Fianace Project

8/14/2019 Fianace Project

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FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

ANINTRODUCTION

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS :

Financial statements, as used in corporate business houses, refer to a setof reports and schedules, which an accountant prepares at the end of the period

of time for a business enterprise. The financial statements are the means with

the help of which the accounting system performs its main function of providing

summarized information about the financial affairs of the business. These

statements comprises balance sheet or position statement and profit and loss

account or income statement. In India, every company has to present its financial

statements in the form and contents as prescribed under section 211 of the

companies Act, 1956.

ANALYSISOF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Financial analysis is to determine the significant operating and financial

characteristics of a firm from accounting data. It is a technique typically devoted

to evaluate the past, current and projected performance of a business firm.

Financial analysis is an attempt to determine the significance and meaning of

financial statement data so that forecast may be made of the future prospects for

earnings, ability to pay interest and debt maturities and profitability.

Published financial statements are the only source of information about

the activities and affairs of a business entity available to the public, shareholders,

investors and creditors and the government. These various groups are interested

in the progress, position and prospects of such entity in various ways. But these

statements howsoever, correctly and objectively prepared, by themselves do not

reveal the significance, meaning and relationship of the information contained

therein. For this propose, financial statements have to be carefully studied,dispassionately analyzed and intelligently interpreted.

Financial analysis results in the presentation of information by arranging

financial statement data in a systematic manner that aids business managers,

investor, financial statement can provide valuable insights into a companys

performance.

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OBJECTOF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS:

To estimate the earning capacity of the firm

To gauge the financial position and financial performance to the firm

To determine the long term liquidity of the funds as well as solvency.

To determine the debt capacity of the firm

To decide about the future prospects of the firms.

TYPESOF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS:

A distinction may be drawn between various types of financial analysis

and it may be as under :-

(A) According to the nature of the analyst and the material used by him

1. External Analysis:-It is made by those who do not have access to the

detailed records of the company. This group, which has to depend

almost entirely on published financial statement, includes investors,

credit agencies and government agencies regulating a business in

nominal way.

2. Internal analysis:-The internal analysis is accomplished by those who

have access to the books of accounts and all other information related

to business. While conducting this analysis, the analyst is a part of theenterprise he is analyzing. Executives and employees of the enterprise

conduct it.

(B) According to the Modus Operandi of analysis :

1) Horizontal analysis: When financial statements for a number of years

are reviewed and analyzed, the analysis is called Horizontal Analysis.

As it is based on data from year to year rather than on one date or

period of time as a whole, this is also known as Dynamic Analysis.2) Vertical analysis: It is frequently used for referring to ratios developed

for one date or for one accounting period. It is also called Static

Analysis. This is not very conducive to proper analysis of the firms

financial position and its interpretation, as it does not enable to study

data in perspective.

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of their credit. Some of the aspects of enterprise operations that are of

interest of the creditors are liquidity of funds, soundness of the financial

structure, profitability of the operations, effectiveness of working capital

management, etc. The bankers and trade creditors of a business

enterprise are interested in its cash generation and credit worthiness.

They want to asses whether the enterprise will as interest payments due

a per agreed schedules. They get all this information from the analysis

of balance sheet and income statement of the company.

4. Investors:-

Investors, present as well as prospective, are interested in the

measurement of earning capacity of securities. Every investor has the

tendency to get fair return on his or her investment. Investors have been

increasingly concerned with the cash generation capability of an

enterprise primarily in terms of the flexibility availability to such

enterprises to acquire other business and new assets on an

advantageous basis. For this purpose each cash flow analysis and fund

flow analysis are very useful.

5. Government:-

The financial statements are used to asses the tax liability ofbusiness enterprise. The government studies economic situation of the

country from these statement enable the government to find out

whether business is following various rules and regulations or not.

6. Bankers:-

The banker is interested to see that the loan amount is secure and

the customer is also able to pay the interest regularly. The banker will

analysis the balance sheet to determine financial strength of the

concern and profits and loss account will also be studied to find out the

earning position.

The information provided by the analysis and interpretation of

various financial statements is important and useful to those groups also that are

interested in the working of the business due to one or other motive.

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IMPORTANTOF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Financial analysis is very important for the management, shareholders,

creditors, investors and general public. Following are important points in this

regard:

1. It simplifies, summarizes and systematizes a long array of accounting

figures, which prove very useful to the interested parties as it helps

them in arriving at valuable decision.

2. Financial analysis is invaluable aid to the management in discharge of

its basic function of forecasting, planning, coordination, communication

and control.

3. It identifies the financial health of enterprise by evaluating important

aspects of business like liquidity, solvency, profitability, capital gearing,

etc,. Such an evaluation enables conclusion to be drawn regarding

financial health of business.

4. The process of analyzing financial statements involves the preparation

and interpretation of meaning devices such as ratios and trend

percentages. So with the preparation of meaning devices the databecomes easy to establish its relationship and other data can be easily

ranked in terms of its relative significance.

5. Without analysis of financial statements it is impossible to interpret the

financial statement figures. Therefore interpretation requires analysis.

6. Owing to the increasing demand for analytical information by business

executives, bakers and other it is necessary to have analysis and

interpretation of financial and operating data.

The financial statements are a mirror, which reflect the

financial position and operating strength or weakness of the business enterprise.

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PROCEDUREOF ANALYSIS

The process of analyzing financial statements involves the rearranging,

comparing and measuring the significance of financial and operating data.

Interpretation, which follows analysis, is an attempt to logical conclusion

regarding the position and progress of the business on the basis of analysis.

The procedure may be as under:

1. Deciding upon the extent of analysis:- The depth, object and extent of

analysis have to be determined so that the scope of the analysis, tool of

analysis and the amount and quality of financial data required could be

determined.

2. Going through the financial statements:- Before analyzing and

preparing any statement or composing financial ratios, it is necessary to

go through the various financial statements of the firm.

3. Collection of necessary information:- Other useful information which

cannot be revealed from financial statement but is useful for analysis,

has to be collected from management.

4. Rearranging of financial data:- The data available has to be rearranged

in a useful manner before analysis and interpretation.

5. Analysis:- In this step the actual analysis is made for which any

technique such as, comparative financial statements, trend analysis,

ratio analysis and cash flow statements, statements of change in

working capital, etc., can be used.

6. Interpretation and presentation:- After analysis, interpretation is done

and conclusions are drawn. These interpretations are of vital

importance to the management, shareholder, workers, etc., to know the

relative worth of the company.

Thus, analysis and interpretation of financial statements are

regarded as complimentary to each other.

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TOOLSOF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The analysis of financial statements consists of relationships and trends,

to determine whether the financial position of the company is satisfactory or not.

The analytical methods or devices, listed below are used to ascertain or measure

the relationships among the financial statements items.

Analytical methods and devices used in analyzing financial statements are

as follows:

1. Comparative financial statements

2. Common size financial statements

3. Trend Ratios

4. Ratio Analysis

5. Cash flow statements

They may be discussed as under:

1. Comparative financial statements:-

Statements prepared in a form that reflect financial data for two or more

periods are known as comparative statements. Financial data become more

meaningful when compared with similar data for a previous period or a number of

prior periods. Annual data can be compared with similar data for prior years.

Comparative statements can be prepared for both types of financial statements

balance sheet as well as profit and loss account. The comparative balance sheet

shows the effect of operations on the assets and liabilities i.e., change in the

financial position duding the period under consideration. The comparative profit

and loss account will present a review of operating activities of the business.

2. Common Size financial statements:-

Comparative statements that give only the vertical percentage of ratios forfinancial data without giving rupee values are known as common size financial

statements. They are also known as 100 % statements. A common size

statements shows the relation of each component to the whole. It is useful in

vertical financial analysis and comparison of two business enterprises at a

certain date.

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3. Trend Analysis:-

Under the technique of trend analysis the ratios of different items for

various periods are calculated and then a comparison is made. An analysis of the

ratios over the past few years may well suggest the trend or direction in which

the concern is going upward or downward.

4. Ratio Analysis:-

Ratio analysis is the most widely used tool of financial analysis. It is

essentially an attempt to develop meaningful relationship between individual

items or group of items in the balance sheet or profit and loss account. The

objects and utility of ratio analysis is confined not only to the internal parties but

to the credit suppliers, bans and lending institutions also. Ratio analysis tells

about the financial position of the enterprise as to whether the capital structure of

the business is in proper order, whether the capital structure of the enterprise is

satisfactory, whether the credit policy in relation to sales and purchases is

sound and whether the company is creditworthy. Thus, ratio analysis highlights

the liquidity, solvency, profitability and capital gearing position

5. Cash flow Statements : -

Cash flow analysis is a valuable aid to the financial executive and

creditors for evaluating the uses of funds by the firm and in determining how

these uses were financed. A cash flow statement indicates where funds came

from and where it was used during the period under review. They are important

tools for communication and very helpful for financial executives in planning the

intermediate and long term financing of the firm.

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INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENTS

Cement as well as Sugar industries in India are fragments and scattered

throughout the country and have been experiencing consolidations and achieving

considerable growth rates and improved price realization. However the cement

prices in State of Andhra Pradesh are not showing mush improvement unlike

other parts of the country.

Sugar being an agro-based industry needs good irrigation facilities. Some

regions of the country having sufficient water have given good crop yields.

Whereas due to insufficient rainfall, sufficient sugarcane wad not available during

the year. However the recent heavy rains in the neighboring states of

Maharashtra and Karnataka will help the state in improving the local irrigation

facilities.

Infrastructure and rural development have been attracting considerable

resources of the Governments both at the Central and State levels. And the

sustained economic development of the county coupled with providing of

incentives for housing and expected to give boost to the cement industry. Mixing

and Ethanol and Petrol has improved demand for molasses, which is a positive

factor for Sugar industry.

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COMPANY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION

Sri P. Venkateswarlu is the Chairman & Managing Director of Kakatiya

Cements Limited (KCL), was incorporated in the year 1979 with an installed

capacity of 200 TPD. Since then the company is operating at its rated capacity

and has been making profits since then. The company has pre-paid its entire

term loans in the year 1987 much ahead of its amortization schedule, there by,

the company became debt free in the 1987. In spite of recessionary trends

prevailing in the market intermittently between 1987 1990 and 1997 1999, the

KCL rewarded its shareholders with uninterrupted and constant dividends the

company expanded its capacity from 200 TPD to 600 TPD in the year 1992

which was funded partly by rights issues of shares and the balance by All India

Financial Institutions lead by IDBI. The enhance capacity has come into effect in

the year March 1993.

In the year 1994, the company rewarded it shareholders with bonus

shares in the ratio of 1 : 1 in the tune with substantial growth recorded by it. After

stabilizing the operations the company has plans to diversity into other profitableareas, more specifically into core industries. In this direction, the company had

evaluated the opportunities and had chosen the sugar industry for further

investments.

In the year 1996 the company acquired a sick unit M/S. Sree Kailas

Sugars and chemical limited. Promoted in the year 1990 and since then the unit

has being facing teething problems and reached a stage where the net worth got

eroded. KCL has inducted thee of this nominees into the board of directors of

SKSCL for taking over the management and to administer the day to day

operations of the company and new management had referred the company to

BIFR to explore the possibilities of rehabilitations of the company and also

approached

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All India Financial Institutions led by IDBI to settle the long term loans

under one time settlement scheme which reduced the interest burden on the

company and strengthened the operations of the approved OTS scheme

envisaged waive of interest of RS 2239.39 lakhs. The BIFR had appointed

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) as operating agency for prepares a

Rehabilitation scheme for SKSCL.

The operating agency submitted its report to BIFR suggesting the merger

of SKSCL with KCL. Pursuant to the scheme of merger sanctioned by the BIFR

dated 7th Jan 1999. the SKSCL was merged with KCL with effect from 1st April

1997. According the SKSCL lost its identity and become a unit of KCL. Hence

KCL has two divisions

Cement divisions and

Sugar division

Hence, the entire business and assets and liabilities of erst SKSCL vest in

the company with effect from 1st April 1997. The name of the company was

changed from Kakatiya Cements Limited to Kakatiya Cement Sugar AndIndustries Limited (KCSIL) with effect from 1st January 1999 as per Government

of Indias letter No- RAP / TA.I/Sec.21/2485/98 dated 1 st January, 1999 issued by

The Register of Companies, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

After takeover KCL promoters relieved the company ( M/S Kailas Sugars

and Chemical Limited) from its huge debt through one time settlement schemes

with All India Financial Institutions. Further the capacity utilization of the company

has also improved from the year 1997 1998 and since then the company

reached its optimum capacity with in a couple of years.

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The OTS has been implemented as per schedule and the term loans

raised for sugar division by the earlier management were fully repaid by 31st

March 2000 by raising on secured loans and out of internal accruals/ reserves.

The legal formalities such as change of management and acquiring the

controlling stake in the company, revival through BIFR and OTS scheme with

financial institutions have been completed with in the stipulated period.

CO-GENERATION PLANT:

The company has implemented a bagasse based co-generation plant at

sugar division, Peruvancha village, Kullar mandalam Khamman district. The

project was appraised by Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency

Limited ( IREDA) at a total cost of Rs. 5017 lakhs out of which Rs. 3660 lakhs

was sanctioned by IREDA and the balance has been met by the company out of

its internal accruals, unsecured loans from promoters. The project loan was

sanctioned under Asian Development Bank (ADB) line of credit, where in the

procurement of plant and machinery is exempt from payment of exercise duty

and customs duty. The project has been implemented a head of schedule and

operations have stabilized with in a short time.

The power plant, after meeting requirement of sugar and cement divisions

is exporting surplus power of APTRANSCO, Pursuant to a PPA enter into with

them. The power plant started commercial operations on 12th April, 2002 and it

has successfully completed one year operation and running at more than 100 %

PLF ( plant load factor).

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Locations:

The factories are located at

i) Cement

Srinivasa nagar, Mellacheruvu Mandal

Nalgonda District, A.P.

ii) Sugar & Power

Peruvancha Village

Kallur Mandal, Khammam Dist., A.P.

PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR UNDER REVIEW

Cement Division:

During the year under review, the cement division has produced

2,75,727 MT of cement as against 2,84,105 MT of cement for the previous year.

The loss for the divisions was Rs. 136.77 lakhs as against Rs. 96.21 lakhs loss

for the previous year.

Sugar Division :

The sugar division crushed 1,88,013 MT of sugarcane for the current

seasons as against 2,60,836 MT for the previous season. The recovery rate was

10.76 % compared to 9.89 % for the previous season. The profit for the division

was Rs. 1160.98 lakhs as against Rs. 83.40 lakhs for the previous year.

Power Division:

During the year under review, the power division has generated

6,03,34,123 KWH against 11,29,12,362 KWH of power for the previous year. The

loss for the division was Rs. 14.50 lakhs as against profit of Rs. 684.73 lakhs for

the previous year.

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RATIONALEFORTHE STUDY:

Financial analysis of an organization provides the clear view of its

performance parameters, present as well in comparison to past performance.

This analysis is important for the management and also for outsiders dealing with

organization as this shows the way of functioning and the direction in which an

organization is moving.

A management student should properly understand the various aspects of

financial analysis as if opted for specialization in Financial Management.

Thats why I have selected Financial Analysis as a topic for my study.

OBJECTIVEOFTHE STUDY

The objective of the study is to determine the clear picture of the

companys performance. The comparison of past and present performance helps

to understand the companys efficiency level and makes it able to understand

what should do to improve its performance.

The objective of the study are as under:

To study the resources pattern and their utilization with a view to

analyze the financial statements of Kakatiya Cement Sugar and

Industries Limited.

To evaluate the sources of funds and their application b y using

cash flow techniques of financial statements

To analyze profitability and capital structure of the company with the

help of ratio analysis.

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METHODOLOGY:

My visit to the premises of the companys registered office, observation of

working, meeting the concerned authorities and the printed financial statements

of the company are the basis of the study.

I also studied various concerned books for this purpose. This study is

based entirely on the published financial statements of Kakatiya Cement Sugar &

Industries Limited.

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LIMITATIONSOFTHESTUDY:

The limitations of the present study are :

1. In the study many factors that need detailed analysis could not

be discussed in detail because of the limitations regarding length

of the project and available time.

2. The study is subject to limitations of the nature of financial

analysis tools and techniques.

3. Further, the study takes into consideration the quantitative

aspect of the performance and not the qualitative aspect such as

impact of industrial assistance of company in the economic

development of the state, on additional employment

opportunities, contribution to net domestic product an

development of industrial estate, etc.,

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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

1. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

These financial statements are so designed as to provide time perspective

to the various elements of financial positions contained therein. These

statements given the data for all the periods stated so as to show:

Absolute money values of each time separately for each item

separately for each of the period stated.

Increase and decrease in absolute data in terms of money values

Increase and decrease in terms of percentages

Comparison expressed in ratios

Percentage of totals

Such comparative statements are necessary for the study of trends and

direction of movement in the financial positions and operating results. This

calls for a consistency in the practice of preparing these statements,

otherwise comparability may be distorted. Comparative statements enable

horizontal analysis of figures.

COMPARATIVEBALANCESHEET:

A comparative balance sheet shows the balance of accounts of assets

and liabilities on different dates and also the extent of their increase or decrease

between these dates throwing light on the trends an direction of changes in the

position over the periods. This helps in predicting about the position of the

business in future.

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Comparative Balance Sheet as on 31st March 1999

Particulars

1998(Rs in lakhs)

1999(Rs in lakhs)

Increase (+) /Decrease ( - )(Rs in lakhs)

Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 324.05 458.42 + 134.37 41.47

Sundry Debtors 737.18 714.22 - 22.96 3.11

Inventories 2188.33 3916.81 + 1733.48 79.40

Advances 2230.97 1809.49 - 421.48 18.90

Total Current Assets 5475.33 6898.94 + 1423.61 26.00Fixed Assets 6487.03 6896.55 + 409.52 6.31

Investments 32.24 32.24 --- ---

Miscellaneous expenses 110.60 84.95 - 25.65 23.19

Total Assets 12105.50 13912.68 + 1807.18 14.93

Liabilities & Capital

Liabilities

Current Liabilities 766.85 970.31 + 203.46 26.53

Other liabilities 392.12 415.30 + 23.18 5.91

Total Current Liabilities 1158.97 1385.61 + 226.64 19.55

Secured loans 4582.63 6064.75 + 1482.12 32.34

Unsecured loans 1404.26 1442.40 + 38.14 2.72

Total Liabilities 7145.86 8892.76 + 1746.9 24.44

Share Capital 740.00 740.00 --- ----

Share Capital Suspense 50.80 50.80 --- ---

Reserve & Surplus 4168.74 4229.12 + 60.38 1.45

Total Liabilities & Capital 12105.50 13912.68 + 1807.18 14.93

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Comparative Balance Sheet as on 31st

March 2000

Particulars

1999(Rs in lakhs)

2000(Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 458.42 194.22 - 264.2 57.63

Sundry Debtors 714.22 911.44 + 197.22 27.61

Inventories 3916.81 4532.99 + 616.18 15.73Advances 1809.49 1399.57 - 409.93 22.7

Total Current Assets 6898.94 7038.22 + 139.27 2.02

Fixed Assets 6896.55 8342.00 + 1445.45 21.00

Investments 32.24 32.24 --- ---


Total Assets 13912.68 15417.77 + 1559.08 11.21


Liabilities

Current Liabilities 970.31 1407.99 + 437.68 45.11Other liabilities 415.30 432.47 + 17.17 4.13


Secured loans 6064.75 7162.36 + 1097.61 18.10

Unsecured loans 1442.40 1334.65 - 107.75 7.5


Share Capital 740.00 740.00 --- ---


Reserve & Surplus 4229.12 4343.50 + 114.38 2.70


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March 2001

Particulars

2000(Rs in lakhs)

2001Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 911.44 783.09 - 128..35 14.10

Inventories 4532.99 5500.96 + 967.97 21.35Advances 1399.57 1824.19 + 424.62 30.34


Fixed Assets 8342.00 9044.64 + 702.64 8.42

Investments 32.24 34.52 + 2.28 7.07


Total Assets 15417.77 17790.11 + 2318.34 15.00


Liabilities

Current Liabilities 1407.99 1472.03 + 64.04 4.55Other liabilities 432.47 438.27 + 5.8 1.34


Secured loans 7162.36 8894.96 + 1732.1 24.2

Unsecured loans 1334.65 1404.31 + 69.66 5.22


Share Capital 740.00 740.00 --- ---

Share Capital Suspense 50.18 50.83 + 0.02 0.03

Reserve & Surplus 4343.49 4790.21 + 446.72 10.3


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March 2002

Particulars

2001(Rs in lakhs)

2002(Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 569.05 421.17 - 147.88 26.00

Sundry Debtors 783.09 679.28 - 103.81 13.26



Fixed Assets 9044.64 13063.29 + 4018.65 44.43

Investments 34.52 31.27 - 3.25 9.41


Total Assets 17790.11 22805.14 + 5014.03 28.20


Liabilities

Current Liabilities 1472.03 2051.48 + 596.22 41.00Other liabilities 438.27 329.77 - 108.5 24.76


Secured loans 8894.96 12088.33 + 3193.88 36.00

Unsecured loans 1404.31 2319.23 + 898.15 63.20


Share Capital 740.00 777.39 + 37.39 5.05

Share Capital Suspense 50.83 14.69 - 36.14 71.1

Reserve & Surplus 4790.21 5224.25 + 434.03 9.06


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March 2003

Particulars

2002(Rs in lakhs)

2003(Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 679.28 954.01 + 274.73 40.44


Other Current Assets ---- 255.37 + 255.37 ---


Fixed Assets 13063.29 12423.33 - 639.96 4.9

Investments 31.27 36.27 + 5.00 16.00


Total Assets 22805.14 24267.37 + 1462.23 6.41


LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities 2051.48 2223.86 + 172.38 8.40



Secured loans 12088.33 12417.33 + 329.00 2.72

Unsecured loans 2319.23 2593.29 + 274.06 11.82


Share Capital 777.39 777.39 --- ---


Reserve & Surplus 5224.25 5814.15 + 589.9 11.30


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March 2004

Particulars

2003(Rs in lakhs)

2004(Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 954.01 717.25 - 236.76 24.81

Inventories 8849.39 6473.92 - 2375.47 26.84Advances 1192.06 1730.07 + 538.01 45.13

Other Current Assets 255.37 319.08 + 63.71 24.95

Total Current Assets 11807.50 9829.35 - 1978.15 16.75

Fixed Assets 12423.33 11594.28 - 829.05 6.68

Investments 36.27 36.27 --- ---

Miscellaneous expenses 0.27 --- - 0.27 100

Total Assets 24267.37 21459.9 + 2807.47 11.57


LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities 2223.86 1108.00 - 1115.86 50.17


Total Current Liabilities 2650.52 1614.69 - 1035.83 39.08

Secured loans 12417.33 10584.14 + 1833.19 14.76

Unsecured loans 2593.29 2158.72 - 434.57 16.75

Total Liabilities 17661.14 14357.55 - 3303.59 18.70

Share Capital 777.39 777.39 --- ---


Reserve & Surplus 5814.15 6310.27 + 496.12 8.53

Total Liabilities & Capital 24267.37 21459.9 - 2807.47 11.57

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Comparative Balance Sheet as on 31st March 2005

Particulars

2004(Rs in lakhs)

2005(Rs in lakhs)


Percentage(%)

Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 717.25 821.69 + 104.44 14.56Inventories 6473.92 3292.42 - 3181.5 49.14

Advances 1730.07 1555.54 - 174.53 10.08

Other Current Assets 319.08 290.95 - 28.13 8.81

Total Current Assets 9829.35 6606.32 - 3223.03 32.79

Fixed Assets 11594.28 10770.25 - 824.03 7.10

Investments 36.27 5 - 31.27 86.21

Total Assets 21459.9 17381.57 - 4078.33 19


LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities 1108.00 759.39 - 348.61 31.46


Total Current Liabilities 1614.69 1311.07 - 303.62 18.80

Secured loans 10584.14 7032.96 - 3551.18 33.55

Unsecured loans 2158.72 1102.77 - 1055.95 48.91

Total Liabilities 14357.55 9446.8 - 4910.75 34.20

Share Capital 777.39 777.39 --- ---


Reserve & Surplus 6310.27 7142.69 + 832.42 19.19

Total Liabilities & Capital 21459.9 17381.57 - 4078.33 19

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Analysis of Comparative Balance Sheets

(1998-19999 to 2004-2005)

Percentage ( % )

Particulars

1998to

1999

1999to

2000

2000to

2001

2001to

2002

2002to

2003

2003to

2004

2004to

2005

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 41.47 57.63 193.00 26.00 32.17 5.81 9.62

Sundry Debtors 3.11 27.61 14.10 13.26 40.44 24.81 14.56

Inventories 79.40 15.73 21.35 28.00 25.70 26.84 49.14

Advances 18.90 22.7 30.34 14.41 23.65 45.13 10.08

Other Current Assets --- --- --- --- --- 24.95 8.81

Total Current Assets 26.00 2.02 23.30 11.82 21.7 16.75 32.79

Fixed Assets 6.31 21.00 8.42 44.43 4.9 6.68 7.10

Investments --- --- 7.07 9.41 16.00 --- 86.21

Misc. expenditure 23.19 30.17 43.24 76.23 96.63 100 ---

Total Assets 14.93 11.21 15.00 28.20 6.41 11.57 19


Liabilities

Current Liabilities 26.53 45.11 4.55 41.00 8.40 50.17 31.46

Other liabilities 5.91 4.13 1.34 24.76 29.40 18.75 8.88

Total Current Liabilities 19.55 32.83 3.8 25.76 11.31 39.08 18.80Secured loans 32.34 18.10 24.2 36.00 2.72 14.76 33.55

Unsecured loans 2.72 7.5 5.22 63.20 11.82 16.75 48.91

Total Liabilities 24.44 16.25 18.11 37.51 5.20 18.70 34.20

Share Capital ---- --- --- 5.05 --- --- ---

Share Capital Suspense ---- --- 0.03 71.10 --- --- ---

Reserve & Surplus 1.45 2.70 10.3 9.06 11.30 8.53 19.19

Total Liabilities & Capital 14.93 11.21 15.00 28.2 6.41 11.57 19

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Interpretation :-

The above tables present the comparative balance sheets of the

company for the period 1998 99 to 2004-2005. During the year 1998 99 total

current assets is Rs. 1423.61 lakhs. Next year it decreased to Rs. 139.27 lakhs.

In the year 2000-01 they were enhanced and in 2001-02 decreased to

Rs. 1025.29 lakhs and in 2002-03 increased to Rs. 2104.92 lakhs. In 2003-04 it

has decreased to Rs. 1978.15 lakhs and in 2004 05 it has further decreased to

Rs. 3223.03 lakhs.

During the year 1998-99, fixed assets were Rs.409.52 lakhs. The

investment in fixed assets has also enhanced next year but declined in 2000-01.

The next year in 2001-02, it has increased to Rs. 4018.65 lakhs and in 2002-03 it

has decreased. In 2003-04 fixed assets decreased and in 2004-05 it further

declined. Total fixed assets is showing an increasing and decreasing trend. If

there is any fixed expansion program scheme the total fixed assets will show

increasing trend, otherwise will show decreasing trend.

As far as current liabilities are concerned, in year 1998-99 it was

Rs. 226.64 lakhs. It has increased in next year to Rs. 454.85 lakhs and

decreased to Rs.69.84 lakhs in 2000-01. In the year 2001-02 current liabilities

has increased to Rs. 487.72 lakhs and in 2002-03 it has decreased to Rs. 269.27

lakhs. In 2003-04 it has decreased to Rs. 1058.83 lakhs and in 2004-05 current

liabilities further declined. There was an increasing and decreasing trend.

With reference to the share capital there was no much change as

there was no further issues of shares. Reverses and surplus has increased and it

may be because the company has started making substantial profits afterproviding for the proposed dividend. When total liabilities and capital are

concerned during the year 1998-99, they were Rs.1807.18 lakhs. In year

1999 2000 it has decreased to Rs. 1559.08 lakhs. During the year 2000-01 it

has increased to Rs. 2318.34 lakhs. Next year it has gone to Rs. 5015.03 lakhs

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and in the year 2002 03 it has decreased to Rs. 1462.23 lakhs. In 2003-04 it

has gone done and in the year 2004-05 it has further declined to Rs. 4078.33.

2.COMMON

SIZE

STATEMENT

ANALYSIS

:

In the comparative financial statements it is difficult to comprehend

the changes over the years in relation to total assets, total liabilities and capital or

total net sales. These limitations of comparative statements make comparison

between two or more. This limitation of comparative statements makes

comparison between two or more firms of an industry impossible because there

is no common base of comparison for absolute figures. Again for an

interpretation of underlying causes of changes over time period a verticalanalysis is required and this with comparative statements.

Common size financial statements are those in which figures

reported are converted into percentages to some percentages to some common

base. For this, items in the financial statements are presented as percentages or

ratios to total of items and a common base for comparison is provided. Each

percentage shows the relation of the individual item to its respective total.

COMMON SIZE BALANCE SHEET :

In a common size balance sheet, total of assets or liabilities is taken

as 100 and all the figures are expressed as percentage of the total. Comparative

common size balance sheets for different periods help to highlight the trends in

different items. If it is prepared for different firms in an industry, it facilities to

judge the relative soundness and helps in understanding their financial strategy.

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Common Size Balance sheet as on 31st March 1999

Particulars1998

(Rs in lakhs)% of total 1999

(Rs in lakhs)% of total

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 324.05 2.70 458.42 3.30Sundry Debtors 737.18 6.15 714.22 5.13

Inventories 2188.33 18.20 3916.81 28.15

Advances 2230.97 18.60 1809.49 13.00

Total Current Assets 5475.33 45.25 6898.94 49.59

Fixed Assets 6487.03 53.57 6896.55 49.57

Investments 32.24 0.27 32.24 0.23

Miscellaneous expenses 110.60 0.91 84.95 0.61

Total Assets 12105.50 100.00 13912.68 100.00


Liabilities

Current Liabilities 766.85 6.33 970.31 6.97

Other liabilities 392.12 3.24 415.30 2.99

Total Current Liabilities 1158.97 9.57 1385.61 9.96

Secured loans 4582.63 37.86 6064.75 43.60

Unsecured loans 1404.26 11.60 1442.40 10.36

Total Liabilities 7145.86 59.03 8892.76 63.91

Share Capital 740.00 6.11 740.00 5.32

Share Capital Suspense 50.80 0.42 50.80 0.37

Reserve & Surplus 4168.74 34.43 4229.12 30.40Total Liabilities & Capital 12105.50 100.00 13912.68 100

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Particulars2000



Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 194.22 1.26 569.05 3.20

Sundry Debtors 911.44 5.90 783.09 4.40Inventories 4532.99 29.30 5500.96 30.92

Advances 1399.57 9.04 1824.19 10.25


Fixed Assets 8342.00 53.91 9044.64 50.84

Investments 32.24 0.21 34.52 0.20


Total Assets 15417.77 100.00 17790.11 100.00


LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities 1407.99 9.10 1472.03 8.27



Secured loans 7162.36 46.29 8894.96 49.99

Unsecured loans 1334.65 8.62 1404.31 7.89


Share Capital 740.00 4.78 740.00 4.16


Reserve & Surplus 4343.50 28.09 4790.21 26.92

Total Liabilities & Capital 15471.77 100.00 17790.11 100.00

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Particulars2001



Assets

Current Assets :-



Advances 1824.19 10.25 1561.33 6.85


Fixed Assets 9044.64 50.84 13063.29 57.29

Investments 34.52 0.20 31.27 0.13


Total Assets 17790.11 100.00 22805.14 100.00


LiabilitiesCurrent Liabilities 1472.03 8.27 2051.48 9.00



Secured loans 8894.96 49.99 12088.33 53.01

Unsecured loans 1404.31 7.89 2319.23 10.17


Share Capital 740.00 68.63 777.39 3.40


Reserve & Surplus 4790.21 0.29 5224.25 22.91


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Particulars2002



Assets

Current Assets :-



Advances 1561.33 6.85 1192.06 4.91

Other current assets --- --- 255.37 1.04


Fixed Assets 13063.29 57.29 12423.33 51.20

Investments 31.27 0.13 36.27 0.14


Total Assets 22805.14 100.00 24267.37 100.00


Liabilities




Secured loans 12088.33 53.01 12417.33 51.17

Unsecured loans 2319.23 10.17 2593.29 10.69


Share Capital 777.39 3.40 777.39 3.20


Reserve & Surplus 5224.25 22.91 5814.15 23.96


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Particulars2003



Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 954.01 3.93 717.25 3.34

Inventories 8849.39 36.45 6473.92 30.17

Advances 1192.06 4.91 1730.07 8.06Other current assets 255.37 1.04 319.08 1.49


Fixed Assets 12423.33 51.20 11594.28 53.03

Investments 36.27 0.14 36.27 0.17

Miscellaneous expenses 0.27 0.001 --- ---

Total Assets 24267.37 100.00 21459.9 100.00


Liabilities




Secured loans 12417.33 51.17 10584.14 49.32

Unsecured loans 2593.29 10.69 2158.72 10.06


Share Capital 777.39 3.20 777.39 3.63


Reserve & Surplus 5814.15 23.96 6310.27 29.40


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Particulars2004



Assets

Current Assets :-


Sundry Debtors 717.25 3.34 821.69 4.73

Inventories 6473.92 30.17 3292.42 19.74

Advances 1730.07 8.06 1555.54 8.95

Other current assets 319.08 1.49 290.95 1.67Total Current Assets 9829.35 45.80 6606.32 38.00

Fixed Assets 11594.28 53.03 10770.25 61.97

Investments 36.27 0.17 5 0.03

Miscellaneous expenses --- --- --- ---

Total Assets 21459.9 100.00 17381.57 100.00


Liabilities


Other liabilities 506.69 2.36 551.68 3.17Total Current Liabilities 1614.69 7.52 1311.07 7.54

Secured loans 10584.14 49.32 7032.96 40.46

Unsecured loans 2158.72 10.06 1102.77 6.34


Share Capital 777.39 3.63 777.39 4.49


Reserve & Surplus 6310.27 29.40 7142.69 41.09


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Analysis of Common Size Balance Sheets(1998-1999 to 2004-2005)

Percentage ( % )

Particulars 1998to1999

1999to2000

2000to2001

2001to2002

2002to2003

2003to2004

2004to2005

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 3.30 1.26 3.20 1.85 2.30 2.74 3.71

Sundry Debtors 5.13 5.90 4.40 2.98 3.93 3.34 4.73

Inventories 28.15 29.30 30.92 30.87 36.45 30.17 19.74

Advances 13.00 9.04 10.25 6.85 4.91 8.06 8.95

Other Current Assets --- --- --- --- 1.04 1.49 1.67

Total Current Assets 49.59 45.50 48.77 42.55 48.66 45.80 38.00

Fixed Assets 49.57 53.91 50.84 57.29 51.20 53.03 61.97

Investments 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.03Misc. expenditure 0.61 0.38 0.19 0.03 0.001 --- ---

Total Assets 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Liabilities & CapitalLiabilities

Current Liabilities 6.97 9.10 8.27 9.00 9.16 5.16 4.37

Other liabilities 2.99 2.79 2.46 1.45 1.76 2.36 3.17

Total Current Liabilities 9.96 11.89 10.73 10.45 10.92 7.52 7.54

Secured loans 43.60 46.29 49.99 53.01 51.17 49.32 40.46

Unsecured loans 10.36 8.62 7.89 10.17 10.69 10.06 6.34

Total Liabilities 63.91 66.80 68.63 73.63 72.78 66.90 54.34

Share Capital 5.32 4.78 4.16 3.40 3.20 3.63 4.49

Share Capital Suspense 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08

Reserve & Surplus 30.40 28.09 26.92 22.91 23.96 29.40 41.09

Total Liabilities & Capital 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Interpretation :-

In this section a attempt has been made to analyze the common size

balance sheets of Kakatiya Cement Sugar and Industries Ltd., for a period of

seven years i.e., 1998-99 to 2004-2005. The objective of this analysis is to

compare the performance of the company of two or more periods and to study

the relationship between them.

In common size analysis, the items in the balance sheet are stated

as percentages of total assets. Such percentage statements are called common

size statements. The common size balance sheets are shown in the above

tables.

Comparison reveals that there is an increasing and decreasing trend

in current assets within 1998-99 and 2002-2003. From 2002-03 to 2004-05 the

current assets are declined further. Similar trend can be observed in the

proportion of fixed assets up to 2002-2003. From 2002-03 to 2004-05 the fixed

assets are increased further and consistency was maintained in investments till

2000-01 and from 2001-02 to 2004-05 the investments has declined drastically.

Current liabilities have increased till 1999-2000 and after that it

declined in 2000-01 and again increased in 2001-02 and 2002.03. From 2003-04

to 2004-05 it has further declined. Secured loans decreased in the year 1999-

2000 and were raised in next two years and declined in the year 2002-03 to

2004-05.

The same trend can be observed in the case of unsecured loans.

Share capital has decreased viably as a percentage of the total assets till 2002-

03 and has increased viably as a percentage of the total assets from 2003-04 to

2004-2005. An decreasing trend is maintained in the case of reserves and

surplus till 2001-02 and from 2002-03 an increasing trend is maintained

till 2004-05.

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3. TREND RATIOS : -

Trend analysis is also an important and useful technique of financial

analysis. Under this technique, the ratios of different items for various periods are

calculated and then a comparison is made. These ratios can be calculated for the

company over a definite period of time and then we can analyze the trends

highlighted by such ratios over the specified period of time. Generally, a period of

seven years is considered satisfactory. The trend analysis shows the direction of

progress upward or downward. Being a horizontal analysis of financial

statements it is often called a Pyramid method of ratio analysis.

In this method, the base year is taken as 100 and then the figures of

the subsequent years are shown in terms of percentages. This method is like

fixed base index numbers. It can show the trend in operating results but financial

positions of a concern cannot be discussed.

ADVANTAGESOF TREND ANALYSIS: -

It is simple technique. It does not involve tedious calculations and does

not require trained experts

It is a brief method to indicate the future trends

It reduces the changes of errors as it provides the opportunity to compare

the percentages with absolute figures.

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Trend percentages ( % ) : 1998-1999 to 2004-2005

( Base year 98 99 : 100 )

Particulars

1998to

1999

1999to

2000

2000to

2001

2001to

2002

2002to

2003

2003to

2004

2004to

2005

Assets

Current Assets :-

Cash & Bank balances 100 42.37 124.13 91.87 121.43 128.49 140.85

Sundry Debtors 100 127.61 109.64 95.11 133.57 100.42 115.05

Inventories 100 115.73 140.44 197.80 225.93 165.28 84.06

Advances 100 77.34 100.81 86.28 65.88 95.61 85.96

Total Current Assets 100 102.01 125.80 140.64 171.15 142.47 95.75

Fixed Assets 100 120.96 131.15 189.42 180.14 168.12 156.17

Investments 100 100 107.07 96.90 112.50 112.5 15.50Misc. expenditure 100 69.82 39.62 9.42 3.15 --- ---

Total Assets 100 111.21 128.00 163.92 174.43 154.25 124.93

Liabilities & CapitalLiabilities

Current Liabilities 100 159.26 151.71 215.57 229.20 114.19 78.27

Other liabilities 100 104.13 105.53 79.41 102.74 122.00 132.84

Total Current Liabilities 100 102.01 125.78 140.64 171.15 116.53 94.62

Secured loans 100 118.10 146.66 199.32 204.75 174.52 115.96

Unsecured loans 100 83.01 97.36 158.00 179.79 149.66 76.45

Total Liabilities 100 116.25 137.30 188.80 198.60 161.45 106.23

Share Capital 100 100 100 105.05 105.05 105.05 105.05

Share Capital Suspense 100 100 100 45.56 45.56 28.91 28.91

Reserve & Surplus 100 102.70 113.27 123.53 137.48 149.21 168.89

Total Liabilities & Capital 100 111.20 128.00 163.92 174.43 154.25 124.93

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4. RATIO ANALYSIS : -

Accounting ratios are relationships, expressed in arithmetical terms,

between figures which have a cause and effect relationship or which are

connected with each other in some other manner.

Accounting ratios are a very useful tool for grasping the true

message of the financial statements and understanding them. Ratio analysis is

defined as the systematic use of ratios to interpret the financial statements so

that the strengths and weaknesses of an organization as well as its historical

performance and current financial condition can be found out and analyzed.

Interpretation of ratios form a core part of ratio analysis. Theusefulness of ratios dependent on the judicious interpretations.

USESOFRATIOANALYSIS:

Ratios are an important tool in financial analysis. Ratios are a

comparative study of the relation between items of a financial statements, which

will reveal the profitability, solvency, as well as the overall financial position of a

business enterprise.

The uses of Ratio Analysis may be summarized as follows

Ratio analysis helps to analyze and understand the financial health and

trend of a business

Past performance and future projections could be easily reviewed with

ratio analysis

Inter-firm and Intra-firm comparison becomes possible with ratio

analysis

It is useful to the management in exercising control in various area like

budgetary control, inventory control, financial control

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It helps in fixing accountability and responsibility of the different heads of

the departments so as the ensure an effective and planned performance

It is beneficial to all the constitutes of the company as follows:

A) Management: The management is interested in ratios since it

helps in the formulation of polices, decision making and

evaluating performances and trends of the business

B) Shareholders: Shareholder can use ratio analysis to understand

and review the operational efficiency of their company

C) Investors: Investors can take decisions regarding the type of

security and the industry in which they should invest

D) Government: Government are interested in the financial health of

the business. Ratio analysis will reflect the policy adopted by the

management of the company.

E) Creditors: Creditors need to assure themselves about the

solvency and liquidity poison of the business.

F) Analysts: Ratio analysis is most important technique used by

financial. This will help them to compare and study the progress

and position of various firms with each other as also with the

industry standard.

PRECAUTIONSINRATIOANALYSIS:

Ratios are valuable working tools for analysis and may prove very

helpful in making decisions. The following aspects should be kept in view while

drawing conclusion from the ratio analysis:

The reliability of the ratios will depend upon the reliability of the financial

statements themselves. Hence, analysts should insist on the submission

of audited and certified copies of financial statements

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The financial performance is affected by general economic conditions,

local factors and the competence of the management. While interpreting

ratios, these factors should be kept in mind.

One single ratio for a yea may not provide a complete picture, but when a

group of ratios of one year are compared to another group of ratios of

other years, certain trends would be visible. Their utility is further

increased when comparison are made with the rival firms, which are

doing, well in the same business.

CLASSIFICATIONOFRATIOS:-

The ratios may be classified as under:

According to the statements from which they are calculated such

as balance sheet ratios, operating ratios and combined ratios

According to the functional classification they are profitability ratios,

turnover ratios, solvency ratios and market test ratios

According to their importance they are primary ratios and

secondary ratios.

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RATIOANALYSISAND INTERPRETATION:-

(A) Overall Profitability Ratio :-

It is the efficiency of a business, which can be measured in terms of

profit related to investment made in the business.

Overall profit ratio = Operating profit x 100

Capital employed

YearOperating profit

(Rs in lakhs )

Capital Employed

( Rs In lakhs)Ratios (%)

1998 1999 79.01 5019.92 5.56

1999 2000 316.00 5134.30 6.15

2000 2001 609.89 5581.04 10.93

2001 2002 637.55 6016.33 10.60

2002 2003 831.05 6606.23 12.58

2003 2004 729.36 7102.35 10.27

2004 2005 1108.00 7934.77 13.96

Inference:-

In 1998-99 the overall profitability ratio is in least. It is due to more

borrowings to the business. It was also in the year 1999 2000. in the year

2000 01, the sales were 10025.10 lakhs the overall profitability ratio was 10.93

and at an increasing trend. During the year 2001 02, the sales were 11.71.92

lakhs but the overall profitability ratio declined a bit to 10.60. During the year

2002-03 it has increased to 12.58, it is due to low taxes paid during the year to

the Government. In 2003 04, overall profitability decreased compared to last

year and in the year 2004 05 it increased to 13.96.

(B) Return on Shareholders Fund :-

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This ratio reveals how well the resources are being used and its

profitability from the shareholders point of view. The higher the ratio the better.

Return on shareholders = Net profit after tax x 100

Shareholders funds

YearNet profit after tax

(Rs in lakhs )

Shareholder funds


1998 1999 265.73 5019.92 5.29

1999 2000 294.94 5134.30 5.74

2000 2001 609.82 5581.04 10.93

2001 2002 503.97 6016.33 8.38

2002 2003 679.90 6606.23 10.29

2003 2004 671.92 7102.35 9.46

2004 2005 1009.71 7934.77 12.72

Inference:-

During the year 2004-05, return on shareholders fund ratio is high

12.72% while comparing to other periods. It indicates that the firm utilized its

resources in very appreciable manner.

During the year 1998-99, the ratio is least 5.29 % due to firm meetmore charges and heavy taxes. In 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2001-02 and 2003-04

years this ratio is less, the resources were not managed very well. In 2000-01,

2002-03 and 2004-05 this ratio is higher and appreciable manner. The resources

were managed very well.

(C) Return on Total Assets :-

This ratio is used to know the productivity of the total assets

employed in business. The higher the ratio, the better.

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Return on total assets = Net profit after tax x 100

Total Assets

Year

Net profit after tax

(Rs in lakhs )

Total Assets

( Rs In lakhs) Ratios (%)

1998 1999 265.73 12527.07 2.12

1999 2000 294.94 13631.31 2.16

2000 2001 609.82 15879.81 3.84

2001 2002 503.97 20423.89 2.47

2002 2003 679.90 21616.85 3.15

2003 2004 671.92 19845.21 3.38

2004 2005 1009.71 16070.50 6.28

Inference:-

During the years 1998 99 and 1999 2000, there was no much

difference between the productivity of the total assets. It was increased to 3.84 %

in the year 2000 01, this ratio was maintained in the year 2002 03 and

2004 05. In the year 2004 05, the ratio was increased to 6.28%.

(D) Gross Profit Ratio :-

This ratio is to know the relationship between the manufacturing cost

and sales. The higher the gross profit ratio, the better.

Gross Profit Ratio = Gross profit x 100

Net sales

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YearGross Profit

(Rs in lakhs )

Net sales


1998 1999 279.01 6329.94 4.41

1999 2000 369.18 9040.14 3.502000 2001 609.82 10025.10 6.08

2001 2002 637.55 11071.92 5.76

2002 2003 831.05 13592.80 6.11

2003 2004 729.36 14563.31 5.00

2004 2005 1108.00 14752.27 7.51

Inference:-

During the year 2000 01, 2002 03 and 2004 05, the ratio has

increased from low and the ratio is in increasing and decreasing trend. It

measures the efficiency of production and pricing.

During the year 1998-99, 1999 2000, 2001 02 and 2003 04 the

ratio has decreased and are low and not on a consistent basis.

(E) Net Profit Ratio :-

It establishes a relationship between net profits after taxes and sales,

it is to know the net profit margin on each sale. The higher the ratio, the better.

Net Profit Ratio = Net profit x 100

Net sales

YearNet profit after tax

(Rs in lakhs )

Net sales


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1998 1999 265.73 6329.94 4.20

1999 2000 294.94 9040.14 3.26

2000 2001 609.82 10025.10 6.08

2001 2002 503.97 11071.92 4.55

2002 2003 679.90 13592.80 5.00

2003 2004 671.92 14563.31 4.612004 2005 1009.71 14752.27 6.84

Inference:-

During the year 2000 01 and 2004 05, the ratio was high and the

firm shall be able to achieve a satisfactory return on its investments.

During other periods it was comparatively low, the ratio would not be

useful as the profit was not sufficient to achieve a satisfactory return on its

investment.

(F) Capital Turnover Ratio :-

The ratio is useful to show the efficiency of capital employed in the

business. The higher the ratio, the better will be the profits

Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Sales

( No. of times) Capital employed

YearNet sales

( Rs In lakhs)

Capital Employed

( Rs In lakhs)Ratios

(No. of times)

1998 1999 6329.94 5019.92 1.26

1999 2000 9040.14 5134.30 1.76

2000 2001 10025.10 5581.04 1.80

2001 2002 11071.92 6016.33 1.83

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2002 2003 13592.80 6606.23 2.05

2003 2004 14563.31 7102.35 2.05

2004 2005 14752.27 7934.77 1.86

Inference:-

It can be observed that the capital turnover ratio has been increasing

from year to year till 2003 04. In the year 2004-05 it has declined to 1.86 times

During the year 2002 03 and 2003 04 the ratio was highest i.e., 2.05 times. It

can be said that at this stage the capital of the firm was efficiently employed.

(G) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio:-

This ratio indicates to what extend fixed assets contributes to sales.

The higher the ratio, the better is the performance of the company.

Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Sales

( No. of times) Fixed Assets

YearNet sales

( Rs In lakhs)

Fixed Assets

( Rs in laksh)Ratios

(No. of times)

1998 1999 6329.94 6896.55 0.91

1999 2000 9040.14 8342.00 1.08

2000 2001 10025.10 9044.64 1.11

2001 2002 11071.92 13063.29 0.84

2002 2003 13592.80 12423.33 1.10

2003 2004 14563.31 11594.28 1.26

2004 2005 14752.27 10770.25 1.37

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Inference:-

During the year 1998 99, the net sales is 0.91 times more than

fixed assets and in the next two years it is increased from 1.08 times to 1.11

times. Then in the next year it has decreased to 0.84 times and again it has

increased from 1.10 to 1.37 times.

(H) Working Capital Turnover Ratio:-

This ratio shows the number of times the working capital is turned

over during the period. A high working capital turnover ratio reveals that the

working capital funds, are properly employed to generate more sales ( for the

business).

Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Sales

( No. of times) Net Working Capital

YearNet sales

( Rs In lakhs)

Net Working Capital

( Rs in lakhs)Ratios

(No. of times)

1998 1999 6329.94 5515.35 1.15

1999 2000 9040.14 5197.76 1.742000 2001 10025.10 6766.99 1.48

2001 2002 11071.92 7321.33 1.51

2002 2003 13592.80 9156.98 1.48

2003 2004 14563.31 8214.66 1.77

2004 2005 14752.27 5295.25 2.78

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Inference:-

During the year 1998 99 the ratio is 1.15 times and next year

1999 2000, it has increased to 1.74 times. During the years 2000 01 it has

decreased, it shows handling of working capital is poor. It shows an increasing

and decreasing trend till 2003-04. in the year 2004 05 the ratio was increased

to 2.78 times when compared to previous year.

(I) Current Ratio:-

This ratio is the measure of general liquidity and is most widely used

to make the analysis of a shorterm financial position or liquidity of a firm.

The higher ratio indicates that the firm is liquid and has the ability to

pay its current obligations in time.

Current Ratio = Current Assets

( No. of times) Current Liabilities

YearCurrent Assets

( Rs In lakhs)

Current Liabilities

( Rs in lakhs)Ratios

(No. of times)

1998 1999 6898.94 1385.61 4.98

1999 2000 7038.22 1840.46 3.82

2000 2001 8677.29 1910.30 4.44

2001 2002 9702.58 2381.25 4.07

2002 2003 11807.50 2650.52 4.452003 2004 9829.35 1614.69 6.08

2004 2005 6606.32 1311.07 5.04

Inference:-

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During the year 1998 99 he ratio is 2.13 times and from next year it

is showing decreasing trend till 2003 2004. In the year 2004 05 it has

increased to 2.53 times.

In overall we can observe that during the above periods, the liquid

ratio is to the ideal level.

(K) Proprietary Ratio:-

This ratio establishes the relationship between shareholders funds

and total assets of the firm. This ratio is important to determine the long term

solvency of a firm. The higher ratio indicates that the better long term solvency

position of the company

Proprietary Ratio = Shareholders funds x 100

Total Assets

YearShareholders funds

( Rs In lakhs)

Total Assets


1998 1999 5019.92 12527.07 40.07

1999 2000 5134.30 13631.31 37.66

2000 2001 5581.04 15879.81 35.15

2001 2002 6016.33 20423.89 29.46

2002 2003 6606.23 21616.85 30.56

2003 2004 7102.35 19845.21 35.78

2004 2005 7934.77 16070.50 49.94

Inference:-During the year 1998 99 this ratio is 40.07 % and next year it is

decreased to 36.46 % and very next year to 35.15 %. From 2001 02 the ratio is

in increasing trend. Generally found that the proprietary ratio of the firm is in

better position and satisfactory.

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INTERPRETATION :-

In this section an attempt has been made to analyze the trend ratios

of Kakatiya Cement Sugar & Industries Limited, for the period of seven years i.e.,

from 1998 99 to 2004 05. The objective of this analysis is to compare the rate

of change over the period to the base year. In trend ratio analysis the items in the

balance sheet are expressed as an index relative to the base year. All items in

the base year assume a value of 100. the indexed balance sheet for the

company is shown in the above table.

Current assets have shown a larger constantly. Fixed assets have

increased except in the year 2003. Current liabilities have also shown an

increasing trend. Secured loans were on a constant increase from 1998 99 to

2004 05. The same increasing trend was in the case of unsecured loans. There

was further issue of shares.

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4. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS : -

When it is desired to explain to management the sources of cash and

its uses during a particular period of time, a statement known as cash flow

statement is prepared. A statement of cash flows reports the inflows ( receipts)

and outflows ( payments ) of cash and its equivalents of an organization during aparticular period. It provides important information that compliments profit and

loss account and balance sheet. A statement of cash flow reports cash receipts

and payments classified according to the entities major activities operating,

investing and financing during the period.

The main object of cash flow analysis is to show the causes of

changes in cash balances during the period under consideration. Cash flow

analysis also provides the information to the management regarding movementof cash and the availability of cash. This analysis is not only concerned with the

good or bad management of cash but also the liquidity position of the concern. It

also helps the management in short-term financial decision relating to liquidity.

UTILITYOFCASHFLOWANALYSIS:

A cash flow statement Is very important for financial management. It

is an essential tool of short-term financial analysis, as a business enterprise

needs sufficient cash to meet its various obligations in the near future such as

payment for purchase of fixed assets, expenses of business etc., A historical

analysis of the different sources and application cash will enable the

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and therefore, net cash flow does not necessarily mean net income of the

business.

The cash balance as disclosed by the cash flow statement may not

represent the real liquid position of the business it can be easily influenced

by postponing purchase and other payments.

Cash flow statement cannot replace the income statement or the funds

flow statement. Each of them has a separate function to perform

PREPARATIONOFCASHFLOWSTATEMENTS:

Cash flow statement is prepared with the help of balance sheet, income

statement, surplus appropriation statement and other given information. The

measurement of cash flow is primarily based on income statement as the items in anyincome statement are shown on actual basis, whereas in cash flow statement they are

shown on cash basis. Cash flow measurement depends primarily on determining cash

receipts and disbursements over a given period.

The measurement of cash flow constitutes two aspects, determining the

inflow of cash and outflow of cash. The items constituting inflow of cash are the sources

of cash while outflow of cash is the application of cash.

SOURCESOFCASHORCASH INFLOWS:

The transactions, which increase the cash position of the firm, are called as

sources of cash or cash inflows. The main sources of cash inflows are as follows:

Increase in share capital :- Share capital raised whether in the form of preference

of equity capital would constitute inflows of cash. The inflow would be to the

extent of actually received on issue of shares. However, issue of shares by

capitalization of reserves or issue of shares for consideration other than cash or

issue of shares in conversion of debentures or long-term loans would not be acash inflow.

Issue of debentures, loans, etc. :- The net amount received on the issue of

debentures and raising of loan will constitute inflow of cash. However, if the

debentures are issued or loans raised for consideration other than cash, it will not

constitute inflow of cash.

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Reduction in or sale of assets: Sale proceeds of fixed assets and longterm

investments to the extent payment being received in cash would be inflow of

cash. Similarly, decrease in debtors and bill receivable will be inflow of cash.

Other receipts:- There may also be some other sources of cash inflows. For

example, sale proceeds of by-products of waste material, cash receipts of

dividends and interest, income-tax refund, compensation received etc.

APPLICATIONOFCASHORCASHOUTFLOW:

1. Operating loss:- If a business is operating at a loss then to that extent it is

treated as application of cash or cash outflow.

2. Reduction of redeemable shares or debentures:- Amount actually paid on the

redeemable of preference shares or debentures constitutes outflow of cash.

While paying back the preference capital, arrears of dividend may also be

paid. However, if equity shares are allotted in repayment of preference capital

or debentures, there will be no cash outflow

3. Decrease in or repayment of loans:- Decrease in the long-term or short-term

loans, creditors and bills payable also constitute outflow of cash.

4. Increase in or purchase of non-current assets:- The acquisition of fixed assets

and investments also involves the use of cash. For example, if furniture is

purchased for cash, it will constitute an outflow of cash. However, if the

acquisition is made on credit or by the issue of shares or debentures, it will not

involve outflow of cash.

5. Other payments: - Payments of dividend, income tax, interest, compensation,

etc., also constitutes outflow of cash.

FORMOFCASHFLOWSTATEMENT:-

There is no set format for cash flow statement. Like fund flow

statements, it can also be prepared in two forms, either in report form or in an

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account form. Under both these forms any of the following types may be

adopted:-

Remainder type :- under this type, the cash flow statement is divided into

two parts sources of cash and application of cash. The difference of the

totals of both the sides would show increase in cash or decrease in cash

during the period under study.

Self balancing type:- Under this method, cash flow statement is prepared

in the same way as in remainder type but in this method the short side of

the statement is balanced by showing change in the balance of cash.

Reconciling type :- Under this method opening and closing balances of

cash are tallied. In it, the statement starts with the opening balance of

cash. In this balance, all the inflows of cash are added and all outflows of

cash are deducted, the resulting figure will be closing balance of cash,

which must tally, with the cash balance shown in the current years balance

sheet. This method is most popular and widely used in practice.

CASHFLOWREPORTING:-

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) had issued a

directive to all recognized stock exchanges asking them to include a requirement

of providing for cash inflows information as a part of listing agreements. SEBI has

also suggested that cash flow statements should be prepared in accordance with

the requirement of As- 3 ( Indian Accounting Standard 3). According, all listed

companies whose annual accounts were approved after 31st March, 1996 were

required to include a cash flow statement in their annual reports. The Institute of

Charted Accountants of India has also revised AS 3 and suggested to disclose

cash flow information.

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Cash Flow Statements as on 31st Marchfrom 1999 to 2005

( Rs. in lakhs)

Particulars / Years 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

A. Cash Flow FromOperating Activities

Net profit before tax 280.10 274.96 609.89 637.55 831.05 733.20 1174.92

Adjustment for :

Depreciation 408.75 431.16 538.62 568.73 802.07 788.15 784.24

Misc. Expenses w.off 25.65 25.65 25.65 25.65 7.72 0.27 ---

Loss on sale of asset --- --- --- ---- 352.84 12.84 17.71

Interest 657.97 879.27 1059.46 1023.80 1744.62 1521.36 1208.16 Interest received (125.05) (68.11) (5.65) (5.44) (52.07) (51.65) (60.26)

Dividend Income --- --- --- --- (0.85) (1.40) (0.65)

Unsecured loans 38.14 (107.75) 207.00 --- --- --- ---

Profit on sale of asset --- --- --- --- --- (0.05) (26.14) Transfer to Freehold land --- --- --- --- --- --- 18.00

Operating profitbefore changes inW.C

1303.56 1435.18 2434.97 2250.29 3685.38 3002.72 3115.98

Changes in W.C

(Increase) / Decreasein Inventories

(1733.48) (616.18) (967.97) (1539.84) (2063.96) 2439.18 3209.63

(Increase) / Decreasein Sundry Debtors

22.96 (197.22) 128.35 103.81 (274.73) 236.76 (104.44)

(Increase) / Decreasein Loans & Advances

421.48 409.92 (424.62) 262.86 369.27 (538.01) 174.54

(Increase) / Decreasein Current Liability

224.79 458.84 (67.50) 495.34 209.12 (1035.83) (305.11)

Cash generated fromOperations

239.31 1486.54 1103.23 1572.46 1925.08 3977.40 6090.59

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Interest Paid (675.97) (879.27) (1059.46) (1023.80) (1744.62) (1521.36) (1208.16)

Direct taxes paid (113.28) (21.24) --- (46.79) (65.75) (57.44) (98.29)

Dividend paid (203.50) (180.560) (163.10) --- --- --- ---

Cash flow beforeextraordinary items

(653.44) 405.47 (119.33) 501.87 114.71 2398.60 4784.14

Extraordinary items(prior yearincome/(expenditure)

(1.09) 41.22 (0.07) --- --- (3.84) (66.92)

Net Cash fromOperating activities

(654.33) 446.49 (119.40) 501.87 114.71 2394.76 4717.22

B. Cash flow fromInvesting ActivitiesInflow / (Outflow)

Purchase of Fixed Assets (892.87) (1720.15) (1058.24) (753.20) (5213.00) (94.06) (27.54)

Sale of fixed assets --- --- --- 1.49 175.52 127.79 39.63

(Increase) / Decreasein Capital W.I.P

74.60 (156.46) (186.18) (3835.64) 4522.54 (6.02) (7.97)

(Purchase) / saleof investments

--- --- 3.16 3.25 (5.00) --- 57.37

Interest & discountingcharges received

125.05 68.11 5.65 5.44 52.07 51.65 60.26

Dividend Income --- --- --- --- 0.85 1.40 0.65

Net Cash flow fromInvesting activities

(693.22) (1808.50) (1237.89) (4578.66) (467.02) 80.76 122.40

C. Cash flow fromfinancing activitiesInflow / (Outflow)

Dividend paid --- --- --- (163.10) (155.48) (175.40) (175.80)

Increase / (Decrease)In unsecured loans

--- --- --- 898.15 314.29 (434.57) (1055.95)

Increase / (Decrease)of long term liabilities

(554.68) 604.28 1361.86 1973.09 (176.88) (1131.41 (1414.33)

Increase / (Decrease) cash credit utilization

2036.80 493.33 370.24 1220.78 505.88 (701.78) (2136.85)

Net Cash Flow FromFinancing Activities

1482.12 1097.61 1732.12 3928.92 487.81 (2443.16) (4782.93)

D. Net Increase /(decrease) in cash &cash equivalent.

134.37 (264.20) 374.83 (147.87) 135.50 32.36 56.69

Cash & cashequivalents as at thecommencement of the

324.05 458.42 194.22 569.04 421.17 556.67 589.03

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year

Cash & cashequivalents as at theclosing of the year

458.42 194.22 569.05 421.17 556.57 589.03 645.72

INTERPRETATION :-

In this section an attempt has been made to analyze in detail the

cash flow statements of Kakatiya Cement Sugar and Industries Limited for the

period of seven years from 1998 99 to 2004 05. These cash flow statements

has been taken from the published accounts of the company. The sources and

application of funds have been computed on year to year basis. The objective

of this analysis is to find out the different sources from where the company has

raised the funds during the period and how were these funds utilized in order to

achieve its objectives.

After going through the cash flow statements we can conclude that

cash at end of the financial year 2000 01 was maximum compared to other

years, as there was proper carry out of financing activities even there is no issue

of shares. In the year 1999 2000 through the cash at the end of the year

declined, it can be said that the company has invested in the purchase of fixed

assets. It has also paid adequate dividends to shareholders. Consequently,

Kakatiya Cement Sugar & Industries Ltd., is in a better position, which can be

seen from the cash position at the end of the financial year 2002 03. The

company is constantly investing in purchase of fixed assets and prompt

repayment of loans. There was no issue of shares throughout the period. It is

clear from the cash flows of the year 2004 05 that the company has

substantially invested in the purchase of fixed assets.

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FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS

In the previous chapter, we analyzed the financial statements of Kakatiya

Cement Sugar & Industries Ltd., for the period of seven year i.e.,

1998 99 to 2004 05. the present chapter is a summary on the performance of the

company based on its financial analysis an attempt has been made to recommend

improvements in its performance to achieve the objective of the company.

SUMMARYOFFINDINGS:

1. COMPARATIVESTATEMENTS:-

Comparative balance sheet revels that there was no change in share capital as

there was no fresh issue of shares. It can be seen that the company is heading in

the path of progress and prosperity during the recent years, as this can bejustified by the financial figures of the company. The company has generated the

funds by raising unsecured long-term loans. Company has consistently invested

in the purchase of fixed assets. The current assets are always more than the

current liabilities, which shows that the liquidity position of the company is sound.

2. COMMONSIZESTATEMENTS:-

Comparison of the common size balance sheet reveal that the proportion of the

share capital as part of total assets has decreased as part of total assets. An

increasing and decreasing trend was maintained in the case of reserves andsurplus. Similar trend could be viewed in case of fixed assets and consistency

was maintained in case of investments.

Current liabilities have increased till 1999 2000 and after that declined in

2000 01 and again increased in 2001 02 and 2002 03 and once again

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purchase of fixed assets and prompt repayment of loans. There was no

issue of shares throughout the period. It is clear from the cash flows of the year

2004 05 that the company has substantially invested in the purchase of fixed

assets.

SUGGESTIONS: -

The profitability of the company is increasing every year continuously

from the year 1998 99 with the turnover increasing. The profitability as

compared to the turnover is going on balance with the administrative and other

costs. The current ratio of the company as discussed is always much high than

the standard norms, which is also not favourable for the company, this means

that the big amount of money is not being utilized effectively as most of the cash

is tied up in debtors and inventories. The company should improve upon its credit

policies and holding of inventories, as the company can save the cost of working

capital by reducing the same.

The company should also review the opportunities and threats to its

business in the long term perspective. The company is diversifying in various

aspects. While the only threat to the company in this field is from unorganized

sector producing cheaper and as the liability of excise duty is not there resulting

in low cost of production. This can be overcome by the company by maintaining

its quality standards, as the consumer now - a - days are ready to pay for the

quality products.

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BIBILOGRAPHY

1. S.N. Maheswari : Management Accounting and Financial

Control

2. D.C. Sharma & K.G. Gupta : Management Accounting

3. M.Y. Khan & P.K. Jain : Financial Management

4. Prasanna Chandra : Financial Management

5. Published accounts ofKakatiya Cement Sugar & Industries Ltd.,

( 1998 99 to 2004 2005 )

Fianace Project

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