Female Migration in Tripura

June 2006Presentation at IGNOU Seminar,

Agartala

Migration Profile of Tripura

----- With Special Emphasis on Women

Indraneel Bhowmik


Agartala

What is migration?

� Migration means movement from one place to another.

� In Economics, migration is movement from one place to another for an economic activity.

� Theories on Migration in most cases have been regarding developing countries.


Agartala

Census Definition of Migration

� Migrants by place of birth are those who are enumerated at a village/town at the time of census other than their place of birth.

� Migrant by place of last residence are those who have changed their place of living during the interim period of census.


Agartala

Migration Statistics- India( By

Birth)

In 1991Excluded J&KNote:

-11.66.96.1Abroad

54.527.242.3Inter-state

29.559.176.8Inter-district

32.6136.2181.7Intra-district

216.7Female

90.4Male

32.9229.8307.1Persons

Variation (%)1991 Census2001 CensusTotal Migrants


Agartala

Migration Statistics- India( By last residence)

Total migrants by last residence …….. 314.5 million

(29.68%M &70.32%F)

Duration less than 1 year ………….... 8.8 million

Duration 1 to 4 years ……………….. 47.2 million

Duration 5 to 9 years ……………….. 42.1 million

Duration 10 to 19 years …………….. 69.4 million

Duration 20 years and above ….…. 101.0 million Duration not stated ……………….…. 45.6 million


Agartala

Causes for Migration- India

Others

Moved with household

Moved after birth

Marriage

Education

Business

Work / Employment

Causes (in %)

13.8735.1520.19

11.2719.3913.68

2.949.945.02

69.612.3349.64

0.442.551.06

0.202.550.90

1.6628.099.51

FemaleMalePersons


Agartala

Observations: India

� Marriage is the most important cause for migration among females.

� Work/Employment is the 2nd most important reason for migration among males after Others.

� Work/Employment is most prominent reason for in-migration of males to industrial states like Maharastra, Gujarat.

� Union territories and small states have the highest migration rate- Daman &Diu(44.1%), Dadra & Nagar (32.6%), Chandigarh (21.4%), Delhi(18.7%).


Agartala

Observations: India

� Least rates for Bihar(-2.7%), UP(-2.0%), Manipur(-1.4%), Nagaland(-1.4%).

� Tripura- 1%.

� 97% of the migrants from the neighbouring countries.

� 3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million from Pakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 million from Sri Lanka.

� Considerable migration from China.


Agartala

Historical Background

� People from the Chakla Roshanabad prior to independence of India

� Partition – huge Bengali speaking population

� Indo- Pak War 1971: Inflow from the present Bangladesh

� Settlement also in hilly tracts

� Change in the demographic profile

� Population- 31,99,203

Male: 1642225(51.33%) & Female: 1556978(48.67%)


Agartala

Migrants by Birth: Tripura

147108152705299813International

328303006062890Inter-state

599423972799669Inter-district

304880171800476680Intra-district

544760394292939052Total

FemaleMale Persons


Agartala

District- Migrants:

West-478635: South-215148: Dhalai- 63210: North-182059

Migrants Distribution

West

51%South

23%

Dhalai

7%

North

19%


Agartala

Female Migrants in Tripura

District Migrants Female

Dhalai 63210 34971

North 182059 103071

South 215148 129562

West 478635 277156

0

200000

400000

600000

Dhalai North South West

population

Female Migrants along with total migrants

Series1

Series2


Agartala


� 29.35% of the population are migrants.

� 34.99% of the women are migrants.

� 76.11% of the migrants live in Rural Areas.

� 26.94% of the rural population are migrants.

� Intra-district and inter-district migration greater for women.

� 33.06% of the female living in villages are migrants.


Agartala

Rural Urban Divide

urban rural

Tripura 21.71 78.29

Dhalai 13.27 86.73

North 18.15 81.85

South 10.98 89.02

West 42.66 57.34

total rural urban

Tripura 544760 426515 118245

Dhalai 34971 30329 4642

North 78988 88737 14334

South 129562 115338 14224

West 277156 192111 118245


Agartala

Migration by last residence: Tripura

� Total Migrants- 961,653

� Male- 403929 (42%), Female-557724(58%)

� National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%)

� Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%)

� Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%)

� Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%)

� Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%)

� International – 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%)


Agartala

Migration statistics- Tripura

Total migrants by last residence …….. 961653

Duration less than 1 year ………………..25257

Duration 1 to 4 years …………………….134134

Duration 5 to 9 years ………………………85562

Duration 10 years and above ….……..507301 Duration not stated ……………………….209349


Agartala


� Exodus from erstwhile East Pakistan.

� Maximum number of immigrants from-Mizoram(28,292), followed by Assam (17827).

� No immigrants from Daman &Diu, Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and Pondicherry.


Agartala


� More than 30% of the people in the state are considered to be migrants.

� Marriage is the most important cause for intra state migration.

� Out migration from the state mostly to West Bengal.

� Second to Arunachal in terms of migration rate among NE states.


Agartala

Causes of Migration: Overall

27.9755.4639.52Others

21.5527.3623.99Moved with household

0.370.790.55Moved after birth

48.002.0328.69Marriage

0.461.550.92Education

0.152.050.95Business

1.4910.765.38Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)


Agartala


� Others is the most important factor for migration in Tripura.

� It includes widespread internal displacement due to insurgency and ethnic unrest.

� More than 10000 persons have migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala.

� Several persons in the state who have been forced to migrate due to exogenous factors for more than twice.

� Huge migration from areas once used for resettlement of refugees after partition.


Agartala


• Inter state migration with Assam mostly for marriage and in the North District.

• Migration from Mizoram is highest for other causes and concentrated in the North District.

• Out migration rate from Dhalai as part of inter district migration is highest.

• Lack of industrial sector factor for low migration for work/employment for both inter-state and intra-state sections.


Agartala

Causes for Migration: International

29.4149.3539.70Others

46.5941.9444.19Moved with household

0.180.460.24Moved after birth

22.530.6511.26Marriage

0.150.700.44Education

0.191.530.88Business

0.885.523.28Work / Employment

FemaleMalePersonsCauses (in %)

June 2006


� International migration maximum due to socio-political factors.

� Marriage between the two sides of the border is not very frequent.

� 99.69% of the international migrants from Bangladesh.

� Male majority migration from Bangladesh.

� International immigrants also from Nepal, Burma, Pakistan, the African and American continent.

� 5 migrants from Europe including 4 women.


Agartala

Changing ScenarioBetween 1991-2001

Others

Moved with household

Moved after birth

Marriage

Education

Business

Work / Employment

Causes (in %)

14.2436.5522.28

16.0328.4224.96

0.521.050.71

57.443.0537.83

1.385.252.78

0.202.961.20

3.1922.7010.23

FemaleMalePersons


Agartala


� Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001: 23,538.

� 15.8% migration to other states for work/employment.

� In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001): 40,262.

� In migrants from abroad (1991-2001): 11,246.

� 65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males & 33272 females.


Agartala


� Migration for education is on the rise for all.

� More migration in the offing-regrouping of villages by the state government.

� Marriage assumes more than 50% of the cause for female migration.


Agartala


� Female migration rate for work/employment,business, education more than double.

� Female migration as dependent on the decline.

� Indication for ……………..Women Empowerment…...


Agartala

Major literature on Migration ----

� Arthur Lewis ( “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, 1954)

� Michael Todaro (“ A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment “, 1969)

� John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”1970)

� T.W. Schultz (“ Agriculture in an Unstable Economy”, 1945)� Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( “ A Theory of Economic

Development”1961)


Agartala

Major literature on Migration

� G. Fields (“ Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs”, 1975)

� L.Y.L.Yap (“The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature”,1977)

� A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (“Migration, Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the Indian Punjab”1984)

� Biswajit Banerjee (“ Information flow, expectations and job search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984)

Female Migration in Tripura

Technology