FEEDING THE CITY OF TOMORROW - IUFN€¦ · FEEDING THE CITY OF TOMORROW tional ence on urban food governance ance) egion Under the high patronage of Stéphane LE FOLL, Minister of

FEEDING THE CITY OF TOMORROW

International conference

on urban food governance

December 6-7th 2012, Paris (France)

Regional Council of Ile-de-France Region

Under the high patronage of Stéphane LE FOLL, Minister of Agriculture, Food Industry and Forestand Joël LABBE, Senator, Vice-President of Economic Affaires Commission of the Senat.

PROCEEDINGS

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WaRMEsT THaNks TO OuR paRTNERs

IUFN would like to thank the HUNGRY CITY international conference partners for

their support:

Mr Stéphane LE FOLL, Minister of Agriculture, Food and Forestry

and Mr Joël LABBE, Senator, Vice-President of the Commission of Economic Affaires of

the Senate in charge of regional authorities for their official patronage,

Our main partners, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, Regional

Council of Ile-de-France Region, Caisse des dépôts, CERVIA and Iddri,

But also AgroParisTech, Basta!, IAU IDF, ICLEI, INRA, Greenopie and the City of Paris.

We would especially like to thank the speakers for the quality of their presentations.

The round tables facilitator role was held by Raphaële Yon-Araud, Director of

Greenopie, Sophie Chapelle, journalist at Basta! and Sébastien Treyer, Director of

Programes at Iddri.

Our gratitude also goes to the team of IUFN volunteers.

Translation to English: Students from the Master 2 Langues Etrangères et Outils Modernes de la Traduction (2012-2013 promotion) - Jenna Al Sultani, Vincent Briois, Jessica Chavanel-Castro, Elodie Coello, Daphné Déron, Camille Fischer, Arnaux Franz, Anaïs Goumand, Hayate Hammar, Emeline Herry, Anne Muller, Pascal Ottenwaelter, Quentin Peultier-Oliva, Tiffanny Plessis, Stanislas Poninski, Tamas Pusztai, Yoann Rostaing, Alas Steinberg, Justine Visconti), UFR Lettres et langues Metz, Université de Lorraine. Under the supervision of Joëlle Popineau, Maître de conférences, Traduction spécialisée - LEAGlobal synthesis: Sophie Chapelle and Nolwenn Weiler, Alter-Médias Technical coordination: IUFN

Design: Agence Albert Gamote www.albert-gamote.com

Paris (France), May 2013

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The progressive urbanization of the planet, the population growth, the rural-urban migration flows, the multidimensional crisis (economic, social and environmental), the diet transitions underway… are the reality of our world. Through their influence, through their media coverage also, they seem to dilute the importance of general interest or the one of basic human rights, such as access to healthy food in sufficient quantity for all. However, direct links exist between these phenomena. Everything is connected, in a new and complex manner. More than we want to admit, food shapes our territories and urban zones. An intimate relationship is there between our food consumption choices, between the organisation of our supply chain and how the world goes. So how are we going to cope with it? How are we going to redesign? Remobilise? We are doomed to become intelligent, says the French philosopher Michel Serres. This intelligence, necessarily multiple and multidisciplinary is the basis of the concept of urban food governance. It creates a framework allowing all actors of a territory to consider collectively and transversely the organization and the functioning (current and future) of the food system in place. With more than 200 participants from all around the world (Germany, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, UK, USA,…), the IUFN’s HUNGRY CITY international conference was an opportunity to share experiences and expertise on this emerging topic. First in a series of international events that IUFN will propose in the coming years, it helped to apprehend the complexity of this issue and to provide some elements of response to the global question: How the emergence of the questioning on urban food systems revisits the concerns over food security, land use planning, public catering organization, place of nature and of food production within the city or the ability of local leaders to seize the food issue, beyond the short term perspective imposed by their mandate? For our team, this event is of particular importance, as it represents the official launch of IUFN as a structure dedicated to international research and cooperation on urban food governance issue. Thus, the document you have in your hands is the very first publication of this type for IUFN. Under rather a synthetic form, it summarises the exchanges and the key ideas of the two-day symposium. Its consultation may be completed by other contents freely accessible on www.iufn.org - international speakers presentations and filmed interviews carried out during the event with a selection of invited experts.

Happy reading,

Markéta BRAINE-SUPKOVAPrésidente d’IUFN

“Feeding cities, building a sustainable food system, now becomes a major political issue.”

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CITIEs - LaND GRaBBING pIONEERs?

Who Is goIng to FeeD Whom?The number of people living in cities exceeded the number of those living in rural areas for the first time in 2007. 800 million people have migrated to urban areas over the 50 last years, leaving rural areas behind them. Cities became the world economic and political centers. « More than 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas nowadays », says André TORRE, Director of Research at INRA, attached to AgroParisTech (France) « and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that this percentage could reach 80% by 2050. » But with more than two-thirds of the world’s population living in cities, who is going to feed whom? Is It the enD oF the RuRal WoRlD?Farmers are still accounting for around half of the world’s population. Though, in a country like France, only 3% of the working population are farmers. Admittedly, « the global amount of food available on Earth has increased more than the population », says Sébastien TREYER, Head of Programs at the Institute for Sustainable development, Iddri (France). However, increased crops and harvests, achieved by the Green Revolution, have entailed major environmental consequences. Johaness S.C. WISKERKE, Professor in rural sociology at the University of Wageningen (the Netherlands) lists many drawbacks brought about by an intensive agriculture: a decreasing biological diversity, impoverishing soils which have become arid due to prevailing monoculture methods, climate change implying floods and droughts and therefore decreasing crops. As farmers’ income keeps decreasing and millions of farmers are leaving rural areas to live in cities, Johaness S.C. WISKERKE is raising the following question: « Will we have enough farmers to produce enough food to feed the world’s population in three or four decades from now? » This a vital issue, shared by both northern and southern countries. Sébastien TREYER interrogates: « Does the farming population in Asia have any future? Is this population going to invade towns? Will there still be work for them on the farms? Will they be both, urban and rural dwellers? Both, farmers and workers? What kind of relations will they have with their native areas? Are we going to witness farm commuting? Shouldn’t we think of such a hybrid future? » gaRDenIng oR FeeDIng the WoRlD? What about uRban agRICultuRe? Wouldn’t the solution be to produce crops for city-dwellers within the city? Being food self-sufficient is a dream shared by an increasing number of citizens due to the economic crisis. Therefore more and more non-farmers engage into the food production process should it be through cultivating of a community garden or a private rooftop garden.But « hunger for land » is not only linked to « hunger for food ». For example,

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according to the prospective study Rennes: a food-producing city conducted in 2010 by the engineers from a French University AgroCampus Ouest, other reasons are to be identified behind this trend. Indeed, even though no major local crisis is threatening the city of Rennes (a contrario of Detroit, USA for instance, severely affected by the massive car industry plant closure, main employer of this urban zone), half of the city-dwellers say they would be interested in taking part in local food production.

Rennes: a FooD-pRoDuCIng CIty?Case study carried out by Catherine DARROT,

an Assistant Professor and researcher in rural sociology,AgroCampus Ouest (France) (School in Agribusiness)

and Pascal VERDIER, Agriculture and Planning Officer, Rennes Metropole Study. In 2010, under the supervision of Catherine DARROT, a prospective study analysing different scenarios of local agricultural models for 2020 and 2030 was carried out by students graduating for a Master degree in Sustainable Agriculture and Territorial Development at the French University AgroCampus Ouest. The questions were the following ones: How would city-dwellers feed themselves in case of a crisis? What would the further developments of agriculture be if petrol gets more and more expensive? What kind of food would be available within Rennes? How resilient our model of urban multi-polar development is? What surface area is needed to feed 400,000 inhabitants of the Rennes Metropole? How many acres should be dedicated to agriculture around the city to ensure its food self-sufficiency? What would the impact be on the local job market? What is the target population?

A specific chapter of the study, dedicated to agronomy examined the different production and food models that could increase food self-sufficiency in Rennes Metropole. Another one, focusing on sociology, treated questions as: who takes part in local food production and what potential of further developments there is, taking in account the needs expressed by the inhabitants of Rennes Metropole? A step towards self-sufficiency?In the first scenario, the current agricultural model and the diet composition stay unchanged. The supply zone stretches to 9.30 miles around Rennes Metropole and makes it possible to meet only 22% of arable land needs.In the second scenario, called Sufficiency, students examined the changes needed in production (more economic and ecologic efficiency, better use of available green spaces) and consumption (less based on animal proteins, lower volume of food waste) in order to move towards food self-sufficiency. In that case, a supply zone of 5 miles around Rennes Metropole and this space enables to meet 61% of global arable land needs.

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Currently, the surrounding territory produces 180% of its needs in meat and poultry, 235% for diary, 31% for potatoes and 6.5% for fruit. A strong product diversification would be necessary in this scenario. Students also imagined introduction of farming activities to new spaces. « If private and public gardens (that would increase from 15% to 40%), forests (30% of which would be grown), urban green spaces (which would be used up to 46%) and some of the roof tops were added to the Utilized Agricultural Land (UAL, in French SAU), 2,000 hectares (7,7 sq. miles) could be gained. This would make possible to produce five times the demand for fruit and vegetables in Rennes », says their Professor Catherine DARROT. They also studied how to minimize transport. Students thus designed a model in which everyone can feed himself within 5 miles around his home. « According to students, 5 miles is a good riding distance. This implies food solidarity with those who cannot ride a bicycle, » says Catherine DARROT. She adds: « In terms of job opportunities in the agri-food industry, the effects are, at worst, nil, and if not, positive. The nature of the jobs proposed in production and in first transformation phases would though necessarily need to change. This issue is important because in Brittany, the agro-food industry employs many people. And each time the introduction of a new model is considered, the jobs creation issue is systematically raised in opposition. » Citizen’s perception. Half of the respondents state they would like to participate in a gardening / urban agriculture activity. « The urban citizens of Rennes need to put their feet on a soil », says Catherine DARROT. She also notes that a majority is in favour of reducing their meat consumption if this decrease is part of a public health policy. Output. « We have a certain level of comfort with the future of an archipelago city model (that is currently that of Rennes) that has enough food for its population even without petrol. But we are not yet engaged in a transition scenario », concludes Pascal VERDIER. For the time being, the main purpose of this study was to entail reactions among elected representatives, conventional or organic farmers and retailers, and to cast a new look on the current model. For further readings: http://www.dijon-ecolo.fr/doc-telechargeable/agriculture/Rennes-ville-vivriere.pdf

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The City of Paris has more than 60 community gardens, but it could implement far more other real utopias. « We urgently need to imagine another city for tomorrow, a city that could be sustainable, enjoyable and full of solidarity at the same time, for example, by exploring new areas such as urban no-man-lands (roof tops for example) » suggests Fabienne GIBOUDEAUX, Deputy Mayor of the City of Paris, in charge of green areas (France). According to Eric DUCHEMIN, creator of the Urban Agriculture Laboratory AU/Lab in Montreal, (Canada), 38% of the citizens living in Montreal say being practicing urban agriculture. Are these urban gardeners competitors for farmers? « A kind of networking is taking place between urban and peri-uban farming, as the idea is not to have peri-urban farming disappear. »

uRban agRICultuRe In montReal:

FRom gRassRoots aCtIons to eConomIC DevelopmentCase study presented by Eric DUCHEMIN,

Assistant Professor at the Institute of Environmental Sciencesat the University of Québec in Montreal (UQAM).

Since the early 1970s, in Montreal, also called the Mecca of urban agriculture, citizens have regained public space to plant vegetables. Today, almost 15,000 people are said to be involved in city community gardens, also seen as areas where health and nature education can take place, especially for the children. As a founder of the AU/Lab, a research laboratory on innovation and urban agriculture fostering community programs, Eric DUCHEMIN realized an inventory of 8,500 small community gardens spread over 95 plots for a total surface area of 64 acres. At the same time, collective gardens, where the inhabitants share work and harvest, are developing – and there are about a hundred of such gardens in Montreal today. Growing vegetables in trays on rooftop terraces and balconies added to the thousands of community and collective gardens across the city. Urban agriculture keeps developing fast, as 147 beehives were placed on Montreal roofs. « Montreal honey sector is gradually spreading out over the city and is now better organized. Harvesting and selling honey are now collectivized, which is new. » Thinking in terms of food justice is also very important for Eric DUCHEMIN. He refers to the Santropol Roulant as an example. Since 1995, this community organization has delivered more than 380,000 meals to elderly people facing a loss of autonomy and has offered more than 275 work placements and jobs to the youths of the community. Becoming a living expression of the evolution we want for our world, rather than simply being an instrument of this change is one of the principles that has lead the personnel committed to this structure.

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More recently, new projects have emerged like intensive green rooftops implemented by hotels, restaurants and private caterers. A promoter also initiated Lufa Farms, a 1 sq. mile (3,000 m2) greenhouse on the rooftop of a commercial building. 40 local farmers are part of this project that supplies 2,000 households with direct farm products every week. In the coming years, the city of Montreal plans to develop a farming eco-neighborhood on the 44 hectares of an old racecourse. Within the new planning framework for 2025 and given the fact that 53% of the lands around Montreal are still dedicated to agriculture, the City Council will also have to rethink urban wastelands. Eric DUCHEMIN underlines that the question on « how streets can be redesigned to integrate urban agriculture » will be raised. The design of buildings will also be studied with, for example, the idea of cascading roofs in order to make circulate water. Eric DUCHEMIN concludes, « As part of this general process, we should not think only about production. Composting, water recycling, areas for socializing, leisure, health education... are also ways of questioning the place of agriculture within the city in order to make sure we mobilize everybody. » For further readings: www.aulab.uqam.ca

aRable lanD In the heaRt oF a WoRlD CompetItIonThe city is expanding. Agricultural lands have been receding in all Europe since the 1960’s due to an increasing urbanization. In France, every 7 years, the surface area of arable land of the size of a French department disappears. Andre TORRE reminds us some important data in relation to this fast artificialization of lands: . Competition with natural/green areas

- Artificialized areas (constructions, roads, building sites…) represent 9.4% of the national territory (France) in 2012;

- 90% of this growth is made at the expense of high-quality agricultural lands “as, logically, the cities have been developed in areas surrounded by excellent lands in order to feed the inhabitants”. . Acceleration – from an average 54 000 hectares of artificialized lands per

year during the period from 1982 to 1992, we reach 86 000 hectares per year in 2010.

In this context, land is subject to competition. According to Andre TORRE, « the problem of the urban sprawl is the first cause of conflicts. The model of a suburban house with its small garden, representing a real demand of the population in France, is consuming much space and needs the construction of additional infrastructures. » Thus, Johannes S.C. WISKEREKE fears « a rivalry in the land use: Will it be used for leisure time, for agriculture, for housing infrastructures? »

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neeD oF tools to ContRol uRban DevelopmentAs more and more land is given up upon because of urban sprawl, the link between the necessity of feeding the cities and the nearby arable lands becomes a real challenge. For Serge BONNEFOY, technical secretary of the association Terres en villes (France) « The fact that architects, urban planners, landscape architects are getting involved in discussing what a sustainable urban transition could look like is good news to engage new ways of building cities. » « But there still are too few relations between the local food system and the ways territories are organized. The municipalities and local authorities are the first concerned. Their responsibility must go beyond the city’s borders », stresses Florence EGAL, co-secretary of the Food for cities program – FCIT, FAO.« The waste of agricultural lands won’t stop without a strong commitment from the political leaders », claims Joël LABBÉ, Senator of Morbihan, Vice-President of the Senate Commission of Economic affairs (Commission des Affaires économiques du Sénat) and mayor of Saint-Nolff (France). He explains the strategy put in place in his municipality: « All the buildable land is bought by the municipality. This kind of act really represents the strength of the public sector facing private interests. We contain urban development and we develop land-planning operations including these zones. Agricultural land stays agricultural once and for all. » In France, several tools have been at the disposal of local authorities since the SRU law (Solidarity and Urban Renewal) to control urban sprawl. « Tools such as the SCoT (Territorial Coherence Scheme), the PAEN (Areas of protection and development of agricultural and natural areas), protected agricultural areas, etc. set up in France at the beginning of the 2000’s can help preserve these non-renewable resources - that is to say agricultural land, » underlines Salma LOUDIYI, senior lecturer at the Métafort UMR (Joint Research Unit) VetAgroSup Clermont-Ferrand (France). Pascal VERDIER from Rennes Metropole attests: « It was possible to preserve the alternation of urban zones and natural spaces thanks to the 2007 territorial coherence scheme (SCoT) which managed to curb urban sprawl. Fifteen years ago, the surface area of useful agricultural land (SAU) represented one third of our territory, today it’s more than half of it. »

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a FRaGILE FOOD-suppLY CHaIN

hoW FooD supply shapes the CItyFrançois Ascher, a French urban planner and sociologist, defined the city as « a gathering of population which does not produce itself the food it consumes » (Ascher, 2001). According to Gilles BILLEN, Head of Research at CNRS, University of Pierre et Marie Curie (France) « As a result, cities are directly dependent on rural areas, their hinterland, to produce a food surplus and on means of transport in order to bring this surplus to their inhabitants. » We can then easily understand that food supply management has always been a key condition not only for a city’s survival but also for a further development of cities. The direct proximity of high-quality arable lands and the stunning development of the means of transportation for food products are some of the main factors at the origin of the creation of many cities. « First cities were both - built around a strong distribution center and surrounded by farming lands. But, the city of Rome for instance developed easily thanks to its access to the sea and because food was being shipped from foreign countries », says Carolyn STEEL, architect and author of Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives (UK). Likewise, during the 19th century, the urban growth of many cities was made possible by the expansion of the railways. « Cities were then no more limited by geography. Food could be transported quickly and easily over great distances. » « The food supply not only shapes urban forms, but also the city’s rural hinterland », emphasizes Carolyn STEEL. Until the middle of the 19th century, the City of London, for example, was organized according to its food supply chain. « Food had to reach the centre of the city. Cattle arrived from the North, gained weight in the city outskirts and were then driven to Smithfield Market on roads which still bear their imprint today. » In the 20th century, the car played a key role in urban organization. « People don’t walk to market any more. They drive out of the city and go to supermarkets. » Traditionally, most cities were fed predominantly from their nearby hinterland, today, the food supply is global. To meet city dwellers’ needs, we trust a global industrialized system, which is almost « too big to be seen », as Carolyn STEEL puts it. The current food supply system disconnects consumers from their food, and food production from the physical spaces we inhabit. And there are many environmental, social and economic impacts to this: global warming, natural resource depletion, land degradation, inequalities in food access, health crises, obesity, nutritional problems, food waste…

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the RoaD aheaD…Johaness S.C. WISKERKE identifies two different paradigms:

. The first one is the agro-industrial paradigm where food is considered as a commodity and food security as a production problem. « This is about going on with the productivity model with a further intensification and maximization in the use of natural resources », says Sébastien TREYER; . The other one is the agro-ecological paradigm where food is considered as a human right with a keener interest in product diversity and importance given to the workforce, knowledge and abilities.

Sébastien TREYER puts forward a sufficiency model, in which the issues concerning distribution and access to food cannot be solved only by an increase in the production. There is a need to consider both supply and demand. « This model involves a systemic change in the production, throughout the whole food-industry chain and in consumption patterns as well. City food systems are vital for this change to occur », says Sébastien TREYER. The necessity of challenging both, supply and demand in order to propose a global answer to multiple stakes related to sustainable food issue is fully shared by Martin BORTZMEYER, Head of the French Office of Agriculture at the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy.

ReloCatIng souRCes oF FooD supply According to Johaness S.C. WISKERKE, alternative food geography is emerging. It assumes, as a basis, that there is a discrepancy between what people expect from a food system and what the current food system can offer, as it is characterized by globalized industrial and intensive agriculture, and a strong hold of international markets on agricultural products exchanges. Therefore, more and more researchers investigate alternatives based on the geographical proximity between the geographical location of food production sites according to consumption centers such as cities. These theoretical frameworks are dealing with relocation and re-territorialisation of food systems, in the perspective of a sustainable local development. They focus on short food chains along with a more territorial and integrated vision of a food system. As Johaness S.C. WISKERKE puts it, « the local dimension is essential in building an alternative food system. » This was the core object of the research project SUS-CHAIN that was developed from 2003 to 2006 by Wageningen University (the Netherlands). Based on 14 case studies in 7 European countries, an analytical framework was created to better understand the dynamics of those new supply chains, i.e. alternative chains that are more rooted in the local level. However, Serge BONNEFOY emphasises the need to « be concerned about the whole supply system. For that purpose, we need development plans for local supply chains, as the one developed by the Chamber of Agriculture of

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the French Department Maine et Loire. » Relocating should indeed go together with a radical change in production models; otherwise the positive effects of short food supply chains might be cancelled out by a significant impact on global warming or on the quality of water resources.« Local authorities are in favour of short supply chains. For many, local means quality, whereas the fact that food travels thousands of miles is at the core of all problems », reminds Martin BORTZMEYER. But he also points out that choice of a production model affects agricultural carbon footprint. « For example, the carbon footprint of the New Zealand sheep fed with grass is lower than the carbon footprint of the European sheep bred with intensive farming, which consumes many fertilizers and releases nitrates. » According to Martin BORTZMEYER, the products that are sold through short supply chains usually have a positive carbon footprint because « the farmers who get involved in these types of distribution chains often are organic farmers. » He adds: « My ministry is promoting a short supply chain policy but we must be clear on the goals pursued. »

“saveuRs paRIs Ile-De-FRanCe”:an example oF hoW to hIghlIght RegIonal pRoDuCts

Presented by Catherine RIBES,Regional advisor at Ile-de-France Regional council,

Vice-Chairwoman of CERVIA (France). In 2011, CERVIA (Centre Régional de Valorisation et d’Innovation Agricole et Alimentaire, Regional Centre for Farm and Food Promotion and Innovation) and the Île-de-France region engaged a process focusing on the regional food patrimony and local food identity promotion going hand in hand with the protection of the environment.The result of it was the launch of the regional brand Saveurs Paris Ile-de-France. It has mainly three objectives:

. ensure new markets to regional food business/food industry professionals; . enable the consumers from Île-de-France region to buy products from their region nearby their residential areas . pooling skills of farmers, craftsmen, manufacturers and industrials.

The region’s food potential is huge. The food business sector in the Ile-de-France region accounts for approx. 450,000 jobs with 5,000 farms, 12,760 food-related craftsmen and 500 industrial food-processing businesses. Setting up the Saveurs Paris Ile de France brand should result into a significant contribution toward supplying food to its 12 million inhabitants and 40 million tourists per year. In order to use the brand Saveurs Paris Ile-de-France on their products, the professionals must sign a Chart and thus engage to

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. highlight a regional heritage “by using noble regional products”, . protect the environment . and to boost the local economy.By the end of November 2012, the regional brand had been awarded to 140 companies for 534 products. These companies are regularly inspected to check if they follow the Chart guidelines and to measure their progress. The Saveurs Paris Ile-de-France brand comes in a variety of colours:

. Green for agricultural products grown or produced in Île-de-France region (“BIO” mention is added to efficiently identify organic products from the region); . Blue for products processed by food industry craftsmen from Ile-de-France region; . Red and Grey for products from small - and medium - sized companies of the food-processing industry that are preparing their products in Île-de-France.

For further readings: http://www.saveursparisidf.com/

Public authorities have a key role to play in guiding farmers and consumers toward a more self-sufficient food system. « The global national objective of 20% bio products in public catering by 2020 created a positive dynamics and without any doubt supported the progress of bio food products in the canteens, in particular on the local authorities level, » highlights Martin BORTZMEYER.« We have reached a turning point, » says Marie RICHARD, member of the Ile-de-France Regional council and president of CERVIA, « we are witnessing an important social and cultural shift which leads the inhabitants of the Ile-de-France region to claim a better quality food. » « At the end, it is the consumer who decides and it is essential to provide them valid information. Political signals have a significant role to play », adds Martin BORTZMEYER. This is the reason why the French Ministry of Sustainable Development is working on displaying of the environmental impacts of products on their packaging, as part of the French National Program for Food (Programme national de l’alimentation, PNA). « Our goal is to inform precisely the consumers about the environmental impact of the product’s life cycle, » says Martin BORTZMEYER. Production, transformation, distribution, consumption, each and every stage would be given a precise goal and would be measured. Between 3 and 5 indicators are likely to be picked, notably greenhouse gases emissions, water consumption and biodiversity. ImpRovIng FooD FloWs knoWleDge to ImpRove FooD plannIng « We need to acquire a better understanding of flows and processes which govern food system in order to improve the way we plan it », stresses Dirk WASCHER, a senior researcher in landscape and sustainable resource planning

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at Alterra, Wageningen UR (the Netherlands). He coordinates the European research project FoodMetres (www.foodmetres.eu) – running from 2012 until 2015 – and which aims at « identifying food chain innovations for metropolitan regions. » With a focus on reducing the ecological footprint of urban food consumption and on re-vitalizing urban-rural relations », the project makes use of interactive tools such as the Maptable for stakeholder exchange and impact assessment that build upon life cycle assessment. The project explores different approaches to food planning based on sustainability criteria in selected metropolitan regions such as Berlin, Rotterdam, Ljubljana, London, Milano and Nairobi. The key mission of FoodMetres is to demonstrate how existing flows and processes can be re-designed to turn metropolitan regions into sustainable food supply systems to supply their urban populations. Likewise, Gilles BILLEN concentrated on quantifying the physical material flows that are needed to feed the city of Paris. He looked at protein flows (that is to say at nitrogen, which is regarded as the main component of food).

paRIs anD Its hInteRlanD: yesteRDay, toDay, tomoRRoWA case study presented by Gilles BILLEN,

Head of Research at the CNRS, University of Pierre et Marie Curie (France). YESTERDAY. In the late 18th century, Paris has 700,000 inhabitants. Regions playing a part in Paris food supply is located on an area stretching over the Seine Basin area, with an embranchment toward the south. The farming method used is a three-field cropping system, i.e., which means two years of a culture of cereals and one year of the land left fallow. The nitrogen supply is guarantied by the excrements of the cattle, grazing on set-aside land.A century later, Paris has 3.7 million inhabitants. The food supply areas remain the same. But agriculture model is witnessing a deep change. The set-aside land is then replaced by the culture of vegetables fodder, fixing nitrogen, which allowed the beef herd growth. The 19th century farming model is thus characterised by a complementarity between crop growing and cattle breeding. TODAY. In the second-half of the 20th century, industrial nitrogen fertilizers are introduced on the market. Productivity increases and farming areas specialize. The Ile-de-France region concentrates on the culture of cereals and the city of Paris is no more the only market opportunity. « But this zone produces water containing five times more nitrates than in the past! », says Gilles BILLEN.The Western regions of France are another food-supply territories for the capital, specialized mainly in breeding. The farming system outsizes capacity there, based on imported fodder: cattle-breeding becomes actually a transformation of imported greenfeed. This intensive cattle-breeding

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zone also has a poor-quality water. As too many nitrates are draining into water, problems of eutrophication occur on Normandy and Brittany coasts. TOMORROW? Can we design an agricultural system able to provide again and on the same territory both, food and drinking water production for Paris? For Gilles BILLEN, such a challenge involves:

. relocation of the food system, with a return to cattle-breeding, in order to re-develop farming and livestock breeding complementarity; . local fodder production; . generalizing of organic farming, with legumes able to fixe nitrogen.

These changes would not necessarily cause a productivity fall. « However, this involves a change in our diet: vegetable proteins must replace half of animal proteins », says Gilles BILLEN. A lower density of cattle would help to avoid the use of mineral fertilizers. This system could feed the city of Paris while maintaining an export share (which could even increase) and supply drinking water. « So all this makes sense in a systemic approach », says Gilles BILLEN. « The question that remains open is that of the transition path we should take to get there. » For further readings: http://www.sisyphe.upmc.fr/piren/webfm_send/1035http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/607/2012/bg-9-607-2012.pdf

The current food-supply system is also seriously damaging for the environment due to the amount of petrol being used in the supply chain and food logistics. In Paris for example, « 75 % of all food products are transported in by trucks, 18 % by rail et 2 % by water », emphasizes René DUTREY, Deputy Mayor of the City of Paris, in charge of sustainable development, environment and climate change. « We only have 2-day stocks if we run out of petrol. »

the “last-mIle” Challenge: the example oF the CIty oF paRmaCase study presented by Eleonora MORGANTI, a post-doc student,

at French institute of science and technology for transport,spatial planning and networks, IFFSTAR (France).

How does the food circulate within the city? What is the food logistics? What are the environmental and health consequences of the “last mile” before the food product reaches its final consumer? Eleonora MORGANTI focused on the black box that the city represents - « things come in, others go out, but what’s happening inside? » and more especially on the food logistics within the city. Eleonora MORGANTI studied the example of the city of Parma, Italy. As a city of 230,000 inhabitants, Parma has a large number of food retailers

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(bars, restaurants, various shops), which are scattered around the city. The price of a square meter within the city is very high, which gives few opportunities for storage. Delivery services are therefore very common and food is delivered almost every day. At the same time, the delivery of food is not planned: « Parma is facing real coordination problems », she says. « Prices are skyrocketing, so is the environmental impact of delivery especially because diesel vehicles driving half-loaded in the city are frequently used (nearly 25 % of all vehicles). » Facing these problems, the city of Parma introduced a new idea: it transformed the wholesale market into a common logistics platform for all deliveries. It is located in a strategic spot, right in the city center. Retailers and transporters are using it and the results speak for themselves: delivery vehicles are more loaded than before and air pollution is declining. Two years after the system was implemented, a clear improvement in the air quality in the city has been reported: a reduction by 25 % for carbon monoxide, by 22 % for nitrogen oxide, by 24 % for volatile organic compounds, and by 29 % for airborne particles. « Parma’s wholesale market has found a renewed role, just as it used to be in the past. » For further readings: http://fr.iufn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/13_eleonora_morganti.pdf

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EXpERIMENTINGNEW FORMs OF GOVERNaNCE

Many actors are currently experimenting new modes of coordination and governance of urban food systems. Common guidelines appear beyond the specificity of each territory: . Necessity to go beyond sectorial policies towards more global approaches

as experimented by the Nord Pas-de-Calais regional council in France; . Need to coordinate different levels of territorial governance, as illustrated by the Zero Hunger program in Brazil. Take into consideration the essential input of EU and of local governments in promoting local dynamics, adopted by local actors. . Need to understand possible leverages and barriers to action associated with the political and administrative organization of territories, as shown in the comparative analysis of school catering policies in London and New York; . Will to bring together relevant actors in a specific forum or a place dedicated to food issues such as the London Food Board; . Necessity to take time to develop a common vocabulary, as demonstrated by the RurUrbal transnational project on food governance.

toWaRDs FooD goveRnanCe In noRD-pas-De-CalaIsThe case study is presented by Jean-Louis ROBILLARD, Vice-President in charge of Food, Regional farming, and Rurality and Dominique TRINEL,

Head of the Organic food plan and Food governance program at Regional Council of Nord Pas-de-Calais (France)

In 2010, a Vice-Presidency named Food and Agriculture was created at the Regional Council of Nord Pas-de-Calais. « Putting Food issue first, ahead of Agriculture, was a real sign of a strong political will », says Jean-Louis ROBILLARD. « The goal is to ensure that a region is in capacity to act directly on its food system. Then you have to convince people, both within your administration and on the territorial level. The challenge is huge, maybe it is an utopia, but it puts forward the idea of transition of the whole system. » Food governance represents one of the main operational working axes of the Regional Ecological and Social Transformation Program (TESR) at Regional Council of Nord Pas-de-Calais. « Public policies need to be implemented in a different way, they need to get rid of the sectorial logic », reports Jean-Louis ROBILLARD. « The strategy we adopted takes into account the food system in a global approach (systems of production, consumption patterns, social and cultural links…) and stimulates all the relevant actors.

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It is very challenging! », adds Dominique TRINEL. She is the coordinator of a transversal team working at the Regional Council on the food system issue, with the aim of making it internally consistent. « In order to facilitate the switch in the levels of approach, it is necessary to promote transversal strategies, identify possible convergences and divergences amongst our stakeholders », she insists. Various measures have been identified. At the regional council, seven departments are working on the food system issue, but with different angles of approach: « The idea is to contribute to a more global policy, to take the necessary time for the construction of a common culture and to approach it with an open mind. » Field actors and all relevant food system stakeholders have been associated to this dynamics in a « participatory process ». Actors of the agro-food industry and producers were invited to exchange about their perceptions and expectations for a food policy. This participatory process will last until June 2013. The objective is to recreate connections along the whole food chain. « In the near future we would like to propose a public debate on this issue », conclude Jean-Louis ROBILLARD and Dominique TRINEL. For further readings: http://www.nordpasdecalais.fr/jcms/c_5140/agriculture/alimentation

a polICy CooRDInateD FRom natIonal to loCal level:Fome ZeRo (ZeRo hungeR) pRogRam In bRaZIl

Case study presented by Salma LOUDIYI,Assistant Professor, UMR Métafort, VetAgroSup Clermont-Ferrand (France) In 2002, under Lula’s Presidency, the Brazilian government introduced the Fome Zero Strategy, based on four main ideas: . Developing a strong social policy to fight poverty (guarantying a

physical and economic access to food); . Making Brazilian people more autonomous (creating new sources of income); . Officially support family farming; . Make place for the civil society in the process of defining the action plan

In 2003, the Minister of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger created 40 administrative units called CONSADs (Consortium of Food Safety and Local Development). The objective of these territories is to reinforce and extend food security and local development actions. « The federal government joins forces with local municipalities and the civil society in a territorial development perspective », explained Salma LOUDIYI. The only drawback is that the definition of these territories was a top-down process.

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« Brazil has conceived and implemented several highly innovative measures to improve food security as part of its Fome Zero Policy », Salma LOUDIYI also stressed. One of the most important elements in this strategy is the FAP, namely the Food Acquisition Program. The FAP supports family farmers by promoting the creation of regional markets. Farmers provide food products that are then used by the public sector and civil society organizations taking part in social programs (at schools and hospitals, etc.), especially to populations experimenting food insecurity. The figures provided by the government are striking: 160,000 farmer’s families are believed to be involved in the program; all of them are supported by 25,000 organizations ensuring food supply for 15 million people. The Brazilian case study presented here focuses on the CONSAD of Entre-rios in Parana, set up in 2005. This area is a large exporter of food products and is characterised by a strong extensive farming policy of soybeans to the detriment of breeding and cultures of coffee or cotton. Despite growing urbanization and the progress of intensive agriculture, the area still has a fairly significant proportion of family farmers (2/3 of the farms are less than 50 acres). The CONSAD of Entre-rios gathers civil society actors and 33 municipalities. Each one has its own CONSEA (National Council for Food Safety) in order to implement all measures related to Fome Zero. For instance, all 33 municipalities have made it possible to buy food directly at farms through short food chains. This program also features family scholarships, food banks, and a nationwide supply program for schools. « The project served global food sovereignty, with local structures supporting food distribution. » An evaluation was carried out in 2010, but was then stopped since government priorities changed. The study put the light on a number of limits and barriers: . agro-ecological potential remains small; . economic profitability and visibility need to be improved; . organization of social and solidarity-based economy is insufficient; . producers do not entirely trust the PRONAF (National Family Farming

Program). For further readings: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap339f/ap339f.pdf

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hoW CIty goveRnanCe stRuCtuRes InFluenCeloCal authoRItIes’ abIlIty to aCtsChool meals anD goveRnanCe,

a CRoss-analysIs oF lonDon anD neW yoRkCase study presented by Janet POPPENDIECK,

Professor at Hunter college, The City University of New York (USA) With billions of meals served every day (500,000 meals per day are distributed in London, and 900,000 meals per day in New York), school catering is an often-mentioned leverage to engage local authorities in sustainable food issue. According to Janet POPPENDIECK, « it is also a great opportunity for many producers to change the current system, as this provides them with a guaranteed sales for their production. » The prevailing city governance structure has a strong influence on the cities’ ability to use this leverage. In New York, the Board of Health is an independent body, which is able to pass laws without the Mayor’s prior approval. For example, the Board has prohibited smoking in bars and introducing trans fats in food. School meals are centralized in New York City: the whole chain (menus, food supply, paybacks, bookkeeping, etc.) is administered in a central office. This system gives the central office a greater power, because when 900,000 meals are ordered per day, prices can be easily reduced. But deliveries are costly and represent a challenging issue for such a large city. « In fact, very few local and organic products are being supplied to New York », admits Janet POPPENDIECK. Conversely, in London, school meals are not concentrated, but are locally administered in each borough, or even in each school. This highly decentralized system allows a local and direct food supply. Mayors of the two cities have fairly different powers: the Mayor of New York City has extended power over key sectors, such as health or education, through school management but has no power on regional land planning.On the contrary, his British counterpart has a limited power on these sectors, but can make decisions on transport planning and economic development. The 32 London boroughs handle education issues. A borough can therefore decide for example whether a take-away selling poor-quality food can open near a school or not. But this system based on local administration also has a negative part – it actually stresses inequalities and does not help to fight obesity as divers quality of meals are served according to whether we consider a rich or a rather poor borough. However, besides different governance structures in the two cities, Janet POPPENDIECK notes a common point. Both cities rely on other governing levels to obtain essential funding so that they can implement their policies. And this point can put into question action led by these municipalities when an economic crisis occurs and when funding is drying up. For further readings: http://www.ecoliteracy.org/essays/new-agenda-school-food

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the lonDon FooD boaRD: membeRshIp anD InFluenCeCase study presented by Jess HALLIDAY

Marie Curie Research Fellow in the PUREFOOD Network based at the Center for Food Policy, City University London (UK)

The London Food Board (LFB) was established by the former Mayor of Greater London, Ken Livingstone, and the food strategy, Healthy & Sustainable Food for London, was published in 2006, with an implementation plan released the following year. When the current Mayor Boris Johnson was elected, he decided to continue implementation of the food strategy. Amongst the projects of the LFB has been the establishment of 2012 new community growing spaces in London between 2008 and 2012 and involvement in setting food standards for the 2012 Olympics. The mission of the LFB is to lead implementation of the food strategy. The full board meets twice a year, and three implementation groups – Boroughs, Business and Commerce, and Citizens and Communities – meet quarterly. The LFB is chaired by the Mayor’s food advisor, Rosie Boycott, and two employees of the Greater London Authority (GLA) work full time on coordinating the LFB’s work. However, the LFB members are a mix of individuals from business, civil society, trade organisations, academia, and councillors from some of the 33 boroughs that make up Greater London. « This mix of members is very important », explains Jess HALLIDAY. « First, the meetings take place at City Hall, and the Mayor’s support for initiatives carries a lot of weight. But official support is only given to projects that fit with the Mayor’s priorities – which can change quickly. » This means that the LFB is both enabled and constrained by the Mayor and the GLA. Second, civil society actors are very dynamic organisers and advocates. « They have a free voice to be more outspoken about some topics than the Mayor’s representative can be, » says Jess HALLIDAY. For example, the report Good Food for London 2012 was published by the civil society organisation Sustain, and contains rankings of the boroughs’ performances related to food, including school food standards, growing spaces, and fair trade. ‘It challenges the local authorities to improve their performance for next year’.

« Private businesses are also important for implementation of the food strategy as they can lead by example, » says Jess HALLIDAY. For instance, they may be ensuring corporate social responsibility in the supply chain, coordinating community food growing projects, or taking on apprentices. Jess HALLIDAY draws attention to the problem of coordination between the LFB and the London boroughs however, as only a few of the 33 boroughs are engaged with the London Food Strategy, which deliver services relating

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to food issues. This means that LFB members who have influence in the boroughs are very useful. In addition, there is potential for more integration between the LFB and more GLA departments, including waste disposal, and health and wellbeing. For further readings: http://www.london.gov.uk/london-food/general/what-london-food-boardGood Food for London de Sustain: http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/good_food_for_london/

tRansnatIonal CoopeRatIon on FooD goveRnanCebetWeen euRopean loCal authoRItIes:

the “RuRuRbal” expeRIenCeCase study presented by Elena DI BELLA, Provincia di Torino (Italy)

and Raimon RODA NOYA, Diputació de Barcelona (Spain) Strengthening of the decision-making process and of the cooperation between public and private actors and between the different levels of government was one of the objectives of the RurUrbal project. This European transnational cooperation project (2009-2012) carried out within the MED program aimed at developing a governance strategy for a local and balanced sustainable development of peri-urban areas. This project was developed in six peri-urban areas that are under pressure from urban sprawl: Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), Aix-en-Provence (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France), Grenoble (Rhône-Alpes, France), Turin (Piedmont, Italy), Siena (Tuscany, Italy) and Thessaloniki (Macedonia, Greece). « We have suggested working on quality local food systems and make them the driving force for a better equality between territories », says Raimon RODA NOYA. The objectives are both strategic, economic, environmental and social: democratization of sustainable food, promotion of a responsible and fairly-traded food, reduced ecological footprint, development of a daily sustainable way of life, emergence of a sense of belonging to a territory, opening of these emerging territories to the outside world, etc. « RurUrbal’s ambition was to reflect on the issue of food policy but also to actually experience what food governance is about », underlines Elena DI BELLA. « We wanted to test the possibility of creating a network of actors in which local authorities, academics, producers and consumers could connect and help them achieve a common goal. » In practice, RurUrbal initiated the following process: . Identifying of actors and existing forms of cooperation;

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. Getting to know the expected individual benefits and specific actors’ interests; . Disclosing what could be a tacit agreement on the common good; . Defining a vision and common goals with help from all actors; . Developing an action plan; . Taking on the commitment and implementing governance mechanisms.

« All these elements build a confidence for the future governance », sums up Raimon RODA NOYA. This process led to the implementation of good practices with 13 actions including:

. regulating the sale prices by a local authority called Communauté du Pays d’Aix which aims to maintain a “fair price” in the producers’ market place called “Terres de Provence” by involving consumers’ associations in the project (France); . creating of a Council of Producers of the national park Montseny (Conseil de producteurs du Parc Naturel de Montseny) gathering all producers of the park interested in selling their productions in short distribution channels (France); . the Spanish council “Comarcal del Vallès Oriental” promoted the recovery of traditional varieties of tomatoes that were previously grown in the Vallès. A challenge which turned out to be successful thanks to dynamic local producers and the participation of outlets and restaurants eager to put these varieties in their menus (Spain); . organisation of producers in the Grenoble area in France to offer local authorities and private companies box schemes of local food products (France); . in a French local authority called Pays Voironnais, a communal social care center, a municipality and social landowners developed a community garden used by residents of the neighbourhood, at the ground-floor of the buildings, to make it a place of exchanges and social ties; . a multipurpose space was created in the province of Siena in Italy to give visibility to local agricultural products sold in short distribution channels and produced seasonally.

Local governance Charters were also created and provided a basis for achieving a European charter of territorial and food governance. On the basis of local and transnational initiatives taken in the framework of this project, a transnational network of the charter is under construction. For further readings: www.rururbal.eu

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utopIa oF DesIReD paRaDIgm?

It depends on the degree of responsibility that we accept to assume. The already mentioned interconnection of the various topics adds a layer of complexity to the decision making process in this field. It should not, however, deter us from action. Because action is necessary, and what is more, it is possible.

As Catherine Laurent puts it in her work on Evidence Based Policies (Laurent, 2009), the effectiveness of a local public policy is based on a combination of practitioners’ feedback and a mastered use of available scientific knowledge. What is at stake is the ability of decision makers to use scientific knowledge smartly, regardless of the place they give to it in their final decision. It is therefore necessary to explore various forms of possible links between scientific approach and the public decision-making process, between local authorities and the international research community. We need to seek for relevant issues that stir up dialogue rather than be trying to reach consensual solutions (Sennet, 1979). Local authorities can become real engines of local dynamics in this sector. IUFN wishes to actively contribute to strengthen such cooperation. The organization of meetings gathering a rich panel of stakeholders around the food issue, such as HUNGRY CITY in 2012, is one of many ways of doing it. Thus, we look forward to seeing you in December 2013, for a new moment of collective intelligence, this time around land governance.

IUFN Teamwww.iufn.org

“Sustainable food for all as a project for the society. As a subject of a dedicated local policy. As a relevant axis of territorial development.“

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HuNGRY CITY INTERNaTIONaL CONFERENCEIuFN INTERNaTIONaL uRBaN FOOD NETWORk

December 6-7th, 2012, Regional council of Île-de-France Region, Paris (France)Speakers by chronological order:

Gilles BILLEN, Director of research, CNRS PIREN-Seine (France)

Serge BONNEFOY, PhD in economics, Technical Secretary for Terres en villes (France)

Martin BORTZMEYER, French Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE), Head of the Office for Agriculture (France)

Valentina CATIVELLI, Researcher, Provincia Cremona (Italy) (apologized)

Michel COLOMBIER, Scientific Director, Institute for Sustainable Development and international relations Iddri (France)

Catherine DARROT, Lecturer-Researcher on rural sociology, AgroCampus Ouest (France)

Elena DI BELLA, Servizio Sviluppo Montano, rurale et valorizzazione produzioni tipiche, Provincia di Torino (Italy)

Eric DUCHEMIN, Associate professor at Institut des sciences de l’environnement at Université de Québec in Montréal (Canada)

René DUTREY, Deputy Mayor of Paris, in charge of sustainable development and change climate plan (France)

Florence EGAL, FCIT co-secretary, FAO Food for cities program (Italy)

Fabienne GIBOUDEAUX, Deputy Mayor of Paris, in charge of green parks (France)

Jess HALLIDAY, Marie Curie Research Fellow in the PUREFOOD Network based at the Center for Food Policy, City University London (UK)

Joël LABBE, Senator, Vice-President of the Economic Affairs Commission of the Senat, Mayor of Saint–Nolff (France)

Salma LOUDIYI, Assistant Professor, UMR Métafort, VetAgroSup Clermont-Ferrand (France)

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Eleonora MORGANTI, Researcher, IFSTTAR (France)

Janet POPPENDIECK, Professor at Hunter college, The City University of New York (USA)

Catherine RIBES, Elected regional counsellor of Ile-de-France Regional Council Vice-President of CERVIA (France)

Jean-Louis ROBILLARD, Vice-President in charge of Food, Local Farming and Rurality, Regional council of Nord-Pas de Calais region (France)

Raimon RODA NOYA, Department for planning and territorial analysis, Diputació de Barcelona (Espagne)

Carolyn STEEL, Architect and writer, Hungry City: How food shapes our lives, ed. Vintage Books, 2009 (UK)

André TORRE, Director of Research at INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) (France)

Sébastien TREYER, Director of Programs, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations Iddri (France)

Dominique TRINEL, Head of the programs Organic food plan and Food

governance, Regional Council of Nord-Pas de Calais region (France)

Pascal VERDIER, Agriculture and Land Planning Project manager, City of Rennes (France)

Dirk WASCHER, Alterra Wageningen UR, Research Institute for the Green Environment (The Netherlands)

Johannes S.C. WISKERKE, Prof. Dr. Ir., Chair and Professor of Rural Sociology, Chair, Scientific Program Committee ‘Agriculture in an Urbanizing Society’ conference, Wageningen University (The Netherlands)

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FoR FuRtheR ReaDIngsHere is an alphabetical list of references mentioned during the Hungry City conference: . Urban agriculture in Montréal: http://agriculturemontreal.com/

. Agri-urbain, French-speaking network on urban and peri-urban agriculture: http://agriurbain.ning.com/

. FAO Food for cities program: http://www.fao.org/fcit/

. COFAMI – Encouraging Collective Farmers Marketing Initiatives: http://www.cofami.org/

. Food footprint for Paris in 2030: http://www.sisyphe.upmc.fr/piren/webfm_send/1035

. Program Fome Zero in Brazil: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap339f/ap339f.pdf

. Lufa farms: www.lufa.com/

. Foodlinks Community – network promoting a sustainable agriculture: http://www.foodlinkscommunity.net/

. Foodmeters project, Alterra Wageningen UR: http://wageningenur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Research-Institutes/alterra.htm

. Food-school governing in New York and London: http://www.ecoliteracy.org/essays/new-agenda-school-food

. Good Food for London 2012 Report: http://www.sustainweb.org/londonfoodlink/good_food_for_london/

. Site on the book Hungry City, by Carolyn Steel: www.hungrycitybook.co.uk/

. Laboratoire d’Agriculture Urbaine AU/Lab: http://www.aulab.uqam.ca

. London Food Board: http://www.london.gov.uk/london-food/general/what-london-food-board

. French Office of Agriculture at the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Developpement-durable-.html

. Toward a food governing scheme in Nord Pas de Calais region: http://www.nordpasdecalais.fr/jcms/c_5140/agriculture/alimentation

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. French National food program (PNA): http://alimentation.gouv.fr/pna

. European Purefood Project: http://purefoodnetwork.eu/

. Cas study: Rennes as as food-based city: http://adt.rennes.over-blog.com/

. Croosboarding cooperation program RurUrbal: http://www.rururbal.eu/

. Santropol roulant: http://santropolroulant.org/site/fr

. Local food brandname Saveurs Paris Ile-de-France: http://www.saveursparisidf.com

. SUPURBFOOD – Sustainable urban and periurbain food provision: www.supurbfood.eu

. SUS-CHAIN Wageningen UR: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10806-010-9286-y#page-1

. Association Terres en villes: www.terresenvilles.org

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IuFN - INTERNaTIONaL uRBaN FOOD NETWORk IUFN, International Urban Food Network is an international research and cooperation network on sustainable food governance of urban regions. Launched in 2011, it aims to strengthen the cooperation between local authorities and the research community. IUFN defends sustainable food as a relevant axis for the construction of resilient territories. Our goal is twofold. On one hand, IUFN wishes to actively contribute to the integration of the food issue into urban/territorial planning and on the political agenda. On the other, IUFN wishes to help to make research on urban food governance visible and operational.

IUFN campaigns for:

. Creation of a sustainable food system guaranteeing the food security of urban areas. . Integration of the food issue into urban and territorial planning projects as an essential axis for the development of resilient territories. . Renewal of the urban food governance.

The network is essentially destined to local authorities and research community from industrialised countries and those of Brazil, India, Russia and China. A specific statute of an Associate member gives the possibility to other actors concerned by the creation of sustainable urban food systems and sustainable food governance to join IUFN.

beCome IuFn membeR!Give us support to help us build a sustainable food system for urban regions !

More information on: www.iufn.org

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