Feeding Dried Distillers Grains to Hogs Ron Plain, University of Missouri
Feeding Dried Distillers Grains to Hogs
Ron Plain, University of Missouri
Production of Ethanol and Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles
1 bushel of corn (56 lbs) will yield:
2.75 gallons of ethanol 17 lbs of DDGS
A 45 mil gal/yr plant generates:~ 400 tons of DDGS every day
Dry Milled Ethanol Production
Corn EthanolStillage
Thin StillageWet Distiller Grain
Wet Distiller Grain with Solubles
Condensed Distiller Solubles
DDGS
Wet Milled & Dry Milled Corn for Ethanol
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
98-99
00-01
02-03
04-05
06-07
08-09
10-11
Billion Bushels
Wet Dry
Source: PRX Blue Sky
Forecast
DDGS Production in the U.S.
2000 – 4.3 billion pounds
2006 – 25.5 billion pounds
2010 – 42.5 billion pounds
By comparison, U.S. hogs eat about 82 billion pounds of feed annually
Use of Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles
80% used in ruminant diets
10% exported
10% fed to non-ruminants
U.S. Ethanol Plants
5 bgy expanding to 8 bgy
Nutrient Composition (DM)
Item Corn SBM DDGS
Crude Protein, % 8-9 47-49 29-33
Crude Fat, % 4 3 8-12
Crude Fiber, % 2-3 10-11 5-10
ADF, % 3.1 10.6 15-185
DE, kcal/lb 1551 1782 1589-1836
Lysine, % 0.3 3 0.6-1.1
Phosphorus, % 0.3 0.7 0.4-1.0
Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles
Product variability – Nutrient Content Crude protein
23 to 30 %
Amino acid digestibility 17.7 to 74.4 %
Lysine content 0.59 to 0.89 %
Crude fat 3 to 12 %
Why the variation in nutrient concentrations?
Nutrient variability of the corn
Processing methods
Type of yeast used
Fermenting and distillation efficiency
Drying temperature and time
Amount of solubles blended
DDGS Product Variability
Variability impacts on: Nutritional value Palatability (feed intake)
Indicators of quality Color
Light golden to dark brown
Smell Sweet to smoky or burnt
Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles
Lower QualityLess Digestible
High QualityHighly Digestible
DDGS Nutritional Issues
Micotoxins: Any micotoxins (aflatoxin,
vomatoxin, etc) in corn are concentrated by dry milling
Only purchase DDGS from ethanol plants which check corn for micotoxins before milling
DDGS Nutritional Issues
Amino Acids: Imbalance of amino acids
(lysine, cystine and threonine)
Reduced amino acid digestibility
Add synthetic lysine if DDGS >10% of diet
Add synthetic threonine and tryptophan if DDGS >20% of diet
DDGS Nutritional Issues
Minerals Corn is 0.25% phosphorus which is
14% digestible by hogs
DDGS is 0.75% phosphorus which is 90% digestible
Add less dicalcium phosphate to hog diets containing DDGS
Less phosphorus in the manure
DDGS Nutritional Issues
High Fat Content (9-12%) Negatively impacts pork fat
quality and belly firmness
Significant problem if DDGS>20% of diet
DDGS Impact on Pork Fat
Belly Traits 0% 10% 20% 30%
Thickness, cm 3.15 3.00 2.84 2.71
Firmness score 27.3 24.4 25.1 21.3
Adj firmness score 25.9 23.8 25.4 22.4
Iodine number 66.8 68.6 70.6 72.0
DDGS Content of Feed
DDGS Nutritional Issues
High Fiber Content Valuable for ruminants
Low digestibility for hogs
Adds to volume of manure
DDGS Handling
Particle size
600 to 2,100 microns
Impacts Flowability
Pelletability
Storing DDGS
Limited Storage High in polyunsaturated fatty acids
Wet distillers
Summer – 7 days Winter – 3 to 4 weeks
Dry distillers (> 85 % DM)
Summer – 1 month Winter – 3 months
Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles
Health Considerations Low soluble fiber diets may reduce the proliferation of
pathogenic organisms in the GI tract (Hampson, 1999)
Illeitis or Lawsonia intracellularis
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
Fewer cases of: Acidosis Laminitis Liver abscesses
Feeding DDGS to Sows
DDGS during gestation & lactation
Slightly improves next pregnancy’s
Feed intake
Litter size
Weaning weight
Substitution Rule for Swine Rations
Add 200 lb of DDGS + 3 lb limestone
To replace:
177 lbs of corn
20 lbs soybean meal (44%)
6 lbs of dicalcium phosphate
Hog Growth Performance (63-268 pounds)
DDGS F/G ADFI ADG Car Wt
0% 2.47 5.63 2.28 208.86
10% 2.51 5.59 2.23 202.67
20%
30%
2.46
2.47
5.38
5.32
2.18
2.15
202.14
199.22
Source: University of Missouri feeding trials
Some other trials show no negative impact on animal performance for low levels of DDGS in diet
Economic Value of DDGS for Hogs (0% reduction in ADG)
Corn Price ($/bu) 150 175 200 225
2.00 89 92 94 97
2.50 105 108 110 113
3.00 121 123 126 128
3.50 137 139 142 144
Soybean Meal Price ($/ton)
DDGS values ($/ton) for various prices of corn and soybean meal
Economic Value of DDGS for Hogs (2% reduction in ADG)
Corn Price ($/bu) 150 175 200 225
2.00 83 86 89 91
2.50 100 102 105 107
3.00 116 118 121 123
3.50 132 134 137 139
Soybean Meal Price ($/ton)
DDGS values ($/ton) for various prices of corn and soybean meal
Economic Value of DDGS for Hogs (4% reduction in ADG)
Corn Price ($/bu) 150 175 200 225
2.00 78 80 83 85
2.50 94 96 99 102
3.00 110 113 115 118
3.50 126 129 132 134
Soybean Meal Price ($/ton)
DDGS values ($/ton) for various prices of corn and soybean meal
Recommended Inclusion Rates for DDGS in Swine Diets
Phase Start point Max
Nursery (> 15 lbs) 5% 25%
Grow-finish 10% 20%
Gestating sows 20% 50%
Lactating sows 5% 20%
Boars 20% 50%
Limitations
Synthetic amino acids needed if DDGS >10% of ration
Quality of pork fat impaired if DDGS >20% of ration
Not recommended for pigs <15 lbs
Sows may need adaptation period to high levels of DDGS
Summary
DDGS can effectively be used in swine diets
DDGS can negatively impact feed intake
DDGS quality is highly variable Producers should test samples or develop specification sheet with
the plant to properly formulate the ration
200 lbs DDGS plus 3 lbs of limestone replaces 177 lbs corn, 20 lbs SBM and 6 lbs dical
Questions?
Acknowledgements
This PowerPoint file was adapted by: Ron Plain, Ag Economist, U of Missouri
From a PowerPoint file originally developed by Marcia Shannon, Animal Scientist, U of Missouri
Summarizing a lot of fine research, especially by Jerry Shurson, Animal Scientist, U of Minnesota
A useful website: www.ddgs.umn.edu