Female reproductive system - University of …hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/courses/entomology/4250_lec24...Female reproductive system terminal filament bundle ovariole ovary calyx common

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Female reproductive system

terminal filament bundle

ovarioleovary

calyx

common oviduct

spermathecal gland

vagina

accessory glands

spermatheca

genital pore

terminalfilament

oogonia

primary oocyte

follicularepithelium

germinalvesicle

sheathpedicel

germarium

nutritive cord

follicularepithelium

epithelialplug

oocyte

oogonia

terminalfilament

PANOISTIC TELOTROPHIC POLYTROPHIC

Types of ovarioles (egg tubules)

vitellarium(vitellogenesis)

young oocytes(zone of growth:

meiosis suspendedin metaphase)

trophic tissue(trophocytes)

trophocytes

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Types of ovarioles (egg tubules), 2

1. Panoistic (ancestral?)

• Apterygota

• Odonata

• Polyneoptera (orthopteroid orders)

• Siphonaptera/Mecoptera (Antliophora)

• Thysanoptera: ‘Neopanoistic’ (secondary origin)

2. Telotrophic (oddly distributed)

• Paraneoptera (Hemiptera, at least)

• many polyphagan Coleoptera

3. Polytrophic (specialized?)

• Most Holometabola (except fleas, scorpionflies, and polyphagan Coleoptera)

• Dermaptera

• Anoplura (and other Psocodea?)

Each has probably evolved multiple times independently.

thrips

stink bug

The insect eggexochorion

endochorionair channels(aeropyles)

vitellinemembrane

wax layer

cytoplasmicreticulum

(periplasm)

nucleusmicropyle

yolk

periplasm

vitellinemembrane

chorion

POSTERIOR POLE

vitelline membrane

endochorion

exochorion

egg cytoplasm(periplasm)

Mature OOCYTE in a fly(Diptera: Tephritidae) MICROPYLE

(mosquito egg)

wax layer

aeropyles

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An egg gallery

Dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera)

Hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Phasmatodea

True bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Neuroptera:Chrysopidae

Moreeggs

Neuroptera:Ululodes

(Ascalaphidae) Orthoptera:Locusta

Lepidoptera:Pieris

Hymenoptera:Microteryx(Chalcidae)

Diptera:Drosophila

micropyle

m.m.

m.respiratory

horns

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Eggs of Lepidoptera

Red-spotted purple Tawny emperor

Monarch

Red admiral

Bronze copper

Sulphur

Variations on a theme of egg-layingsand

double row

twig

twig

ootheca

crista

egg

egg podshovel-likeovipositor

AntlionsNeuroptera:

Myrmeleontidae

some katydids –Orthoptera:

Tettigoniidae Owlflies –Neuroptera:

Ascalaphidae

spiralrow

Blatta spp –Dictyoptera: BlattellidaeOrthoptera: Acrididae

sand

Water bug –Hemiptera:Belostomatidae(sex role reversal)

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Defensive “repagula” in Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera)

Reproductive accessory glands

Stalked eggs with droplets of defensive fluid in Chrysopidae

(Neuroptera)Grasshopper egg pod

(Orthoptera)

(also, spermatophore formation)

repagulum

egg

Egg mass/case of the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera)

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Egg case (ootheca) of Blattella germanica

(Dictyoptera: Blattodea)

Ootheca of a Carolina mantis, Stagmomantis carolina (Dictyoptera)

Tenodera sinensis(Chinese mantis,

introduced)

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Live birth: Glossina spp, tsetse flies (Diptera)

“uterine” cavity,larva inside

milk gland

nursecells

oocytespermatheca

gravid female

teneraladult

milk gland

Fertilization: the complex role of the female’s spermatheca

Diptera:Asilidae

Sexual selection andsexual conflict: the battlefor control of fertilization.

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Sperm scoops in male damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera)

Calopteryx virgo

(work by Waage in the 1970s)

Sexual selection:male-male competition

Fertilization: the complex role of the male’s spermatophore

Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Australian bushcricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Early-branching insects: external transfer of spermatophore(Diplura, Apterygota, and even Odonata)

Sexual selection:female mate choice

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Haemocoelic (“traumatic”) insemination in a bedbug: sexual conflict in action (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Sexual selection:sexual conflict

Heterogametic males Heterogametic females

Sex determination: male vs. female(Secondary sexual traits: a function of each cell of the body)

Caddis flies (Trichoptera) &moths & butterflies (Lepidoptera)

(and birds)

Most insectorders

(and the majority of other plants & animals)

XX, XYXX, XO

ZW, ZZ

XX XY

ZWZZ

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Haplodiploidy (a type of arrhenotoky) – Hymenoptera…

Females (queen & workers -- XX) Males (drones – X; haploid)

..but also in Thysanoptera &some Hemiptera & Coleoptera

Thrips

Scales

Coffee-berry weevil

Lateral gynandromorphs

Gypsy moth

Mosaic gynandromorphs

Morpho

Fritillary

Papilioandrogeus

(Diana’s)

% &

% &(Queen

swallowtail)

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Parthenogenesis via thelytoky (apomixis & automixis)

Hemiptera: Aphidae

Phasmatodea

caterpillar host: polyembryony

Absent: only in Odonata, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, & Siphonaptera (4 orders)

Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae