Fertile Crescent Rich fertile soil (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) Mesopotamia.

Fertile Crescent

• Rich fertile soil (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

• Mesopotamia

Paleolithic EraNeolithic Revolution

• Paleolithic – hunters followed their food- nomads

• Neolithic – settle down, farming and domesticating animals = first civilization

Bantu Migrations• Movement of people from West Africa as a

result of the Sahara Desert

• Spread Language

ie: cultural diffusion

Mandate of Heaven• Order from god which selects

leadership in China = Dynastic Cycle

• Dynasties:Zhou-feudalismQin-central gov’t and Great WallHan-Golden Age: Confucianism, paper, arts and wheelbarrow

Belief Systems• Established, orderly ways to look at faith, life and

death– Animism/ Shinto– Hinduism– Judaism– Christianity– Islam– Buddhism– Confucianism– Taoism

Feudalism• Military service exchanged for land and

protection (Japan, China, Europe)

• “decentralized gov’t”- no single all powerful ruler

Manoralism

• Middle Ages in Europe

• Serfs worked on self-sufficient manors

Forms of Government• Autocracy: Single ruler with absolute power

• Theocracy: Gov’t run by religious leaders/rules

• Oligarchy: Rule by a small group

• Monarchy: King/Queens

• Democracy: People vote for leaders

• Totalitarian: one party/person controls every aspect of life (Communism, fascism)

**Feudalism is also a form of government**

Hellenistic Age• Age of Alex the Great- he blended PIGE

(Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian) cultures through his conquest. = cultural diffusion

Pax Romana (Golden Age)

• 200 years of peace in Rome

• Advancement in many areas

• Pax= Peace

Pax Mongolia

• Peace in Asia created by Mongol Rule approx. 1280-1350

• Prompted exchange of goods between East and West (China, Russia, Middle East) (C.D.)

Silk Road• Trade route that linked China with the west

= cultural diffusion and spread of diseases

• Merchants travelled short distances and sold to next merchant= increase prices

Chinese Accomplishments

• Paper

• Wheelbarrow

• Ship rudder

• Acupuncture

• gunpowder

Maurya and Gupta Dynasties

• Indian Empires- Hinduism

• Created Arabic numerals, decimals and Zero

• 200 Years reign

• Fell due to weak leadership and invasions

Schism

• A split within religion

• Examples: -Protestant Reformation (95 theses)-Sunni and Shiite Islam (Iraq, Syria)-Eastern Orthodox

(C.D.- Byzantine to Russia)

Golden Age of Islam

• Many advancements by Muslim civilization– Art and architecture decorated cities– Recorded Qur’an – Developed algebra (solve for “x”) – Doctors had to pass exams after studying

disease and medical books

Crusades 1000s-1200s

• A series of religious wars attempting to obtain the holy land (Islam versus Catholicism)

• Resulted in an increase of trade (C.D.) and Feudal powers

Bushido and Chivalry

• Code of conduct for a samurai

• Code of conduct for a Knight

STOP

Constantinople

• The Rome of the eastern world

• Heart of the Byzantine Empire

• Trade city on Mediterranean Sea

Traditional Economy• Trade and bartering for goods

• Distribution of goods based on customs, beliefs and habits

*subsistence agriculture- growing just enough for your family*

95 Theses

• List of grievances (complaints) written by Martin Luther against the sale of indulgences created the Protestant Reformation.

• The Printing Press allowed copies of the 95 Theses to spread quickly

Protestant Reformation

• A schism in the Catholic Church that created the Protestant religion.

• Martin Luther 95 Theses

• Catholic Church loses power

Age of Absolutism• Autocratic rules have complete authority,

even in colonies- Divine Right– India- Akbar the Great– France- King Louis XIV (sun king)– Spain- Philip II– Russia- Ivan the Terrible AND Peter the Great

(Westernized Russia)

Glorious Revolution • Non-violent overthrow of James II by

William and Mary of Orange.

• They signed the English Bill of Rights which further limited kings’ powers and created a limited monarchy.

Magna Carta

• gave rights to the people and took power away from the monarchy 1689

• A charter signed by England’s King John in 1215Placed limits on the King’s power

The English Bill of Rights

Renaissance

• Time period when people began to question the Church, a time of Rebirth of science, arts and literature (start in Italy)

• Focus on secular (worldly/ non-religious)

• Humanism= emphasis on the individual

Scientific Revolution

• 1500’s and 1600’s new way of thinking

that challenged traditional ideas of the Catholic Church.

• Based on Reason and Inquiry

Enlightenment• People started to question the relationship

between themselves and their government.

• Period in the 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a human reason.

Social Contract

• There is a unwritten contract between Gov’t and the people.

• If the gov’t isn't taking care of people’s needs they can get rid of it

Geography Terms

• Savannah or Steppe: Grassy plain

• Peninsula: land surrounded by water on 3 sides

• Archipelago: chain of islands

• Climate: weather patterns over time (tropical, dry)

• Region: areas of land with unifying features (Mideast-political, rainforests)

Capitalism

• Economic system based on trade and capital, money is used for investment.

• Free Market

• Supply and Demand

Middle Passage

• The voyage from Africa to the Americas (slave trade)

Encomienda

• Racial class structure that made American natives slaves

Columbian Exchange• Global exchange of people, plants, animals,

ideas and technology that began in the 1400’s

• Cultural Diffusion

Mercantilism• Economic policy; export more than import

• Raw materials sold cheaply to mother nation; expensive manufactured goodssold to colonies

Law Codes

Napoleonic Code-Equality after French Rev

Justinian’s Code-Byzantine law code

Laws of the Roman Twelve Tables-Basis of today's legal system

Hammurabi's Code-Eye for an eye

Imperialism

• When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation’s social, economic and political life

• Justified by Social Darwinism

• Established colonies

STOP

Coup d’etat• A quick and sudden overthrow of a

government

Examples:-Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini)

-Cuban Revolution (Castro)

-Egyptian Revolution (Mubarak)

Congress of Vienna• Led by Metternich after Napoleon's defeat

• Conservative: returned monarchs to power

• Re-drew the map of Europe to balance power

• Surrounded France with strong countries

• Created a lasting peace until WWI

Nationalism• A feeling of pride for one’s nation or group

• Has led to conflictex: WWI (MAIN)Decolonization

Pan-SlavismPan-Arabism

Pan-Africanism

• Nationalist movement to unite all similar people in each respective group.

Laissez Faire• Government should keep hands off

economic concerns

• Supply and Demand should regulate the economy

• Root of Capitalism

Treaty of Kanagawa• The treaty that forced Japan to

open its ports to trade ending isolation (Meiji Restoration)

• Commodore Perry and his battleships “politely asked” Japan to trade

Meiji Restoration

• Time when Japan Westernized

• Modernized- led to imperialism

• Ended isolation

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution

• 1917- food shortages and WWI deaths pushed Russians to revolt

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (exit WWI)

• Lenin turned Russia into a communist state USSR

• Land, Bread, Peace

Opium War

• The British forced Indians to grow Opium, then sold it to China

• China fought to have opium shipments stopped

Forms of Imperial Control

• Sphere of Influence: claim exclusive trading rights

• Colony: expensive to run- control all aspects of life

• Protectorate: minimal influence- control local leaders

Boer War

• South African War over gold and diamonds

• British vs. Dutch “Boers”

• Britain won and created the racial segregation policy known as apartheid.

Treaty of Nanjing

• The treaty that Britain forced China to sign after the Opium War

• Hong Kong taken as a 200 Year lease

• Opened China to Foreigners

Total War

• The complete and total involvement of a nation in a war effort.

• Civilians at home and soldiers on battlefield all contribute

• WWI & WWII

Propaganda

• The spreading of an idea to promote a cause

5 Year Plan• Stalin’s plans to improve the USSR’s

economy and increase food production.

• Only area of success was in building heavy industry.

• Farming collectives

World War I“The Great War”

Causes:

M- Militarism

A-alliances

I-imperialism

N-nationalism (Balkan Powder Keg)

Spark- assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Treaty of Versailles

• The peace treaty signed after WWI

• Placed blame on Germany- reparations, blame and lost land

• Established new countries

League of Nations

• A peace keeping organization formed after WWI

• Too weak to enforce ban on war

• United States did not join

Zionism

• Desire to create a Jewish state in Palestine

• Led to the Balfour Declaration after WWI

• 1948 Israel is created

Mandate

• Territory being controlled by a foreign power

• Typically gifted to the “winners” of a war

STOP

Fascism

• An authoritarian government that is not communist.

• Mussolini, Hitler, Franco

Appeasement

• Giving in to one’s demands to avoid a conflict

• Example: Hitler and the Sudetenland (Munich Pact)

United Nations

• A peace organization formed after WWII

• Much stronger than League of Nations post WWI

Iron Curtain• Imaginary wall dividing Communist ideology from

Democratic ideology.

West East

• Democracy Communism

• U.S. U.S.S.R.

• NATO Warsaw Pact

• Supported Israel Supported Palestinians

Cold War

• A state of tension between the Superpowers (U.S. and U.S.S.R.)

• Fear of spread of communism and nuclear weapons

• Events: Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Korean War, Afghanistan aid

Containment

• Stop the Spread of Communism beyond the Iron Curtain

• Used money to avoid communist takeovers (make communism less appealing)

Marshall Plan

• Give aid to foreign nations to avoid communism’s spread

• Communism looks less appealing if you have food, shelter and work

Truman Doctrine

• An economic and military program to promote democracy established by President Truman

Détente

• A state of relaxed tensions between the US and the USSR (end of Cold War)

• Both failed and the USSR collapsed

• Replaced with Russian Republic

Perestroika GlasnostGorbachev’s reforms to

prevents the collapse of the Soviet Economy

A policy of openness under Gorbachev in USSR

OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Regulates oil prices and production

• Oil Embargo of 1970s affected world

Long March• When Mao and the communists fled to

northern China avoiding the Guomindang (nationalists) led by Chaing Kai Shek.

• Mao recruited supporters to the communist movement along the way (peasants)

Great Leap Forward• Mao’s plan for China

(like Stalin’s 5 year plans)

• Attempted to create self sufficiency by using farming collectives

• Failed= starvation/ famine

Cultural Revolution

• Mao’s program to eliminate any opposition to his plans.

• Forced people to live “Mao’s Way”

• Red Guard- Corrupted Youths monitored people for signs of anti-communism

Tiananmen Square 1989

• A Pro-Democracy protest where students gathered to demand freedom in the government.

• The Gov’t sent in tanks to disperse the crowd

• Chinese gov’t still totalitarian

PLO

• Palestinian Liberation Organization

• Yassir Arafat original leader

• Goal is the destruction of Israel

Islamic Fundamentalism

• Belief Islam is corrupted by outside ways- need to return to the basics of Islam

• Uses Sharia law (traditional Islamic Law)

Ethnic Cleansing

• The deliberate and intentional attempt to get rid of a race or ethnic group

• Genocide

• Bosnia, Chechnya, Serbia

NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement

• Increases trade between North American nations (Canada, U.S. and Mexico)

• Reduces Tariffs along borders to promote trade

Post-Colonialism • A term used to describe conditions in

nations that were once colonies

Pre PostBefore After

Pre- World War I Europe • A term used to describe conditions in

Europe prior to World War I

STOP

Trade Deficit

• When a nation imports more than it exports

• Buys more than it sells

IMF• International Monetary Fund

• Loans money to countries for development

IRA

• Irish Republican Army

• Fighting for Irish Independence from Britain

Human Rights Declaration

• A document meant to protect basic rights for all

• Created by the United Nations after the Holocaust (post WWII).

Urbanization

• The movement of people from the country to the city

• Industrial Revolution

Green Revolution • Using technology and science to produce more

food (India)

• Seeds were chemically altered to be more resistant to disease and produce more

Deforestation/ Desertification

• The destruction of the forest (Amazon)

• The changing of farm land to desert (Africa)

Dissident

• Some one or a group that speaks out against their government.

• Example: Egyptian Revolution Cyber dissidents

Autonomy

• Desire by a peoples to have their own country.

• Self rule

98. Arab Spring

• Revolutionary movement in Middle East of get rid of their dictator leaders

• Fueled by social media

• Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria

Animism

• Belief that spirits live in the natural world

• Similar to Shintoism and Taoism

Hinduism• Religion

• India

• Polytheistic

• Reincarnation

• Karma

• Dharma

• Caste system (social structure)

• Moksha

• Upanishads, Gita, Vedas

Buddhism• Religion

• No gods

• Reincarnation

• Karma

• Dharma

• No caste system

• 4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path

• Nirvana

• 3 Baskets of Wisdom

12. Islam

• Religion

• Allah

• Muhammad

• 622 AD

• 5 Pillars (Hajj, Ramadan)

• mosque

• Quran (Koran)

13. Taoism and Shintoism

• Balance and harmony

• NATUREMeans “The Way” Japan

14. Confucianism

• Philosophy• China• 5 Relationships (set examples and follow them)• Filial Piety• Order, structure• The Analects (sacred book)