Motivation Research goals Women on the labor market in transition Data and methodology Empirical results Conclusions Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition A Multicountry Analysis Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz Faculty of Economic Sciences University of Warsaw International Economic Association Congress Jordan, 8 June 2014 Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
28
Embed
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition: A Multicountry Analysis
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Female Access to the Labor Market and WagesOver Transition
A Multicountry Analysis
Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz
Faculty of Economic SciencesUniversity of Warsaw
International Economic Association CongressJordan, 8 June 2014
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Outline
1 Motivation
2 Research goals
3 Women on the labor market in transition
4 Data and methodologyResearch methodData sources
5 Empirical resultsFirst stage: analysis of micro-level dataSecond stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
6 Conclusions
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Major contributions in international analysis of gender gaps
Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2007)meta-analysis of 263 papers exploring gender wage gaps in 62countriesincomparability of estimators
Nopo, Daza and Ramos (2011)attempt to estimate gender wage gaps for 63 countries withthe same methodologyhuge differences in gender gaps between countriesunknown reasons
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Context of transition
”Do Markets Favor Women’s Human Capital More ThanPlanners?” (Munich, Svejnar, Terrell, 2004)
gender wage gap in Czech Republic decreased from 33% inyear 1989 to 25% in year 2002
although women have higher returns on education in themarket system, similar changes have been observed for men,thus it is not a reason of declining gender wage gap
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Raw wage gap vs. ”discrimination” in Poland
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Research goals
1 Investigating the position of women on the labor market intransition
2 Analysing the international variation in gender gaps usingcoherent estimators
3 Exploring differences between CEEC and Western Europe, aswell as within the group of transition economies
4 Verifying if higher FLFP leads to lower discrimination
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Total sample Advanced Transition
Time 0.397*** 0.668*** -0.443***(0.0365) (0.0402) (0.0456)
Observations 631 338 203R2 0.167 0.465 0.336No of countries 42 18 15Note: panel fixed effect robust estimator. Constant included.
Data source: ILO. Transition: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Advanced: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, E & W Germany , Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom. Standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Share of highly educated females & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Share of females with children under 5 years & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Mean age of active female & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Research methodData sources
How to measure discrimination?
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Research methodData sources
Research method
Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition
yM − yF = βM(xM − xF ) + (βM − βF )xF
Decomposition of Nopo
δ = δM + δX + δA + δF
δM - can be explained by differences between „matched” and„unmatched” malesδX - can be explained by differences in the distribution ofcharacteristics of males and females over the common supportδA - unexplained part of the gapδF - can be explained by differences between „matched” and„unmatched” females
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
Research methodData sources
Varius sources of micro-level data
National censuses (acquired from Integrated Public UseMicrodata Series International)
International Social Survey Program
Living Standard Measurement Surveys of The World Bank
National Labor Force Surveys
European Union Labor Force Survey
European Community Household Panel
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level dataSecond stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Empirical analysis
Two stages1 Obtaining comparable measures of gender discrimination in
employment rates and wages (∆A) - Nopo (2008)decompositions.
2 Using gender gap estimates as explained variables, whereascountry characteristics as explanatory variables. Identify thecorrelates (better yet: determinants) of the stark differentialsin measured ∆A.
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
MotivationResearch goals
Women on the labor market in transitionData and methodology
Empirical resultsConclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level dataSecond stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
% of females with tertiary education -0.631 -0.672 4.970 21.863*** -0.447 -0.342 -0.562(0.7991) (0.8489) (11.2638) (8.7870) (11.5959) (0.7725) (0.7904)
Mean age of active female 0.069*** -0.003 -0.058 0.068 -0.056 0.018 0.002(0.0219) (0.0292) (0.1014) (0.0765) (0.1074) (0.0268) (0.0271)
% of HH with children under 5 0.867*** 3.021*** 5.932*** 13.399*** 4.577* 7.253*** 7.592***(0.3461) (1.2163) (2.8513) (2.5122) (2.9900) (1.6902) (1.7312)
EBRD - large scale privatization 0.676**(0.3577)
EBRD - small scale privatization 2.614***(0.4538)
EBRD - governance and enterprise restructuring -0.131(0.4477)