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FIBRE OPTICS CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP COMPLETION REPORT
FIBRE OPTIC WORKSHOP CONDUCTED BY M/S UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGY
ASSOCIATES LTD AT
BOUNTY HOTEL SOUTH B NAIROBI WITH FUNDING SUPPORT FROM KENYA
PORTS AUTHORITY 1
FIBRE OPTIC &
SYSTEM
TROUBLESHOOTING
TRAINING REPORT
PHASE ONE:
KPA STAFF CAPACITY BUILDING ON FIBRE OPTIC SYSTEMS
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING
31ST
MARCH 11TH APRIL 2014
AUTHORS:
NOAH OLELA ABONGO C/NO: 90961
FREDRICK MWASHIGADI: C/NO: 562830
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FIBRE OPTICS CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP COMPLETION REPORT
FIBRE OPTIC WORKSHOP CONDUCTED BY M/S UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGY
ASSOCIATES LTD AT
BOUNTY HOTEL SOUTH B NAIROBI WITH FUNDING SUPPORT FROM KENYA
PORTS AUTHORITY 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
1.0 TRAINING SUMMARY 4
2.0 TRAINING APPROACH 4
2.1 TRAINING AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 5
2.2 TRAINING MATERIALS 5
2.3 METHODOLOGY 5
2.4 CERTIFICATION 6
2.5 FACILITATORS 8
2.6 PARTICIPANTS 9
3.0 TRAINING EVALUATION 9
4.0 POST WORKSHOP ASSESSMENT 9
5.0 COMPETENCE OF PARTICIPANTS 11
6.0 FUTURE TRAINING 12
7.0 FOLLOW-UP OF TRAINEES 13
8.0 CONCLUSION 14
9.0 ANNEXES 15
9.1 ANNEX A 15
9.2 ANNEX B 16
9.3 ANNEX C 17
9.4 ANNEX D 19
9.5 ANNEX E 20
9.6 TRAINING NOMINATION LETTER (MPE/3/1/04/TC) 21
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PORTS AUTHORITY 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere and deepest gratitude to
Kenya Ports
Authority Management and Human Resource Department Training
Section for
according us this rare opportunity to have a meaningful and
fruitful Fibre Optic
Systems and Troubleshooting training period. We would also like
to take this
earliest opportunity to thank our colleagues at the Authority
for an amazing
working environment at Marine Engineering Department (Dockyard).
Our fellow
colleagues, you have always treated us like one of your own and
we are really
appreciative. Special thanks go to the Ag. Electrical
Superintendent, Mr. Erick O.
Onyango, who worked tirelessly during our absence to ensure that
all our floating
crafts were electrically sound, available and reliable for
shipping operations.
We also wish to thank all the persons and institutions that
contributed in the
many ways to the preparation of this report. The shared
technical knowledge,
experiences, and perspectives have produced a tool that will
have a significant
positive impact on the capability of engineering maintenance
personnel in the
Kenya Ports Authority to sufficiently handle fibre optic systems
and equipment.
Mr. Rashid K. Salim, Ag. Head of Marine Engineering Department
thanks so much
for your deep marine engineering insight, valuable technical
guidance and for
having trusted us on all the projects / responsibilities/
training you assigned to us
in the course of discharging our daily duties and
responsibilities. We owe you a lot
in terms of marine engineering experience and expertise.
Mr. Stephen M. Toya, Principal Marine Engineer Dockyard and our
immediate
Supervisor, kindly accept our heartfelt gratitude for your
continuous support,
encouragement and help which greatly continues to contribute to
our daily success
in each given endeavour.
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1.0 TRAINING SUMMARY
This Report provides an overview of progress made and any
constraints relating to
the Capacity Building Training of the Stage 1 Fibre Optics
Workshop held under M/S
Universal Technology Associates in Nairobi Bounty Hotel, South B
between the 31st March 2014 and 11
th April 2014.
2.0 TRAINING APPROACH
2.1 TRAINING AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the Fibre Optic Network and System Troubleshooting
Workshop was to
provide participants with skills and competencies that will
enable them appreciate,
understand and confidently be engaged in maintenance networks
involving fibre
optic cables, components, equipment, systems and
installations.
The objective of the Workshop was that participants will acquire
knowledge, skills
and attitudes necessary to sufficiently handle systems embracing
fibre optic
technology with much ease.
The anticipated outcome of the Workshop was that at the
conclusion of the
workshop participants should be reasonably able to:
Apply safe working practices in communication systems Appreciate
the theory of telecommunications through optical fibre Understand
the key symbols used and SI units of measurements used Prepare
coated fibre for connection and splicing. Complete a Risk
Assessment prior to installation of optical fibres in an
internal
environment
Prepare bare fibre for splicing using correct techniques and
procedures. Work safely with optical fibres in an external
environment Complete a Risk Assessment prior to installation of
optical fibres in an external
environment
Follow recommended installation procedures Prepare fibre optic
cable for fibre splicing Join fibre optic cables by splicing
Terminate fibre optic cable by splicing on pre-terminated pigtails
Test fibre optic links Work safely when installing, splicing,
terminating and testing optical fibre in an
external network
Check cable and components before installation Check that
correct cable laying procedures are followed to avoid physical
damage to the optical fibre cables (OFC)
Test fibre continuity using a visible light source Measure the
insertion loss using an infra-red light source and power meter Test
link performance using (OTDR) Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer techniques.
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2.2 TRAINING MATERIALS
The Six (6No.) participants received a box file at the beginning
of the Workshop that
was to be used to file the hard copy training materials.
Throughout the workshop
participants received many handouts including power points
printouts, case studies,
checklists, assessment tasks and group exercises.
Participants were also given writing materials so they could
build a folder of
resources. Electronic copies of these materials plus any
PowerPoint presentations were
also made available to participants.
An electronic copy of all training materials was finally
provided all the participants
2.3 METHODOLOGY
A range of teaching methodologies were employed by the
Facilitators throughout the
two weeks (14 days) Workshop. They included presentations to
explain new
information and ideas; plenary discussions to obtain
participants views and opinions;
group activities to enable participants to work with one
another; demonstrations and
case studies for deeper understanding of the taught concepts and
principles.
Teaching methods took into account the special needs of
participants including their
ability to understand difficult concepts and the desire to
engage participants in a
rewarding learning experience. All materials and examples were
customized to the
Kenya Ports Authority Equipment Maintenance context.
2.4 CERTIFICATION
At the conclusion of the Workshop each participant received a
Certificate of
Attendance. This certificate indicates that the participant has
completed the basic Fiber
Optic and System Troubleshooting training and can now appreciate
fibre optic
networks and installations. It also signifies that these
participants are now ready for
any advanced training in Fibre Optics Networks and Installations
Course which may
lead to professional certification upon successful completion.
Participants had received
information regarding certification and the importance of full
time attendance before
the commencement of the Workshop.
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2.5 FACILITATORS
The participants were taken through the Fibre Optics and System
Troubleshooting
Workshop with the help of the following experienced
facilitators:
1. Mr. Chrisantus Agapitius Wafula
Holder of high Diploma in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, long time
lecturer and experienced technical trainer, examiner and
Assessor in subjects
associated with Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC)
syllabus.
He has been a lecturer in many major Technical Institution
including KCCT,
Kabete Technical, Railway Training Institute (RTTI).
He is an experienced technical trainer in telecommunication
engineering
with over 15 years in research, planning and implementation and
has
trained extensively in new technologies in telecommunication
both in
Kenya and overseas.
He has been extensively involved in curriculum development and
training
in telecommunication new technologies.
He is currently a member of Institute of Engineers of Kenya
(IEK) and
Engineers Registration Board (ERB).
He is also involved in consultancy service and training in
telecommunications engineering on outside planet technologies
and
facilities specifically optical fibre technologies.
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2. Mr. Laxton Mudamba
He is currently the CEO/Industrial Management consultant at
M.I.T
Associates. MIT is a training and consulting professional firm
focusing on
industrial training and lean sigma deployment in the
manufacturing sector
within the East African region
He is a graduate of the University of Nairobi, a certified lean
manufacturing
practitioner, and also a certified trainer/program Leader in
Analytic
Trouble-Shooting rational processes developed by
Kepner-Tregoe
Associates Inc., USA. Mr. Laxton Mudamba successfully completed
his
professional training in Analytic Trouble-Shooting processes in
Nyon-
Switzerland.
He has over 25 years industrial experience in diverse
manufacturing systems
and specializing in process troubleshooting, cost optimization,
process
quality improvements and lean manufacturing deployment.
Prior to going into private practice, he worked for Eveready
Batteries-
Nakuru plant. Eveready is a large multi-national manufacturing
plant based
in Nakuru-Kenya. It was at Eveready that he gained extensive
industrial
experience both locally and internationally specifically within
Asia-Pacific
region where Eveready had affiliated manufacturing.
He was instrumental in the installation of Computerized
Maintenance
Management Systems (CMMS) at the Nakuru-facility.
He trained the entire technical workforce in Analytic
Trouble-Shooting
techniques and was recognized by Kepner-Tregoe Inc. USA with an
award
of Process Excellence.
Subsequently, he and his process team, was featured in the
prestigious
World Class Maintenance Newsline for successfully implementing
ATS
program with documented cost savings.
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3. Mr. Benedict Nabangi
He specializes in fibre optics installations to the home, office
and buildings.
He works at the Department of ICT and Media Services of M/S
Universal
Technology Associates Limited.
He is currently the Systems Administrator at Universal
Technology
Associates Limited.
He was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that all
logistics related
to the Fibre Optic and System Troubleshooting Workshop at Bounty
Hotel,
South B Nairobi was in place.
2.6 PARTICIPANTS
There were a total of six (6No.) participants; all having the
prerequisite electrical
principles and knowledge to enable them appreciate the entire
Fibre Optic
Systems and Troubleshooting course content. The participating
staffs were drawn
from Kenya Ports Authority Engineering and Infrastructure
Divisions as tabulated
below:
No.
Name
Check No.
Designation
Department
1. Noah O. Abongo 90961 Senior Marine
Engineer
(E & E)
Marine Engineering
2. Fredrick Mwashigadi 562830 Technician
Electrical
Marine Engineering
3. Bernard Bedie 88989 Batteries
Superintendent
Conventional Cargo
Engineering
4. Lazaro Oriaso 91022 Technician
Electrical
Terminal Engineering
5. Dishon Kayanda 90545 Senior
Technician
Terminal Engineering
6. George Osanya 90970 Electrical
Engineer
Port Electrical Engineering
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3.0 TRAINING EVALUATION
At the beginning of the Workshop participants were asked to rate
their level of
knowledge and skills regarding designing and delivering training
programs. In
addition, they were asked a series of questions regarding their
understanding of
certain content relating to designing and delivering a training
program.
4.0 POST WORKSHOP ASSESSMENT
At the conclusion of the Workshop participants were engaged on a
plenary
discussions concerning the entire programme. Most participants
were of the opinion
that the course was timely given that the copper cables as an
option for network
connectivity were fast being phased out.
Participants unanimously agreed on the advantages of employing
fibre optic as
opposed to the traditional copper cables for both LANs and WANs
communications.
Fibre optic cable, according to the research done in
telecommunication field, is one of
the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling
installations and
upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop
applications. Fiber offers
a number of advantages over copper.
1. Greater bandwidth
Fibre provides far greater bandwidth than copper and has
standardized performance
up to 10 Gigabytes. While not currently a standard, these speeds
could become a
reality in future proposals and ratifications. Keep in mind that
fiber speeds are
dependent on the type of cable used. Single-mode cable offers
far greater distance
than either 62.5- or 50-micron multimode cable. In addition,
fiber optic cable can
carry more information with greater fidelity than copper wire.
Thats why telephone and CATV companies are converting to fiber.
2. Low attenuation and greater distance.
Because the fibre optic signal is made of light, very little
signal loss occurs during
transmission, and data can move at higher speeds and greater
distances. Fiber does
not have the 100-meter (9328-ft.) distance limitation of
unshielded twisted pair
copper (without a booster). Fiber distances can range from 300
meters (984.2 ft.) to
40 kilometers (24.8 mi.), depending on the style of cable,
wavelength, and network.
Because fiber signals need less boosting than copper ones do,
the cable performs
better.
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3. Security
Your data is safe with fibre cable. It doesnt radiate signals
and is extremely difficult to tap. If the cable is tapped, its very
easy to monitor because the cable leaks light, causing the entire
system to fail. If an attempt is made to break the physical
security
of your fiber system, youll know it.
Fiber networks also enable you to put all your electronics and
hardware in one
central location, instead of having wiring closets with
equipment throughout the
building.
4. Immunity and reliability
Fibre provides extremely reliable data transmission. Its
completely immune to many environmental factors that affect copper
cable. The core is made of glass, which is an
insulator, so no electric current can flow through. Its immune
to electrometric interference and radio-frequency interference
(EM/RFI), crosstalk, impedance
problems, and more. You can run fiber cable next to industrial
equipment without
worry. Fibre is also less susceptible to temperature
fluctuations than copper and can
be submerged in water.
5. Design
Fibre is lightweight, thin, and more durable than copper cable.
Plus, fibre optic cable
has pulling specifications that are up to 10 times greater than
copper cables. Its small size makes it easier to handle, and it
takes up much less space in cabling ducts.
Although fibre is still more difficult to terminate than copper,
advancements in
connectors are making termination easier. In addition, fibre is
actually easier to test
than copper cable.
6. Migration
The proliferation and lower costs of media converters are making
copper to fibre
migration much easier. The converters provide seamless links and
enable the use of
existing hardware. Fibre can be incorporated into network in
planned upgrades.
7. Standards
TIA/EIA-785, ratified in 2001, provides a cost-effective
migration path from 10-Mbps
Ethernet to 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet over fibre (100BASE-SX). An
addendum to the
standard eliminates limitations in transceiver designs. In
addition, in June 2002, the
IEEE approved a 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10-GbE) standard.
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PORTS AUTHORITY 11
8. Cost
The cost for fibre cable, components, and hardware is steadily
decreasing. Installation
costs for fibre are higher than copper because of the skill
needed for terminations.
Overall, fibre is more expensive than copper in the short run,
but it may actually be
less expensive in the long run. Fibre typically costs less to
maintain, has less much less
downtime, and requires less networking hardware. In addition,
fibre eliminates the
need to recable for higher network performance.
5.0 COMPETENCE OF PARTICIPANTS
Engineers / Technicians are necessary for Nations economies, and
for the design, development and maintenance of infrastructure and
technology to sustainably satisfy
communities needs and lifestyles. These authors take the
viewpoint that engineering trainers have a responsibility to
society and to engineering students to develop in
trainees the competencies that graduates will need to become
established Engineers /
Technicians.
These competencies are defined as those that are important
across all areas of
engineering, and facilitate the success of engineers and
technicians as individuals doing
their jobs well. This report presents the following identified
competency items as
critical to the successful completion of these hands-on courses
as perceived by
established Engineers.
No. Competency Description of Competency
1. Written Communication Communicating clearly and concisely in
writing ( e.g.
writing technical documents, instructions, specifications)
2. Teamwork Working in teams (e.g. working in a manner that
is
consistent with working in a team / trusting and respecting
other team members/ managing conflict/ building cohesion)
3. Problem-Solving Solving problems ( e.g. defining systems
problems,
analyzing problems, interpreting information, transferring
concepts, integrating disciplines, thinking conceptually,
evaluating alternatives, balancing trade-offs)
4. Decision-making Making strategic decisions within given time
frame and
knowledge constraints.
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5. Being Practical Demonstrating practical engineering knowledge
and skills
and familiarity with techniques, tools, materials, devices
and systems in your discipline of engineering (e.g. ability
to
recognize unrealistic results)
6. Critical thinking Thinking critically to identify potential
problem areas and
possibilities for systems improvements / modifications
7. Reliability Evaluating reliability / potential failures
8. Safety Evaluating / advocating for / improving health and
safety
issues while dealing with fibre optic equipment and
installations.
9. Managing Managing (e.g. projects / programs / contracts /
people
/strategic planning/performance/change)
6.0 FUTURE TRAINING
A further Advanced Capacity Building Workshop on Fiber Optics
Maintenance
Engineer / Technician Certification needs to be planned for in
the new financial year.
Participants should be selected for this training only if they
have attended the basic
Fibre Optic Network and System Troubleshooting Programme. This
Workshop ought
to comprise 40% theory, 30% Class practical and 30% Field Work
Attachment. In
the event that this suggestion is adopted, then the training
will be more practical and
result-oriented and therefore will, without doubt, achieve the
intended objective of
having competent fibre optics Engineers /Technicians within the
Engineering Division.
It is also important that Maintenance Engineers /Technicians
receive regular training
not only to maintain their skills and knowledge but to acquire
new skills and latest
but cost effective technologies of carrying out their
maintenance activities. Thought
should be given to conducting both the refresher and
professional certification
training on a regular basis. There are a number of certified
trainers within the country
and even abroad who obtained their certification many years ago
and have only
remain relevant by regular training and exposure to new
technologies, given the
dynamism within the engineering field. A case in point is Ghana
and South Africa
whose transport, maritime and manufacturing industries are
thriving.
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In order for any Engineer / Technician to legally carry out any
Fiber Optic System
Troubleshooting, Service, Repairs or general maintenance, they
have to be Certified
Fiber Optics Technicians and be registered by the Communications
Commission of
Kenya (CCK). Currently, there are various Firms which offer the
Fibre Optics Systems
Installation and Maintenance certification courses within
Nairobi Kenya. Among the
leading firms are:-
1. African Advanced Level Communication Institute.
2. African Development Resource Center.
3. Ryson Communication Group Ltd.
All these reputable firms offer three main Certification
Levels.
Level 1 Certified Fiber Optic Technician (CFOT)
Level 2 Certified Premises Cabling Technician (CPCT).
Level 3 Certified Fiber Optics Specialist Plant Cabling
(CFOS/O).
These Institutions have highly trained and qualified certified
Fiber Optics Instructors
who jointly with the Fiber optics association (F.O.A) accredit
Engineers / Technicians
for certifications (CFOS/I).
7.0 FOLLOW-UP OF TRAINEES
Confidence in engineering or maintenance work can only be gained
by regular
practical experiences and hands-on approach. To this end
participants must be
supported and encouraged to regularly get involved in fibre
optics practical works
through advanced on-the-job training or industrial attachment to
firms whose daily
operations are heavily dependent on fibre optics networks
installations and
maintenance or system upgrading.
The lead facilitator promised to email participants regularly to
ascertain how much
fibre optics activities they are getting involved in since their
attendance at this
Workshop. He again volunteered to answer any queries which may
arise in the
course of participants working on fibre optics networks,
equipment, systems or
installations.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
The Workshop has enabled all participants to master the
techniques involved in
trouble shooting and maintenance of Fiber Optic Systems by means
of specialized equipment like OTDR (Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer). The
participants also learned the Fibre Optic System Power
Measurements and
Installation Techniques using special cleaning kits and splicing
procedures. (This is
the preparation and joining of the fiber cables together with
special tool which
fuses the fiber together by application of high temperature
fusion). This has
enabled us to be hands on experts in the fiber optic field.
However there is need
for the procurement of the special equipment and tools used for
the maintenance
and trouble shooting of the fiber optic systems. Above all,
nearly all the modern
equipment which are currently used to maintain fibre optic
networks, were shown
and their usage demonstrated. Some of these equipment are:
1. High precision Fibre Cleaver Machine
2. Fibre Optic Fusion Splicer Machine
3. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
4. Optic Fibre Power Meter
5. Fibre Optic Fusion Splicing Tool Kit (Toolbox)
6. Handheld Fiber Optic Microscope among others
The Workshop was very successful as everything went according to
schedule.
All participants significantly increased their level of
knowledge and skills as
Maintenance Engineers/ Technicians and felt much more confident
with fibre cable
installations networks than before. They now possess the
necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude to appreciate and work on the optic fibre
networks and systems.
Each participant was able to carry out fibre optic cable
splicing, cleaving and even
connecting (applying optical fibre cable fusion method) using
the splicing machine
that was provided.
Finally, we are hopeful that this specialized training will not
be a one off affair but an ongoing concern which will eventually
culminate in future advanced and
focused training programs to ensure that the Authority reaps
maximally on the
investment made on its Engineering Maintenance Team as far as
implementation
of Fibre Optics Systems, Networks and Installations are
concerned. On their part,
it is hoped that the concerned Engineers / Technicians will
avail themselves for this
noble duty to ensure that maintenance costs within the entire
Authority are
brought to a record minimum with cost effective designs, systems
modifications, maintenance and faster but efficient troubleshooting
techniques.
Once again we offer our heartfelt appreciation to the Kenya
Ports Authority
Management and the concerned Departments for giving us the
opportunity to
attend this timely workshop.
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9.0 ANNEXES
9.1 ANNEX A THE STRUCTURE OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
An optical fiber is a long thin strand of impurity-free glass
used as a transport
medium for data.
A typical point-to-point fiber optic communication network
consists of a
Transmitter (Laser), a Transport medium (Optical Fiber) and a
Receiver (Photo-
diode)
The optical fiber is made of two concentric cylinder strands of
silica
surrounded by a plastic coating.
The center most silica strand is the cone of the fiber with a
refractive index of
about 1.48. The core of the fiber physically transports most of
the optical
power.
The core is surrounded by another strand of silica called the
cladding. The
cladding has a slightly lower refractive index of 1.46 and
provides the interface
that confines the optical signal to the core.
The outermost layer of the optical fiber is the buffer coating.
This thin plastic
covering protects glass from mechanical and environmental
damage.
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9.2 ANNEX B FIBRE OPTICS SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE
Fiber optic networks are very susceptible to environmental
influences.
Contamination and mechanical stress arising from improper
handling of fiber
cables and connectors can harm the transmission properties
enormously.
Therefore, operators of optical transmission in carrier,
enterprise or data center
environments need to pay special attention to the proper
maintenance of the
optical layer.
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9.3 ANNEX C FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS
Connectors are everywhere within engineering systems . An
electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining
electrical circuits as an interface using a
mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended)
and jacks (female-
ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable
equipment, require a
tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent
electrical joint between
two wires or devices. An adapter can be used to effectively
bring together
dissimilar connectors.
There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors. Connectors
may join two
lengths of flexible copper wire or cable, or connect a wire or
cable or optical
interface to an electrical terminal.
Fiber connector contamination is the #1 cause of troubleshooting
in optical networks
Proactive inspection prevents equipment damage, network outages,
time-consuming troubleshooting
Follow the simple INSPECT BEFORE YOU CONNECT process to ensure
both fiber end faces are clean prior to mating connectors.
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FOCUS ON THE FIBRE OPTIC CABLES CONNECTORS
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9.4 ANNEX D POINT TO POINT COMMUNICATION NETWORK
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9.5 ANNEX E FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONSTRUCTION
Typically there are five elements that make up each fiber-optic
cable:
Core
Cladding
Buffer
Strength material (Aramid Yarn)
Outer jacket
Optical Fiber is available in two types:
1. Single Mode Fiber, consisting of a single core strand having
a single transmission path,
provides very high data transmission rates over long distances,
but is costly. This type
of cable is used for long-distance telecommunications and video
application.
2. Multi-Mode Fiber, consisting of multiple core strands,
provides multiple signal paths
which result in some distortion of the signal and is therefore
restricted to shorter
lengths, but is more economical. This is the type of cable
commonly used in SCADA
system and data processing networks.
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9.6 TRAINING NOMINATION LETTER (MPE/3/1/04/TC)