information to support
socio-economic information derived from different databases,
literature reviews and expert interviews. Main indicators of the
field study are related to the
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living condition, occupations, migration, natural resources,
floods and environmental change.
3. Methodology Methods used in the field study were in
chronological order:
- Key informant interview (semi-structured interview) - Group
discussion (semi-structured interview) - Participatory mapping -
Transect walk and observation - Seasonal calendar and occupational
preference ranking - Time ranking - Focus group discussion and
rankings on migration/urbanisation - Final discussion and analysis
of the study
The idea is first to collect more overall information on
socio-economic situation through key informant interview. Following
group discussion deals especially with issues of livelihood,
occupations, natural resources, environmental problems and floods.
With the help of this data and information derived from
participatory mapping and transect walk, study is then focused
especially on issues of seasonality and recent changes in
environment, natural resources, floods and livelihood. This is done
using two different ranking exercises: seasonal calendar and time
ranking. Next, issue of migration and urbanisation is dealt with in
separate exercise including focus group discussion and different
kind of rankings. In final discussion all derived information is
put together and then analysed together with villagers. In this
meeting, villagers’ comments on the field study and its results are
achieved as well. Different visualisation exercises (mapping and
rankings) do not only create a useful final product (map, matrix)
but also act as tools for further discussion about the issues of
seasonality, environmental changes, migration and causes behind
them. Discussion evolved during the exercises is recorded in this
report under the remarks for different methods. This report
presents information chronologically according to methods used, not
according to indicators and factors. This is done in order to see
the differences in the nature and quality of information gathered
with different methods and also to enable comparison and
crosschecking between methods. Certain level of repetition could
not therefore be avoided.
4. Field study team Field study team consists of two WUP-FIN
socio-economic trainees / experts, two provincial level team
members and two WUP-FIN socio-economists:
• Mr Yim Sambo, team coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development
/ WUPFIN • Ms Noy Pok, officer of Fisheries Development / WUP-FIN •
Mr Sor Vathny, officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong
Thom • Mrs Tep Sok Boran, officer of Seila-programme, Kampong
Thom
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• Mr Marko Keskinen, socio-economist, WUP-FIN • Ms Ulla Haapala,
socio-economist, WUP-FIN
Like in the earlier field studies, two members of field study
team acted as main facilitators during the exercises and two
members were taking notes on discussions and progress of exercise.
Practise of two note-takers allows crosschecking of gathered
information and ensures that all the important information emerging
during the exercise will also be written down. Tasks were rotated
among the team members in each exercise. WUP-FIN socio-economists
acted as the observers in every exercise. Methods and exercises of
the field study were planned by WUP-FIN socio-economists together
with socio-economic trainees. Final field study report was written
by WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and
socio-economists.
5. Location of the field study WUP-FIN’s fourth field study took
place in Kampong Pradam village, Msar Kran commune. Kampong Pradam
is situated on the banks of Stoung River (Stueng Stoung)
approximately eight kilometres from district headquarters. All the
houses in the villages are built on stilts. The livelihood in the
village depends primarily on agriculture, wet season (recession)
rice and floating rice being most important crops. There are 26
families who are involved full timely in fishing.
6. Itinerary Field study was intended to carry out in a single
occasion between 14th and 19th of October 2002. Unfortunately
during the field study the commune chief Mr. Houn Houl died
tragically in a traffic accident and field study was halted. The
field study was therefore conducted in two separate parts in
14-18.10 and 5.11.2002. The group of villagers stayed same in both
parts of the field study.
Oct 14, 2002 Travelling from Phnom Penh to Kampong Thom. Meeting
with government’s provincial line agencies and NGOs. Training with
provincial members of field study team.
Oct 15, 2002 Meeting with government's provincial line agencies
and
NGOs. Travelling to Stoung District: meeting with the district
chief of Rural Development. Travelling to the commune and village:
meeting with commune and village chiefs. Team meeting, staying
overnight in Stoung.
Oct 16, 2002 Field study with Kampong Pradam villagers: Key
informant interview and group discussion. Team meeting, staying
overnight in the village.
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Oct 17, 2002 Field study with Kampong Pradam villagers:
Participatory mapping, transect walk and seasonal calendar. Team
meeting, staying overnight in the village. • Oct 18, 2002 Leaving
from the village to Kampong Thom. Meeting with government’s
provincial line agencies and NGOs. Team meeting, report writing.
Returning to Phnom Penh.
Nov 5, 2002 Second part of the field study in Kampong Pradam:
Time ranking, focus group discussion, preference ranking on
migration/urbanisation and final discussion. Leaving from village
to Kampong Thom. For more detailed information itinerary have a
look on Annex 7.
7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs On Monday and
Tuesday field study team visited various governmental line agencies
(Provincial Department of Rural Development - PDRD,
Seila-programme, Department of Agriculture) and NGOs (GTZ, CWS). In
these meetings field study team informed line agencies and NGOs
about the whole project as well as about the field study. Team also
got information about the activities of different line agencies and
organizations in the region. Moreover, one person from both
department of Rural Development and Seila-programme was invited to
join the field study team. In the meetings it was found out that
GTZ has together with governmental departments carried out
PRA-studies in three districts of Kampong Thom (Stoung, Stung Sen
and Santuk). Part of the surveys conducted were more overall
PRA-studies, while the others, more recent ones (2001-2002),
concentrated on natural resources and their management. Some of the
PRA-reports were available in English and formed important source
of information from the area. Also Church World Service (CWS) has
used some PRA methods (mapping etc.) in Kampong Svay District, but
the reports were only written in Khmer and were not available.
Field study team also met with the chief of Rural Development in
Stoung district for arrangements of the field study.
8. Findings from key informant interviews Key informant
interview was conducted with commune chief Mr Houn Houl, village
chief Mr Oun Mit, and two village elders, Mr Houn Rim and Mrs Houn
Phath. The interview took place in the house of commune chief and
Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the interview.
8.1. Village location and boundaries Kampong Pradam is situated
in Msar Kran commune, Stoung district, Kampong Thom Province.
Village boundaries are as follow:
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- Southern border against Samproach commune - Eastern border
against Kouk Trea village - Northern border against Msa Krang
Cheung village - Western border against Bat Trang village
In Kampong Pradam village there are 227 families and 990
inhabitants, out of which 525 are females. The village is situated
along the banks of Stoung River (Stueng Stoung). Village is located
1.5 kilometres west from the commune headquarter, 8 kilometres west
from the district headquarter, and 58 kilometres northwest from the
provincial headquarter. Kampong Pradam has 170 permanent houses (in
some houses there are living more families than one). 60 houses
have tile roof, 103 houses palm leaf roof and seven houses zinc
roof. All the houses are built on stilts and residential area is
flooded during the high flood. In 1984 government gave the
ownership of the land for every family in the village. As a result
every family in the village owns residential land and almost every
family also some agriculture land. At the moment there are 28
families that do not own agricultural land: most of them get their
livelihood from fishing. Total land area in the village is 203
hectares and it consists of following land types:
- Public land one hectare - Residential land 12 hectares -
Agriculture land 190 hectares, divided into two types:
o Land for wet season rice 110 hectares o Land for floating rice
80 hectares
- No orchard land
8.2. Village history Kampong Pradam village was founded in 1850,
at that time there were 25 families living in the village. Between
years 1946-1970 there were approximately 50 families – number of
families increased because people got married and some families
moved to the village from Kampong Svay district. Between 1970-1975
there were 100 families: people moved especially from Kampong Thom
city to the village to escape the fights between Khmer Rouge and
the government. Between 1975-1979 the number of families increased
to 120 because Pol Pot regime removed families from Phnom Penh to
live in other areas, also in Kampong Pradam. In 1979 fifteen
families moved from the village back to Phnom Penh. After year 1979
the number of families has increased steadily because of marriages
and at the moment there are 227 families.
8.3. Migration / urbanisation After the Pol Pot regime there has
not been remarkable migration to or from Kampong Pradam village.
Five people (three males and two females) have migrated from the
village to Thailand because of low rice yield and lack of food.
These
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villagers moved to Thailand to do business or work as sold
labour. They moved to Thailand because they have some relatives or
friends living in there. Moreover, 11 people (ten females and one
male) have migrated from the village to Phnom Penh to work in the
garment factories. Reason for their migration was lack of food due
to too low rice yield, and they moved to Phnom Penh because they
knew someone living there. Anyhow, migrated people come to visit
their families during the Khmer New Year in April and Phum Ben in
October. One family moved to live in Battambang Province in 1999
because they lacked both residential and agricultural land since
they have sold their land due to illness in the family. They moved
to Battambang because they had friends living there.
8.4. Administrative structure Kampong Pradam village has a
village chief and a deputy chief – there is no village development
committee (VDC) in the village. Village is divided into six
administrative groups: each group has chief and deputy chief. There
are 38 families in each group except the group six that has 37
families.
8.5. Organisations working in the village At the moment there
are no organisations working in Kampong Pradam village.
Seila-programme is starting up and Seila has just recently
conducted short PRA-related study in the village. However,
information in the study was collected mainly from the village
chief. Participatory map derived from Seila’s study is kept in the
village and was helpful source of information for this field study
as well. World Food Programme supported in 1998 building of part of
the new road (500m) to the village as a part of its Food for work
-programme. Also government has supported village with ADB loan to
construct a new school building in 2002. COW-organisation is in the
future planning to set up fisheries committee in the village.
8.6. Religion, education, health, and infrastructure All
villagers in Kampong Pradam are Buddhists. Village doesn’t have its
own pagoda and during traditional festivals villagers visit Speu
Khagkai pagoda and Speu Khagchheu pagoda located approximately 1.5
km from the village. There is a new school building constructed by
ADB-loan in 2002 and old school building constructed by villagers
in 1980. There are totally six class rooms and enough tables for
all the pupils. Both of the buildings are constructed on public
land. The school is known as Prek Chhek primary school. School has
grades from one to three and there are at the moment 132 children.
After finishing Prek Chhek primary school children can continue
their studies in Speu primary school, which is approximately 1.5 km
from the village. There is no health centre in the village but
villagers can use the commune health centre in Speu Khagkai. It was
built up by social fund. District health centre arranges
vaccinations to the children, trains villagers about health care
and pure drinking water
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and distributes chloramines to the villagers. There is no
pharmacy in the village but the medicine is sold in the small
shops. Kampong Pradam has no electricity. Families in the village
do not have their own latrines but there is one public latrine in
the school premises. There are no wells in the village and all the
villagers use water from Stoung River during both wet and dry
season. There is a small bridge in the village constructed by the
villagers in 1972. There is an old rural road (2500 m) in the
village, although it is at the moment partly unusable because of
flooding. Part of the road (500 metres) was constructed in 1998 and
its construction supported by World Food Programme. Villagers
transport their products to Stoung to sell them in the market .The
expense of transportation to Stoung market by motorbike is 4000
riels and by boat 4000 riels (used mainly during the wet season
when the village is easily accessible by boat).
8.7. Means of livelihood Villagers in Kampong Pradam village
depend mostly on wet season rice (i.e. recession rice) and floating
rice as their livelihood. Other important occupations include
fishing, livestock raising and vegetable cultivation. Villagers
grow only during the wet season (recession rice and floating rice).
Average yield for wet season rice is 1.5 tonnes per hectare and for
floating rice 2 tonnes. After rice cultivation is finished,
villagers continue to grow vegetables such as cucumber and cabbage
in the rice fields. There are 23 rich families in the village. Most
of them cultivate rice but they are also involved in livestock
raising and commerce. These families have more agricultural land
than average because they have bought land from other villagers.
There are approximately 204 poor families in the village. Almost
all of them are farmers owning a little bit agriculture land and
doing also fishing and livestock raising. There are 28 families
that do not own agricultural land because they have sold their land
to other villagers. These families are living with subsistence
occupations like fishing and paid labour – most of the families
(26) are especially involved in fishing.
9. Findings from group discussion
Information presented in this chapter was collected from the
group discussion with 19 villagers (17 villagers, one village chief
and one commune chief). Group discussion took place in the house of
commune chief and Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the
exercise.
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9.1. Occupations Cultivation of wet season rice (recession rice)
and floating rice forms main occupation for the villagers. Other
important occupations include fishing, livestock raising and
cultivation of chamkar (i.e. vegetables cultivated especially
during the dry season). Villagers are also involved in firewood
collection for home consumption, catching of rats, collection of
aquatic plants and commerce.
9.1.1. Cultivation of wet season rice and floating rice Most of
the villagers rely on rice cultivation as their livelihood: there
are approximately two hundred (199) families involved in it. All
these families cultivate normally both wet season rice and floating
rice. Wet season rice (recession rice) is cultivated in higher
areas while floating rice grows in the lower areas where the water
level during the flood is higher. Because of lack of irrigation
system no one is involved in cultivation of dry season rice.
Normally farmers grow rice during wet season and use the same land
in dry season for cultivation of vegetable crop (chamkar).
Cultivation of both wet season rice and floating rice is naturally
highly dependent on rain and floods. Villagers use cows and water
buffalos as draught animals: there are totally 240 cows and 24
buffalos in the village. Average rice yield for wet season rice is
approximately 1.5 tonnes per hectare. Villagers prefer to use
traditional Khmer wet season rice seeds such as Sei Bor, Sam Lao,
Phak Mless and Leuk Slak. Average rice yield for floating rice is
approximately 2 tonnes per hectare. Villagers use rice seeds like
Por Pay and Kragnol. Some people use manure as fertiliser but
villagers do not use chemical fertilisers. Villagers have never
used pesticides for wet season or floating rice. People travel to
Stoung Market to sell their rice: price of the rice is normally 300
riels per kilogramme. The rice yield is highest when flood rises to
3.5 meters. If flood rises up to four meters, the flood will be too
high and rice crop is destroyed. Also, if flood rises too fast or
too slow, rice will be destroyed.
9.1.2. Cultivation of vegetables and fruits Also cultivation of
chamkar (vegetable crop) forms important income for the villagers.
Most of the villagers are involved in cucumber and melon
cultivation during the dry season. Average income from melon and
cucumber harvesting is 100 000 riels per season per family. People
sell chamkar products in Stoung market and grow them according to
market requirements and possibilities. Besides cultivation of
vegetables, villagers also grow fruits around their houses. These
include coconut, banana and mango that all are harvested
seasonally. Some of the fruits are sold in market and some of them
are for home consumption.
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9.1.3. Other occupations Besides cultivation of rice and
vegetables, most of the families are also involved in livestock
raising and fishing. They both form important income for the
villagers. Most important livestock in the village are cows,
buffalos and pigs. There are also lot of chicken in the village.
There are 26 families having large scale fishing as their primary
occupation. These families do not own land: they have sold their
agricultural and residential land due to illness and debt. At the
moment they live on the boat all year around. These families leave
from the village for eight months to fish in Boeng Prasan Lake (8
kilometres from the village) and return to the village during the
flood. Other families are involved in small scale, subsistence
fishing. Villagers are involved in fishing during both wet and dry
season and catch fish from Stoung River and from Boeng Prasan Lake
situated partly outside village boundaries. One family can catch
fish an average 5-8 kilogramme per day. Fish that is not eaten is
sold to the market: price for best quality fish is 2500 Riels per
kilogramme. Villagers do not make prahok (fish paste) but produce
smoked fish. Two families work as sold labour because they do not
have agricultural land (sold due to illness in the family). Eight
families in the village are involved in regular commerce and trade.
None of the families are involved in collecting of firewood for
sale: families collect firewood only for home consumption.
Villagers estimate that demand of firewood for one family is 10
steers (~m3) per year. Firewood is collected from inundated forest
close to Boeng Prasan Lake approximately 8 kilometres from the
villages. Frogs are caught for food from the rice fields during the
rains and most of the frogs are caught at the beginning of rainy
season. Average catch of frogs per night is 1-2 kilograms. Frogs
are caught for home consumption – there is no family involved in
catching frogs for sale.
9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations Population
in Kampong Pradam village increases naturally through births:
average birth rate in the village is 28 children per year. There
are no people migrating to the village from outside. Occupation of
the villagers does not change much between different seasons: most
of the villagers are farmers all year around. In wet season
villagers cultivate rice (wet season and floating rice) and in dry
season vegetables. Villagers also do some fishing in both wet and
dry season and most of the families are involved also in livestock
raising. Some families collect aquatic plants (e.g. water lily,
morning glory) for daily consumption or for sale in the village or
in Stoung market.
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9.3. Natural resource use Main water source in Kampong Pradam
village is Stoung River (Stueng Stoung). Water quality was earlier
good especially during the higher water level (wet season) but
recently there has been decrease in water quality. This decrease is
especially due to soil erosion which is caused by express boat
driving too fast in the river. Situation is worst in August and
September because during that time the boat traffic in the river is
its peak (access is possible). Villagers use water from Stoung
River for consumption (drinking) and bathing. They also catch fish
from the river during both wet and dry season. Also Boeng Prasan
Lake is important source of fish, especially during the dry season
when there is not that much fish in the river. Main soil type in
the village is called Dei Kandeng. Soil quality depends from water
and consequently from rains and floods: when the rainfall is
normal, the quality of soil is good. Moreover, soil that has been
flooded for long time is good for agriculture. Soil produces an
average of 1.5-2 tonnes rice per hectare. Many years ago there was
lot of inundated forest around the Boeng Prasan Lake. Up to now
there has been decrease of the forest caused by people collecting
firewood and cutting trees for making poles for fishing gears (e.g.
samras). Villagers collect different kind of products from the
inundated forest, including fruits, forest vegetables. Villagers
collect forest products only for own consumption, not for sale.
Fish is the main source of food for the villagers throughout the
year. The quantity of fish and fish species is great when the
floods are high. During this time most of the villagers go fishing
in Boeng Prasan Lake, some fish also in Stoung River. More recently
the quantity of fish and fish species has decreased due to
over-fishing and use of illegal fishing tools such as electro
fishing.
10. Participatory exercises
Products of different participatory exercises (participatory
mapping, transect walk, seasonal calendar and occupational
preference ranking, time ranking, preference ranking on
migration/urbanisation) carried out during the field study can be
found from the Annexes 1-5. Explanations for different methods and
factors used as well as discussion and remarks written down during
each exercise can be found from this chapter. In all of the
participatory exercises participants were actively involved in
discussions, mappings and rankings. Also, the responsibility of
drawing maps and writing down the factors and results of ranking
exercises was rotated among different participants.
10.1. Remarks to participatory map Participatory map was done
with the group of villagers (18 people: 17 villagers and village
chief) in the house of commune chief. Main facilitators for the
mapping were Noy Pok and Tep Sok Boran.
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Participatory map is partly based on the village map done by the
village chief for Seila-programme couple of months earlier. It is
good to notice that the maps present situation when the field study
took place i.e. at the end of the wet season, just after flood had
reached its peak. Following remarks present main structures and
natural resources in and around the village. Full explanation for
the different symbols used in the map can be found from the map
legend. As can be seen, the main natural resources in Kampong
Pradam village are agricultural land, Stoung River as well as Boeng
Prasan Lake and inundated forest outside the village
boundaries.
- Stoung River Approximately 3500 metres of the river runs
inside the village boundaries. Useful for villagers as source of
water and fish and also as transportation route.
- Road Two and half kilometres long. Road is partly flooded
during the highest flood.
- Houses Houses are built on residential land in rows, following
the river and the road.
- Rice fields Rice fields are situated behind the houses and
flooded every year. In the fields villagers grow wet season rice
and floating rice during the wet season and some vegetables during
the dry season. The total land area for wet season rice is 110
hectares and for floating rice 80 hectares.
- Small lakes Villagers use small lakes to get irrigation water
for the fields and drinking water for the livestock.
- Stoung Market Local people transport their product to Stoung
and sell them at Stoung market. From Stoung some people also buy
goods to sell in the village stores.
- Boeng Prasan Lake Boeng Prasan Lake is surrounded by inundated
forest and it is situated eight kilometres southeast from the
village. Villagers go to the lake to catch fish and collect
firewood.
10.2. Remarks to transect walk map Transect walk map was done
after participatory mapping with the same group of villagers (18
people). The walk started from the riverbanks of Stoung River and
finished to the flooded rice fields situated behind the villager’s
houses. The transect walk was conducted just after the wet season
and the peak the flooding. The final transect walk map was drawn by
Tep Sok Boran, Sor Vuthny and Yim Sambo.
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1. Rice fields This area is used for both wet season and
floating rice cultivation. In the wet season villagers cultivate
rice and in the dry season different kind of vegetables (e.g.
cucumber and water melon). Soil type in this zone is Dei Kandeng.
There are also some small lakes situated in this zone.
2. Houses and fruit trees Most of the houses in the village are
located in this area. Around their houses villagers grow fruit
trees (e.g. mango, coconut, bananas) which they harvest seasonally
to get some income. There are also shelters for pig raising. The
only rice mill in the village is situated in this zone.
3. Road This road runs along Stoung River and its length is
2500m. Some section of the road is in a bad shape due to flooding.
Road is useful for the villagers for transportation inside the
village as well as to other villages.
4. Houses and fruit trees Similar residential area than second
zone.
5. Stoung River Stoung River is the main source of water for the
villagers. Villagers catch fish from the river and use also its
water for consumption and bathing throughout the year. During the
dry season villagers grow vegetables along the river banks and use
water from the river for irrigation. Stoung River starts from the
upland region and flows into the Tonle Sap Lake.
6. Rice field and fruit trees In this zone there are rice fields
where villagers grow wet season rice. There are also some fruit
trees in this area.
10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference
ranking
The seasonal calendar of different occupations and environmental
factors was done with the group of 18 villagers. Main facilitators
were Yim Sambo and Sor Vuthny. Markers (small stones) were placed
in each of the boxes. Villagers decided together which value
between 0 and 10 each box gets. Markers indicate abundance or
importance of different factors in different months: the bigger the
number, the more important / abundant the factor. Factors used were
decided and agreed together with villagers. It is important to
notice that the values are comparable only between different
months, not between different factors. This means that for example
January’s value of 3 for both fishing and cow raising does not mean
that they are equally important in January, whereas fishing’s value
of 3 for both January and February indicates that it is equally
important in those months. After seasonal calendar ranking,
comparison between different occupations was done through
occupational preference ranking. This ranking was carried out in a
similar
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way than actual seasonal calendar i.e. placing markers for each
occupation to indicate the importance of the occupation. Numbers in
parenthesis after each occupation show results from the preference
ranking: the bigger the number, the more important the occupation.
From the occupational preference ranking it can be seen that
cultivation and harvesting of wet season rice and floating rice is
the most important occupation in the village. After wet season rice
comes cow raising, fishing as well as cultivation of cucumber,
smoked fish processing and pig raising. The importance of commerce,
firewood collection, catching rats and collecting aquatic plants is
remarkably lower. Following remarks and explanations related to
different factors were written down during the exercise by the
field study team.
- Rainfall The month with heaviest rainfall is September. During
this month also flood is usually highest and it is therefore not so
good time for the villagers. Villagers start normally to grow
floating rice in April and wet season rice in May: during these
months some rain would be needed but rainfall is not adequate at
this time. Irregular rains make the agricultural work more
difficult.
- Flooding Flood reaches its peak in September when most of the
village area is flooded as well. If the flood rises too high (4
meter), wet season rice and floating rice crops are destroyed. Past
three years (2000-2002) Kampong Pradam village has been flooded
more than normally: higher floods are caused by combination of
heavy rainfall as well as flood from Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung
River. High floods during past three years have caused damage to
the rice crop and food shortage in the village.
- Water quality Water quality in Stoung River is good between
August and November because during this time the flood is highest
and there is plenty of water in the river. During the other months
water is lower and also water quality is lower. This makes the use
of the water more difficult. In the dry season some families dig
small wells to the riverbank to collect drinking water because
during this season water in Stoung River is more contaminated.
- Soil quality Soil quality does not change remarkably between
different seasons but is good throughout the year. Anyhow, rainfall
and flood has some effect to the soil quality: if rainfall and
floods are normal, soil is good for cultivation of wet season rice
and floating rice and villagers get good rice yield.
- Soil erosion Soil erosion is highest between September and
November because during these months express boats drive too fast
along the river. Waves caused by the boats cause erosion especially
to the banks of Stoung River.
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- Fruit trees Most of the villagers harvest fruit trees
seasonally during June and July to get some income. Fruits are
transported to Stoung Market for sale while some of the fruits are
sold in the village or used for own consumption. Fruit trees
growing in the village include mango, coconut and banana.
- Festivals There are two main festivals in the village: Khmer
New Year in May and Phum Ben in October. Other smaller festivals
include Meak Bochea in March, Pisa Bochea in June, Chheng Preak
Vosa in October and water festival in November.
- Health The health of the villagers is good from March till
August since during this time villagers have enough food and they
have free time from the work. Most of diseases in the village harm
both young and old villagers; most common diseases include bad
cold, high fever and dysentery. During the rest of the year
villagers have poorer health due to the lack of food and change of
the weather (e.g. too cold or hot).
- Level of livelihood Livelihood of Kampong Pradam villagers
depends mainly from cultivation of wet season rice and floating
rice. Villagers have enough food only from March till June since
during these months they harvest the rice crop. During other months
villagers have shortage of rice causing also decrease in level of
livelihood.
- Cultivation of floating rice (10) Floating rice is cultivated
from May till February, which is busy period for the villagers.
From May to June villagers prepare land for the cultivation and sow
floating rice seeds to the fields while February is the most
important month of harvesting. Cultivation of floating rice depends
naturally greatly from the rain and the floods: best flood height
is 3.5 metres. Land area for floating rice cultivation in the
village is 80 hectares.
- Cultivation of wet season rice (10) Wet season rice is
cultivated from June till March when most of villager’s time goes
into rice cultivation. Involvement in wet season rice cultivation
starts in June when villagers plough the land after which they
plant the rice seedlings to the fields. Cultivation of wet season
rice depends greatly on rain because no one in the village has
irrigation system. Land area for wet season rice cultivation
amounts 110 hectares.
- Fishing (8) People in the village catch fish all year around
for their own consumption from Stoung River and Boeng Prasan Lake.
Villagers use mostly small scale fishing gears. Best place for
fishing is Boeng Prasan Lake – villagers do not normally go to fish
in Boeng Chhma Lake or Tonle Sap Lake.Some families also move out
from the village to live and catch fish in Boeng Prasan Lake:
especially those 26 families that are full-timely involved in
fishing and also have engine boats. Fish catch is best between May
and December because during these months water level raises and lot
of fish migrates to and from Tonle Sap Lake. Fish that is not used
for own consumption is sold in Stoung Market.
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- Cow raising (9)
Since most of the villagers are farmers, they need draught
animals for ploughing of the land. Therefore they are also involved
in cow raising that takes place throughout the year. After the cows
have grown up, some families sell them to other villagers and thus
increase their income. At the moment approximately 200 families in
the village are involved in cow raising.
- Collecting firewood (2) During the flood between July and
September villagers cut firewood from the inundated forests around
Boeng Prasan Lake. In these months they normally collect firewood
enough for the whole year. They use boats for the transportation of
firewood. One family collects an average of 10 steers (~5 m3) per
season. Villagers collect firewood only for own consumption, not
for sale. Some families go to cut firewood around Boeng Prasan Lake
also during the dry season (in April and May), when they use
oxcarts for the transportation.
- Cultivation of cucumber (5) Some families in Kampong Pradam
cultivate cucumber in the rice fields behind their houses. Cucumber
is cultivated from May till August. After the harvesting they keep
some of the product for own consumption and transport some to
Stoung Market for sale. They sell their products with price of 200
riels per kilogramme.
- Smoked fish processing (5) Some villagers in Kampong Pradam
fish especially to produce smoked fish. Smoked fish processing
takes place especially in June and July because during these months
they catch a lot of fish. Especially small fish is smoked and
villagers use this smoked fish for their own consumption during the
next months (cultivation and harvesting of rice).
- Pig raising (5) Pig raising is a subsistence occupation for
some of the villagers. Most important months for pig raising are
June and September: villagers start to raise pigs in June and sell
them in Stoung market in September because in this month they get
highest price for the pigs. Some villagers also sell their pigs to
the middleman in the village: they do not normally keep pigs for
their own consumption.
- Collecting aquatic plants (2) During the flood season between
August and September villagers collect aquatic plants like water
lily and morning glory. August is particularly good month for
collection of water lily. Most of the villagers collecting aquatic
plants are fishermen. Villagers collect aquatic plants for own
consumption and some also sell plants in the village or in Stoung
Market. Aquatic plants are collected mainly from the Boeng Prasan
Lake.
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- Catching rats (2) Villagers catch rats especially between
August and September. Rat catch in September is good because during
this month a lot of rats migrate from Boeng Prasan Lake. Vllagers
sell their rats mainly to the middleman in the village for a price
of 700 riels per kilogramme. Rats are sold for crocodile food
because in Stoung district there are some families involved in
crocodile raising.
- Commerce (3) There are eight families involved in commerce all
year around. They are selling goods, vegetable and some medicines
in the village. These families are also involved in cultivation of
wet season rice and floating rice and sometimes in small scale
fishing as well. Commerce is especially important during the
festivals like Khmer New Year in August and Phum Ben in October
when villagers need food and other goods to organise festivals.
10.4. Remarks to time ranking Time ranking (historical change)
of environmental and demographical factors was done during the
second part of the field study with same group than earlier
exercises (18 people). As in seasonal calendar, markers using the
scale 0-10 were placed in each of the boxes. Markers indicate
abundance or importance of different factors in different time
periods: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the
factor. As an improvement to the earlier field study reports, this
report shows also the trends of different factors to make the
understanding of time ranking easier. Arrow pointing up indicates
increase of the factor, arrow pointing down decrease, and tilde (~)
that factor has stayed the same or is changing without clear trend.
Moreover, in some earlier field study reports there appeared a
minor error during the translation from Khmer to English: water
depth was translated to be sedimentation i.e. exactly the opposite.
This means that decreasing number for sedimentation in earlier
reports means actually decrease of water depth and thus increase of
sedimentation. This error occurs only in the table of time ranking:
remarks to sedimentation are naturally correct. From this report
onwards this error has been corrected. It is important to notice
that as in the seasonal calendar, also in time ranking the values
are comparable only between different time periods, not between
different factors. The following remarks and explanations related
to different factors were written down during the exercise by field
study team.
- Population Before 1990 the population in the village was
rather small due to civil war where many people were killed. After
1990 up to now population has increased steadily because there have
been marriages in the village (spouses moving to the village) and
more children have borne. At the moment average birth rate in the
village is 28 children per year. Due to this the population will
increase in the future as well.
- Rainfall Before 1990 there were lot of rains in the village
because during that time the forest cover in Cambodia was larger.
After 1995 rains have decreased, villagers think that
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one reason for this is the lack of forest management: when there
is less forest there is also less rain. In the future the rains may
continue to decrease because of over-exploitation of the
forests.
- Water quality Until year 1995 water quality in the Stoung
River was rather good. This is result of various reasons: there
were not too many people and fishermen, river was deeper and its
flow was fast. Moreover, flooded forest cover in the area was
larger due to smaller scale exploitation of forest in Tbaing
Mountain (upland) and also the erosion and waste disposal from
human activities was smaller. After 1995 water has become less
clean. People think that this is because river has become
shallower, water flow in Stoung River has decreased, people living
along the river dispose a lot of waste to the river and fishermen
use lot of fish catches (samras) that increase sedimentation. Also
the exploitation of forest in Tbaing Mountain has caused increase
of erosion and release of silt to the water. In the future water
quality may get even worse due to the continuing use of the
river.
- Flood “quality” Unlike in three first field study reports,
ranking for flooding in this time ranking was not done for the
height and duration of the flood but the “quality” of flood. This
means that maximum value (10) indicates regular i.e. good flood,
and smaller value not so regular and, consequently, not so good
flood. In this case smaller value for flood “quality” means
increase of flooding. Before year 1990 there were regular floods in
the area. Villagers think that Tonle Sap and Stoung River were
deeper at that time and were able to store more water and this way
decreased the floods. Before 1990 the high flood was between 3 and
3.5 meters, which was good height for the rice cultivation. After
1995 flooding in the area has increased due to the loss of forest
area. Sedimentation of Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung River has made
these water bodies shallower and the floods are nowadays higher
(from 4 up to 6 meters) which causes damage to the floating rice.
Villagers think that in the future floods will even increase due to
the sedimentation of Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung River.
- Water depth (opposite to sedimentation) Before year 1990
Stoung River, Prasan Lake and Tonle Sap Lake were deep because
during that time people did not dispose waste in to the water,
fishermen did not use that much of fish catches (samras) that
increase sedimentation, water flow from upland (Tbaing Mountain)
contained less silt and larger forest areas prevented soil erosion.
From 1990 up to present all the water bodies have become shallower
due to the loss of forest cover that has increased the amount of
silt in water flows from the upland, heavier use of fish catches
(samras) and increased waste from human activities. Villagers think
that in the future sediment in the river may increase even further,
causing decrease of water depth.
- Forest cover Before 1990 forest area was large especially
around Boeung Prasan Lake because villagers cut forest only for
their own consumption. After 1995 up to the present forest cover
has decreased due to the forest cutting for fish catches (samras),
burning
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of forest to ease the turtle hunting and firewood collection.
The villagers think that in the future forest cover around Boeung
Prasan Lake will increase due to the increasing awareness and wise
use of the natural recourses and forest.
- Soil quality Before 1990 up to now soil quality has been good
but the quality has decreased little due to irregular rains and
floods. If the rains and floods are regular the soil is fertile and
produces good rice yield.
- Fish catch Before year 1990 there was plenty of fish in Stoung
River, Boeung Prasan Lake as well as in Tonle Sap Lake. During this
time people used reasonable fishing gears, amount of people living
along the river was smaller, there were more habitats for fish to
breed (flooded forest) and water depth in both Stoung River and
Tonle Sap Lake was deeper. Villagers said that during this time one
family could catch up to 20 kg fish per day. After 1995 both the
quantity of fish and the amount of fish species have decreased due
the use of illegal fishing gears (like electro fishing and samras),
shallower water depth, decreased amount of flooded forests and
population growth. At the moment one family can catch only 1-2 kg
fish per day. Villagers believe that in the future the overall fish
catch may decrease even further.
- Number of cattle Before 1990 there were not many people
involved in cattle raising and there was only small amount of
cattle in the village. After 1995 up to now the quantity of cattle
has increased because villagers want to earn subsidiary income.
Villagers raise the cattle and then sell it to the other villages
or to the market. In the future villagers think that the number of
cattle in the village will increase because at the moment many
families have started to raise cattle.
- Amount of rats Before 1990 there were only few rats in the
area, because during that time there were a lot of predators (e.g.
snakes that eats rats). After 1995 the quantity of rats has
increased due to the loss of predators because of decreased forest
cover and predator hunting by villagers. Villagers think that in
the future the amount of rats will increase. Increase of rats is
harmful for the villagers because they eat and destroy rice
crop.
- Level of livelihood Earlier the level of livelihood in Kampong
Pradam village was higher because there were more natural resources
available around the village, there were lot of rains and regular
floods, villagers had good rice seed to cultivate floating rice and
recession rice and they had plenty of fish and forest. From 1995 up
to the present level of livelihood has decreased due to the
irregular rains and floods, which have harmed the cultivation of
floating and wet season rice. Some families also lack land for
cultivation due to the increased population and poverty. Villagers
think that in the future the level of livelihood will be even worse
especially due to the irregular floods and rains.
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11. Findings on migration/urbanisation Information presented in
this chapter was collected from the focus group discussion of 18
villagers (17 villagers and village chief). The discussion took
place in the house of village chief and Mr Sambo and Ms Pok acted
as main facilitators of the exercise.
11.1. Previous migration During the dry season in 1999 one
family (2 females, 2 males) moved to from Kampong Pradam village to
live in Battambang Province. This family was poor and they lacked
both residential and agricultural land since they had sold their
land due to illness in the family and debt. They decided to move to
Battambang Province because they have friends living there. This
family have not came back to visit Kampong Pradam village. During
the dry season in 2001 eleven people (ten females, one male)
migrated from the Kampong Pradam village to Phnom Penh to work in
the garment factories. Most of these migrants were young (around 21
years), single and poor farmers that had graduated from the 4th
class. The reason for moving was lack of food due to too low rice
yield and decrease of natural resources around the village.
Migrants knew someone who was living in Phnom Penh. They come to
visit their families during the festivals, normally during Khmer
New year and Phum Ben. In 2001 five people (three males and two
females) migrated from the village to Thailand. Most of the
migrants were 25 years old and had studied until class 5. Four of
them were single and one was widow. The reason for their migration
was lack of food due to the lower rice yield and the families of
the migrants sent them to find work from somewhere else. They moved
to Thailand because their relatives or friends were living there.
They have not returned back to visit their families.
11.2. Future prospects Villagers said that in the future they
might move from the village to some city to find work (paid labour,
business) if they face shortage of rice and fish, inadequate rain
or irregular floods. Villagers want to migrate to the city where
they know someone (friend or relative). They prefer business cities
like Phnom Penh and Poipet because they think that in those cities
they are able to find job like paid labour, business or selling
vegetables and fruits.
11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation Rankings
on migration/urbanisation (i.e. rankings of different cities and
provinces) were done with the same group (18 villagers) than the
focus group discussion of migration. The main facilitators of the
exercise were Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noi Pok. Rankings consist of
three different parts: first choice ranking, last choice ranking
and preference ranking. In first choice ranking each villager had
one marker and marked with it individually the city or the province
where he/she would most likely to move.
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Last choice ranking was done similarly but the villagers picked
up the city or the province where they would not like to move. In
preference ranking villagers decided together how attractive they
think different cities and provinces are to migrate in. Method used
is quite similar to occupational preference ranking: here markers
using the scale from 1 to10 were placed in each box. The bigger the
number in the box, the more attractive villagers find the city to
be. Cities and provinces in the exercise were agreed together with
the villagers and they include provincial and district towns closer
to the village as well as cities and provinces further away (e.g.
Phnom Penh, Bangkok). Following remarks and explanation related to
different cities and provinces were written down during field study
exercise.
11.3.1. First choice ranking Siem Reap: One female would like to
move to Siem Reap to do business in the market. She thinks that it
is good place to do business and she also has a friend living in
Siem Reap. Stoung : Seven people (three males and four females)
would like to move to Stoung because it is close to the Kampong
Pradam village. These villagers would like to do business in the
Stoung Market or work as a paid labour. Poipet : Seven people (five
males, two females) would like to move to Poipet because they think
that it is a good place to find a work (paid labour, business).
These villagers have friends living in Poipet. Krong Pailin: Two
males would like to move from the village to Krong Pailin to
cultivate rice. They think that Pailin is good place to do
cultivation because the province has large free land areas and
abundance of natural resources (land, mineral resources). They also
have friends living there. Phnom Penh: One female would like to
move to Phnom Penh to work in garment factory because she has a
friend who is living and working there.
11.3.2. Last choice ranking Ubon Ratchadam (Thailand): One male
do not want to move to Ubon Ratchadam in Thailand because he do not
know anybody who lives there and he cannot speak Thai. Bangkok
(Thailand): One male do not want to move to Bangkok because he do
not know anybody who is living there and he cannot speak Thai. Ho
Chi Min City (Vietnam): Nine people (five females, four males) do
not want to move to Ho Chi Min City in Vietnam because they do not
have any friends living in there and they cannot speak Vietnamese.
They do not want to move to Vietnam because it is not their
motherland.
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Hanoi (Vietnam): Three people (one female, two males) do not
want to go to Vietnam because this country is very far from
Cambodia. They do not have any friends living there and they cannot
speak Vietnamese. Vientiane (Laos): Two males do not want to go to
Vientiane in Laos because it is difficult to communicate there
because they cannot speak the language. Moreover, they do not know
anybody who is living there. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): One female do
not want to move to Malaysia because she do not know anybody from
there and it is far away from Cambodia. She cannot speak Malay.
Phnom Penh: One older female do not want to move to Phnom Penh
because she does not know anybody from there. Besides she thinks
that Phnom Penh is too densely populated.
11.3.3. Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation Preference
ranking on migration/urbanisation used same kind of method than
occupational preference ranking. Markers with scale from 1 to 10
were places to each box indicating city or province and villagers
discussed and decided together which value each city and province
gets. Number in parenthesis after the name of the city or province
indicates the value which city or province in question got in the
preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more attractive
villagers think that city or province is to move in. Following
remarks of the most attractive cities/provinces were written down
during the exercise. Poipet (10): Villagers think that Poipet is
the best city for the villagers to move in and do business. Stoung
(8): Stoung is the villager’s next choice because it is so close to
the village. In Stoung villagers think that they are able to do
business in the market or work as a sell labour. Krong Pailin (2):
Third choice for the villagers to live and find work will be Krong
Pailin. Villagers think that there is good and free land for them
to cultivate. Phnom Penh (1): Phnom Penh is not so important city
to migrate for the Kampong Pradam villagers but villagers think
that there they could find easily work in the garment factories.
Siem Reap (1): Siam Reap is not either so important city to migrate
but some villagers think that it is a good place to do market
business.
12. Remarks from the final discussion Final discussion took
place at the end of the second part of the field study. In the
final discussion all the information collected during the field
study i.e. mapping, rankings and discussions were presented to the
villagers to check together with them that
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information collected is correct. Besides some corrections and
clarification, villagers also told their opinion about the field
study and its result. In the final discussion villagers told that
they were happy to share their knowledge and also hear what kind of
information the field study team was able to gather from the
village. Original products of different exercises (mapping, ranking
etc.) were naturally left to the village for possible further
use.
13. Discussion There is always a possibility that some biases or
even mistakes occur during the field study or report writing. This
chapter brings forward the discussion about the issues that may
have caused biases for the study and its results. Most of them are
similar to earlier field studies. Since this was already fourth
field study of WUP-FIN team, members of the field study team have
gained experience on the different methods and tools used in the
study. This is naturally positive: experience brings confidence and
improvements. On the other hand there is always a threat that
applying same kind of methods repeatedly leads also to some
routines and ruts. However, in this field study there were no signs
of that. Improvements and changes can be seen in this field study
report as well: for example floods get more emphasis than before
and also one totally new exercise on migration/urbanisation has
been included in the study. Due to tragic death of commune chief,
the field study was halted and therefore the only way to carry out
the field study was to conduct it in two separate parts. This was
first time than field study was conducted in more than one part,
but this did not seem to have any negative effect to the results of
the study. Like in earlier field studies, group of villagers for
discussions and exercises was selected and gathered by the village
chief according to wishes and advices of field study team (people
from different gender, wealth, age and occupational groups). As a
result the composition of the group was heterogeneous. However,
there is always a possibility that village chief prefers some
people and that the group does not thus actually present
representative sample of the whole village. Due to time constraints
and focus in occupations and natural resource use, important groups
of gender and age were not dealt separately. On the other hand they
were taken into account in the group composition and thus
integrated to the overall results of the study. Time reserved for
the study (less than four full days in the village) was minimal and
schedule of the exercises quite tight: especially second part of
the study was conducted during one day only. Even though there did
not appear to be hurrying, time reserved for relaxed and more
informal discussions was limited. Moreover, when strangers -however
friendly and open-minded- enter to the village, there always exist
certain inconvenience and suspicion which makes relaxed and totally
truthful communication more difficult. “Governmental” composition
of the study team (four members out of six i.e. all local team
members were government officials) might also have resulted in some
difficulties to speak freely about all aspects of natural resource
use. As a result, some
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important and especially sensitive issues like illegal use of
natural resources were most probably not discussed and highlighted
enough. For the first time the composition of the field study team
was not gender-biased: half of the team were females. Women were
also rather active in the exercises, although their share was
remarkably smaller than that of men (seven out of 19 were females).
The presence of ‘barang’ (foreigners) in the field study might also
have caused some disturbance to the field study. It must also be
remembered that while doing different kind of rankings related to
time, people tend to emphasize and even exaggerate recent
happenings and changes. This is most probably the case in both
seasonal calendar and time ranking. In seasonal calendar activities
taking place during the time of the study (wet season) get more
emphasis than activities in other seasons, and in time ranking
recent changes seem to be more radical than similar changes
happened long time ago. However, when these points are noticed and
remembered, both of these methods offer valuable tool for better
understanding seasonal variation of natural resources and
occupations as well as recent environmental changes. Since the
methods and indicators for the study were originally planned by
WUP-FIN socio-economist in English and translated later into Khmer,
there is always a possibility for misunderstandings and
mistranslations. And vice versa: since the field study was
conducted and original report written in Khmer and then translated
into English, there is always a possibility for small differences
in this report as well. However, since the whole team was present
during every exercise and two of the team members know both Khmer
and English, bigger differences are not likely. During the
socio-economic analysis, the results of the field study will be
applied to the wider area. This demands always simplifications and
may result to potential biases and even errors. Even though Kampong
Pradam village was selected to be as representative as possible,
every village is unique and could thus never be selected as
‘representative’. Even though using participatory methods, the
whole concept of this field study can be criticized for being too
extractive and not participatory and empowering enough. Due to the
nature of the whole survey, the results of the study are used to
get better understanding of entire study area, not for development
of any specific village. Therefore it might be asked what villagers
benefit from the study and why they would even bother to take part
in it. However, like in other field study villages, also in Kampong
Pradam villagers were interested in to take part in the exercises
to share their knowledge. They discussed intensively about
different issues and study can thus be regarded as initiator for
further exchange of opinions. Original products of different
exercises (maps, rankings etc.) were naturally left to the village.
Moreover, villager’s participation in both earlier (planning) and
later (analysis, report writing and implementation) phases of the
field study as well as of the whole socio-economic survey is
practically non-existent. Therefore, the issue of participation
should definitely be addressed and taken even better into account
in the all phases of the socio-economic survey and analysis.
-
58
14. Conclusions Findings of the field study in Kampong Pradam
village show that the livelihood of the villagers depends mainly
from cultivation of floating and wet season rice as well as from
livestock raising. Because of this villagers are especially
dependent on rain, availability of agricultural land as well as on
regular floods. Other occupations like fishing, firewood
collection, collection of aquatic plant and commerce are practised
in remarkably smaller scale and add only as supplements to the
villager’s income. Population in the village seem to increase and
villager’s standard of living decrease. At the moment villagers in
Kampong Pradam are concerned about the decrease of the natural
resources around the village. Main environmental problems in the
village are related to the rainfall and irregular floods, which are
causing decrease of both floating and wet season rice yields. Due
to the decreased living standards some villagers have been forced
to send their children to work in other regions (e.g. Thailand or
Phnom Penh).
-
]bsm
-
Annex 3. Seasonal calendar and occupational preferece
ranking
RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbrPUmikMBg;RbdM ]bsm
-
Annex 4. Time ranking
karvivtþinigkarERbRbYleBlevlaPUmikMBugR)adM ]bsm
-
Annex 5. Rankings on migration/urbanisation
kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA
cMNat;fak; TIRkugEdlcUlcitrs;enA
TIRkug City / province Preference rankingMale Female Total Male
Female Total
esÞag Stoung 3 4 7 0 0 0 8kMBg;FM Kampong Thom 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
kMBg;cam Kampong Cham 0 0 0 0 0 0 1bnÞaymanC_y Banteay Meanchey
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
eBaFisat; Pursat 0 0 0 0 0 0 1esomrab Siem Reap 0 1 1 0 0 0
1
)at;dMdg Battambang 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e)a:yEb:t Poipet 5 2 7 0 1 1
10ekaHkug Koh Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 1sIuhnu Sihanoukville 0 0 0 0 0 0
1éb:lin Pailin 2 0 2 0 0 0 2PñMeBj Phnom Penh 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
G’Ub’unrak;¬RbeTséf¦ Ubon Ratch (Thailand) 0 0 0 1 0 1 1)agkk
¬RbeTséf¦ Bangkok (Thailand) 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
hUCImij¬RbeTsevotNam¦ Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) 0 0 0 4 5 9
1haNUy Hanoi (Vietnam) 0 0 0 2 3 5 1
evogcn_Þ ¬lav¦ Vientiane (Laos) 0 0 0 2 0 2 1kUT,alaMBYr Kuala
Lumpur (Malaysia) 0 0 0 2 0 2 1
TIRk ugEdleKcUlcitþeTArs;enA eRcIn TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA
First choice ranking Last choice ranking
-
Annex 6. List of participants. eQµaHGñkcUlrYm
Following list presents the name, sex, age, occupation,
education (school class completed) and an average income level of
each field study participant.
Income level of each participant was decided at the end of
migrational ranking in a discussion together by all
participants.
lr eQµaH ePT Gay u muxrbr kMritvb,Fm‘
No. Name Sex Age Occupation Education / classRkNas;
very poor
Rk
poor
mFüm
middle
man
rich
1 G‘n mit Oun Mit Rbus Male 49 eFVIERs Farmer 4 cas; X2 lwg miul
Lin Mil Rbus Male 56 eFVIERs Farmer 6 cas; X3 vn h‘t Von Hout Rbus
Male 55 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X4 h’l ehOg Houl
Hoern Rbus Male 28 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 fµI X5 pan;
raMu Phan Pom Rbus Male 53 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3
cas; X6 mit sarI Mit Sary RsI Female 26 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and
fisherman 6 fµI X7 miul hn Mil Horn RsI Female 26 eFVIERs ensaT
Farmer and fisherman 5 fµI X8 Cag eRsog Chhan Sreang RsI Female 33
eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 fµI X9 h‘n sarun Houn Sarun
RsI Female 39 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 fµI X
10 h‘n pat Houn That RsI Female 62 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and
fisherman 7 cas; X11 gwm sMbUr Ngim Sambo RsI Female 36 eFVIERs
ensaT Farmer and fisherman 9 fµI X12 say hwm Shay Him RsI Female 47
eFVIERs Farmer 3 cas; X13 hYn rwm Houn Rim Rbus Male 69 eFVIERs
ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 cas; X14 san pan San Phan Rbus Male 56
eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 cas; X15 nwm eCOn Nim Chim
Rbus Male 47 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X16 exov Lg
Kiev Len RsI Female 56 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 cas;
X17 hiun gan Hin Ngan RsI Female 58 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and
fisherman 1 cas; X18 xaVv xat; Kao Keat Rbus Male 57 eFVIERs ensaT
Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X
cMNUl Income level
-
Annex 7. Itinerary of the field study
Morning
Afternoon Evening
Monday 14th October
Preparing material for the field study Arrival to Kampong Thom:
visits to different line agencies and NGOs
Meeting and training with local members of field study team
Tuesday 15st October
Visits to different line agencies and NGOs
Meeting and training with local
members of field study team
Meeting with chief of rural development office, Stoung
District
Leaving to the village: meeting with
commune chief, village chief and village development
committee
Team meeting: evaluation of the day and final preparation of
the field study
Staying overnight in Stoung
Wednesday 16th October
Key informant interview - information on basic
socio-economic
factors (population, infrastructure, occupations etc.) and
natural resources
Group discussion - introduction to the field study for villagers
- gathering of background information on
village, occupations, natural resources, floods and
environmental change
Team meeting - evaluation of the day
- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises
- staying overnight in the village
Thursday 17th October
Participatory mapping and transect walk -village and its
surroundings
- use of different natural resources - micro-ecological
zones
Seasonal calendar - seasonal variation of occupations and
environmental factors
Team meeting - evaluation of the day
- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises
- staying overnight in the village Friday
18th October
Leaving to Kampong Thom Visits to different line agencies and
NGOs
Team meeting: evaluation of the field study and report
writing
Leaving to Phnom Penh
Tuesday 5th November
(second part of the study)
Time ranking - changes of environmental factors, natural
resources, population and level of livelihood
Group discussion and ranking on migration and urbanisation
Final discussion
- presentation of the findings with possible changes and
comments
Leaving to Kampong Thom
Team meeting - evaluation of the day
- report writing
-
eBlevlasMrab;karcuHsikSaenAk ñúg PUmikMBg;RbdMextþkMBg;FM
¬Biéf¶TI >14 dl; 18 Ex tula qñMa> 2002>nig>éf¶TI 5 Ex
vicäika qaMñ 02¦ eBlRBwk eBlresol eBll¶ac éf¶TI 14-10-02 cnÞ½
-ecjdMeNIrBIPMVeBj eTAextþkMBg;FM -CYbCamYysaßb½nBak;Bn§½ -
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
-CYbCamYysaßb½nBak;Bn§½ - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al -RbCMu
nigbNþúHbNþalsmaCikRkumsikSa
éf¶TI15-10-02 GgÁar_
-CYb GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alRbCMubNþúHbNþalsmaCik RkumsikSa -cakecj
BI extþ kMBg;FM eTAesaÞg
-RbCMuCamYyRbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_Rsuk - RbCMu RbFanPUmi nig
emXMu -CMrabBIkarsikSa nigerobcMEpnkarsMrab;sikSa
-RbCMuRkumsikSa erobcMEpnkar ¬sVak;enAesaÞg¦
éf¶TI16-10-02 BuF
-sMPasn_GVkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ¬RbFanPUmi VDC cas;RBwTa§carü ¦
-Bt’manesdækic©sgÁm¬RbCaCn muxrbrFnFanFmµCati¦
-RkumBiPakSaCMrabCUneKalbMNgénkarsikSaRbmUlBt’manBIPUmi muxrbr
FnFanFmµCati karERbRbYlbrisßan -sMPasn_RkumGñkPUmi 18nak;
-karRbCMuRkumsikSa ¬sVak;enAPUmi¦ -vaytMélRbcaMéf¶
r)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶ -erobcMEpnkar sMrab;éf¶Es¥k ¬ sañk;enAPUmi¦
éf¶TI17-10-02 RBhst,i_
-karcUlrYmKUsEpnTIPUmi -karedIreFVIRtg;siucedayRkumGVkPUmi
-RbtiTinrdUvkal¬RkumGVkPUmi¦ -karERbRbYlmuxrbrnigktþabrisßan
-cMNat;faVk;muxrbr
-vaytMélkargarRbcaMéf¶ -EckPar³kicÞ RÞkumsikSa
-r)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶ -RbCMuEpnkaréf¶ bnÞab;¬saVk;enAPUmi ¦
éf¶TI 18-10-02 suRk
-cakecjBIPUmimkkan;TIrYmextþ -r)aykarN_ -srr)aykarN_
rYmKañkñúgRkumsikSa cakecjBIextþ mk PMñebj
éf¶TI 05-11-02 GgÁar_
cMNat;fañk;nig karvivtþ FnFanFmµCati nigkarRbYl
ktþapaøs;bþÚrbrisaßn ¬sikSaaelIkTI2¦
-Rkum GñkPUmi - nKrUbbnIkmµ bBa¢IreQaµHGñkcUlrYm -
bgðajlT§pldl;GñkPUmi
cakecjBI PUmimk kMBg;FM
-
Annex 9. Pictures from the field study ]bsm
-
Piles of firewood and the river. Gus enA Ek,rTenø House,
livestock and fruit trees. pÞH karciBa©wmstV nig edImeQIhUbEpø
Village road. pøÚvenAkñúgPUmi Rice fields behind the houses.
valERsenAxageRkaypÞH
-
Village shop. tUblk;cab;hYyenAkñúgPUmi New and old school
building. karksagsalaeroncas;nigsalaeronfµI
Fishing girl. narIkMBugensaT Fishing boy. ekµgRbuskMBugensaT
-
Drawing participatory map. karcUlrYmKUsEpnTI Discussing about
the map. karBiPakSaGMBITItaMgpÞHrbs;GñkPUmi
Time ranking going on. kareFVIcMNat;fañk;FanFanFmµCatikMBugbnþ
Migrational ranking. kardak;enAkñúgRbGb;cMNat;fañk;TIRkug
-
WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 4
RICE, FISH, COWS AND PIGS
Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom
karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmikMBg; RbdM extþ kMBg;FM
MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program
– Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap
Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium
November 2002 vicäika 2002
-
WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 4
RICE, FISH, COWS AND PIGS
Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom
tkarsikSa esdækic©sgÁmenAPUmi kMBg;RbdM extþ kMBg;FM
MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program
– Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap
Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium
November 2002 vicäika 2002
-
lkñúgGMLgeBlsikSa eyIgdwgfaelakRbFanXMu)anTTYlmrN³PaB kWelak h‘n
h‘l )aneRKahfañk;cracrN_ RkumsikSaTaMgmUl)ansMEdgTukçya:geRkomRkm
cMeBaHmrN³PaB rbs;elak h‘n h‘l . r)aykarN_enH KWCakarcgcaM Canic©
énRkumsikSa During the first part of the field study commune chief
Mr Houn Houl died tragically in a traffic accident.
The whole field study team was deeply saddened by the death of
Mr Houn Houl – this field study
report is dedicated to his memory.
Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from
G‘n mit – Oun Mit, lwg miul – Lin Mil, vn h‘t – Von Hout, h’l
ehOg – Houl Hoern, pan; raMu – Phan Pom, mit sari – Mit Sary, miul
hn – Mil Horn, Cag eRsog – Chhan Sreang, h‘n sarun – Houn Sarun,
h‘n pat – Houn That, gwm sMbUr – Ngim Sambo, say hwm – Shay Him,
hYn rwm – Houn Rim, san pan – San Phan, nwm eCOn – Nim Chim, exov
Lg – Kiev Len, hiun gan – Hin Ngan, xaVv xat; – Kao Keat
RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team
elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of
Rural Development / WUP-FIN kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of
Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN elak sr vuFnI- - Mr Sor Vathny,
Officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom GñkRsI eTB
sux bUra:n; - Mrs Tep Sok Boran, Officer of Seila-programme,
Kampong Thom elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn – Mr Marko Keskinen,
Socio-economist, WUP-FIN kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La – Ms Ulla Haapala,
Socio-economist, WUP-FIN
elakkarsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing
elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, elak ywm sMbUr, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa
Gab;)a:La - Marko Keskinen, Ulla Haapala, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok
For comments and questions please contact [email protected]
or [email protected].
-
matika 1-esckþIepþIm 2-eKalbMNg 3-viFIsaRsþ 4-RkumsikSa
5-TItaMgénkarsikSa 6-eBlevla RkumsikSa 7-RbCMuCamYysßab½nBak;Bn
8-Bt’manRbmUl)anBIGñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH 8>1 >RBMRbTl;PUmi
8>2> RbvtiþPUmi 8>3> kartaMgTIlMenA 8>4>
karRKb;RKgrdæ)al 8>5>GgákarEdlkMBg;eFVIkarkñúgPUmi 8>6>
sasna Gb;rM suxPaBehdaærcnasm7> karciBaw©mCIvit
9-Bt’manRbmUl)anBIRkumBiPakSa 9>1> muxrbr
9>1>1kareFVIERsvsSanigERseLIgTwk 9>1>2
kardaMbEnønigedImeQIhUbEpø 9>1>3muxrbrbnÞab;bnSM 9>2
>karERbRbYlnigkMeNInRbCaCn 9>3>
kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati
-
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>kMNt;bgðajkarcUlrYmKUsEpnTI 10>2>
kMNt;bgaðjkaredIeFVIRtg;suIc 10>3> kMNt;bgðaj RbtiTinñrdUvkal
nigcMNat;fañk;muxrbr
10>4>kMNt;bgaðjkarvivtþkarERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati
11-karRbmUlBt’manelIkarkartaMgTIlMenA 11>1
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11>3-kMNat;bgaðjkareRCIserIsTIRkugedIm,ItaMgTIlMenA
11>3>1- kaeRCIserIsTIRkugEdlcUlcitþrs;enA >
11>3>2kareRCIerIsTIRkugEdlmincUlcitþrs;enA³ 11>3>3-
cMNat;fak;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþCageK 12- kMNt;bgaðjkarBiPakSa >
13-karBiPakSa 14- karsnñidaæn
]bsm
-
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karsikSaesdækic©sgÁm enAPUmi kMBg;RbdM XuM mSaRkg RsukesaÞg
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KMerag mU:Edl Tenøsab (WUP-FIN) maneKalbMNg edIm,IeFVI
m:UEdlénrbbTwk nig KuNPaB
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lkçN³rUb nig lkçN³CIvsaRsþ ehIy nigkarpaøs;bþÚr EdlGacekIteLIg eday
skmµPaB mnusSkar sikSa esdækic©sgÁm Cakar
sMxan;mYyénEpñkKMeragnigsMLwgemIleTAelIRbvtþiénkarsikSakñúgkarRKb;;
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EdlGacTTYlyk)antamry³vb,Fm’ esdækic©RbéBNIyeKal bMNgFM
énkarviPaKesdækic© KWedIm,Iyl;dwgénTMnak;TMng esdækic© nig
ktþaEdleFVI[ b:HBal;brisßan enACMuvijbwgTenøsab karviPaK esdækic©
ekIteLIg tamry³BinitüelI Tinñn½y nigr)aykarN_Edlman
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karsikSaesdækic©sgÁm KWEp¥keTAelIviFIsaRsþepSg²
dUcCakarsikSaedayrh½snigkarsikSa edaymankarcUlrYmenH KW
epþateTAelIkMritPUmi eKalbMNgénkarsikSa KWRbmUlBt’manmYycMnYnsþI
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rdUvkalkar eRbIR )as; FnFan FmµCati RBmTaMgkarpøas;bþÚr
brisßankarsikSava nig eFVIeGayyl;dwgkan;EtRbesIreLIg BI sßanPaB
mUldæanRBmTaMgviFIsaRsþ epSg ² dUcCakasikSaedayrh½s nig karsikSa
edayman karcUlrYm kñúg GMLúgeBlqañM 2002 KMerag
ModellingTenøsab(WUP-FIN)nigeFVIkarsikSaBIEpñkesdækic©sgÁmenA
PUmicMnYn03EdlsßitenAtambeNþayTenøsabkñúgextþkMBg;qañMgeBaFisat;nig)at;dMbg.ehIyenAcugqañM2002karsikSaPUmicMnYn03nigcab;epIþmenAextþkMBg;FMnigesomrabeTaHbICakarsikSafµIcab;taMgBIkarsikSaeRbIviFIsaRsþKWRsedógKña
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R)aMg eBlEdlbwgTenøsab rIgrak; . cMENkÉ 03 eRkayenH
KwmYycab;epþImbnÞab;BIFaøk;ePøog nigTwkCMnn; .
-
4
eKalbMngénkasikSaKWRbmUlBt’mansþIGMBIktaþesdækic©epSg²edayepþatelImuxrbrnigkar
ERbRbYlRbtiTinñrdUvkalkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatiedayGñkPUmiRBmTaMgkarERbRbYlbrisßanenAkñúgkarsikSafµIenHKWepþateTAelIkartaMgTIlMenAnigkarrs;enAeRkAPUmikarsikSaeFVIeGaymankMrityl;dwgmanPaBRbesIrénsaßnPaB
mUldæanRBmTaMg BiFIsaRsþkarvayytMéledayrh½s nig karvaytMél
edaymankarcUlrYmtaMgBIkarsikSaeRbIviFIsaRsþRsedógKañkarsresrr)aykaN_manTMrg;RsedogKañeFVI[GñkGangayRsYleRbobeFobBImYyeTAmYy
eTaHCaya:gNaxøH énCMBUkkñúgr)aykarN_nimYy²
dUcCar)aykarN_mYyenHEpñkxøH KWBitCadUcKañ . 2-eKalbMNg³
eKalbMngénkarsikSa
KWRbmUlBt’manedIm,IbMeBjkarRKaMRTEpñkBt’manTak;Tg nwgesdækic© sgÁm
EdlmanrYcehIykñúg Tinñn½ymUldæanEdl)anBinitüknøgmk . karcg¥úlbgðaj
én karsikSa tamPUmi KWTak;Tg eTA nig karciBa©wmCIvit
muxrbrkartaMgTIlMenA FnFanFmµCati karERbRbYl RbtiTinrdUvkalkareRbIR
)as;FnFanFmµCati TwkCMnn; karpøas;bþÚr brisaßn . 3-viFIsaRsþ³
kñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaRkumkargar)aneRbIviFIsaRsþepSg ²
kñúgkarRbmUlBt’manrYmman³ karKUsEpnTIPUmi edaymankarcUlrYmBI
RbCaCnkarsMPasn_Bak;kNaþlpøÚvkar ¬Gñkpþl;Bt’
manKnwøH¦karsMPasn_CaRkumBiPakSa ¬RkumGñkPUmi¦
karedIreFVIRtg;siuckarsegát RbtiTinrdUvkalnig cMNat;fañk;muxrbr
karvivtþn_FnFanFmµCati kartaMgTIlMenA BiPakSabBa©b;
nigbgðajlT§plsikSadl; GñkPUmi. KMnitTI1 KWRbmUlBt’manRKb;Ebby:ag
sþIBIsßanPaB esdækic©sgÁmtamry³Gñkpþl;Bt’man
KnwøHbnÞab;mkeFVICaRkumBiPakSaedayGñkPUmi CaBiesselIkarciBaw©mCIvit
muxrbrFnFanFmµCatinigkar
pøas;bþÚrbrisßannigTwkCMnn;RBmTaMgCYyTinñn½yBt’manEdl)anEckcayBIkarKUsEpnTIedaymankarcUlrYmRBmTaMgkaredIreFVIRtg;siuckarsikSaenHKWepaþteTAelICaBiessbBaaðRbtiTinñrdUvkalehIynigkarpaøs;bþÚrfµIénbrisßannigkarcwBaw©mCIvitTWkCMnn;nigFnFanFmµCati
. kareRbIviFIsaRsþBIrepSg²Kañ dUcCa lMhat;RbtiTinrdUvkal nig
karvivtþn_FnFan eRkaymkbBaðakarecjeTArs;enAeRkAPUmi KW eFIVlMhat;
edayELkrYmmanRkumBiPakSa nig cMNat;fañk;enATIbBa©b ;én
karBiPakSaRKb;karEckcayBt’man)an dak;bBa©ÚlKañehIy
viPaKCamYyGñkPUmi ² pþl;KMnitelIkarsikSaenHehIyCalT§plKWsMerc)anl¥
.
-
5
sMPar³CMnYysMrab;karGnuvtþn_EpnTIkarcat;lMdab;fñak;epSg
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b:uEnþvak¾Ca]bkrN_mYysMrab;BiPakSaGMBIbBaðaRbtiTinbrisßanERbRbYlehIynigmUlehtuenA
xageRkayEdr . Tak;TineTA nig
karBiPakSaenAkñúgkMNt;r)aykarN_enHKWkarkMNt;sMKal;BiFIsaRsþ epSg
karRbmUlBt’mantamviFIsaRsþEdl eRbImineyageTAtamkarcg¥úlbgðajenH KW
eFVIedIm,I eGay eXIjPaBepSg ²
énFnFanFmµCatiehIynigKuNPaBénkarRbmUlBt’manrYmCamYyvIFIsaRsþepSg ²
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