Feedback - By Paul Fellows

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FEEDBACK-Coaching and Motor Control

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Presentation

Define the topic Brief background Previous research Findings Conclusion

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Main Research

Dr. Gabriele Wulf Schmidt & Wrisberg Stephan Swinnen

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Background & Definition

Large amount of interest since 20th century

Critical for learning motor skills Definition

Information produced from the various sensors within the body (Schmidt)

Knowledge of results of any behaviour considered as influencing further behaviour

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Feedback – Overview

Internal FeedbackFeedback from the sensory cortex

○ Eg. sight or kinesthesis

External FeedbackAugmented informationExternal to the sensory cortex of the

performerAdds to the intrinsic information

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Knowledge of Results (KR)

•Extrinsic•Augmented•Success of movement with respect to the goal•Can be redundant

Former Collingwood Coach Mick Malthouse addressing his players at 3qtr time of grand final.1 2011

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Knowledge of Performance (KP)•Extrinsic•Augmented•Assesses quality of movement rather than result•Supplements the knowledge of the performer•Kinematic feedback

• v, t, a, etc.

A picture of dartfish software assessing a countermovement jump

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Feedback and Learningliterature

Thorndike’s line drawing test1931 (foundation research)Participants who did not receive feedback

did not improve post testEstablished mind set for further researchThorndike’s study still confirmed

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Modern Research

Place greater emphasis on extrinsic feedback than previously

Encourage learner to improve personal error detection abilities

Prevent learner dependency on feedback

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No Feedback - Evidence

Mostly nonhuman subjects (birds)Bird songs specific to speciesBirds raised in captivityMotor learning independent of feedback

Limited studies on human subjectsGymnastsGreat amount of redundant feedbackFrustrating to receive redundant feedback

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Research by Dr. Wulf (2007) Motivation linked to feedback when performer has

achieved positive results Examined effects of feedback on motivation Found that learners responded to feedback post

positive results achieved Motivation is a function of feedback

AIS high performance track cycling coach speaks to Anna Meares ahead of the world championships Melbourne 2012

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Motivation and Feedback

Goal setting enhanced motivation Coaches and teachers must encourage

goal achievement through feedback Learners try harder, are happier and

practice for longer

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Reinforcement Positive reinforcement

Response to increase likelihood of repeated movement

Negative reinforcement Response to remove aversive

condition to increase likelihood of repeated movement

Long time Russian national women’s volleyball coach Nikolai Karpol employing negative reinforcement to improve performance

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Weinberg et. al

ReinforcementQuantify positive reinforcement effect on

endurance performanceHypothesised that positive reinforcement

increase endurance performanceResults indicated no significant difference in

either studyPositive reinforcement has not effect on

endurance performance

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Reinforcement Literature

Limited literature surrounding reinforcementPoses difficult experimental design

problemsResearchers failed to sample groups to

expose correct experimental behavioursNil feedback, all positive or all negative

proved to challenging to implicate in studiesExperiments lacked internal validity

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Intermittent Reinforcement Reinforcement only provided occasionally Improves athletes error detection Improves self motivation and reinforcement Great reinforcement effects once reinforcement

has been removed Overexposure if reinforcement occurs after every

trial

Rugby League coach Wayne Bennet speaks to his players at a training session

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Practical Applications Utilise intermittent reinforcement

and feedback Use intrinsic feedback of the

athletePrompt discussionUse questions

Develop athletes error correction Do not overexpose performers

to feedback (loses effect)

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Practical Applications cont. Consider task

complexity experience

feedback Empower athlete

decision making Encourage discussion

regarding performance

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Future Research

Research ‘real-world’ sporting context Study outside of lab Create experiments that employ more

externally valid concepts Greater research on intrinsic feedback

rather than extrinsic Study more effective extrinsic feedback

specific to the individual’s needs

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The End – Thank you

Please feel free to visit the wikiversity page for Sport Coaching Pedagogyhttp://

en.wikiversity.org/wiki/SportCoachingPedagogy or visit my blog

http://paulfellowsspc12.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/sport-coaching-pedagogy-2012.html

Or Follow me on Twitterwww.twitter.com/pfellows12 (#SCP12)

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Badami, R., VaezMousavi, M., Wulf, G., & Namazizadeh, M. (2007). Feedback after good trials enhances intrinsic motivation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.

Schimdt, R., and Wrisberg, C., (2008) Motor Learning and Performance Human Kinetics 286-299

Schmidt , R., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., and Spring (1980) Feedback influences on reaction time Journal of Motor Behaviour 12:239-261

Swinnen, S., and Zelaznik, H., (2002) Information Feedbck for Motor Skill Learning: A Review Advances in Motor Learning and Control 3:37-42

Weinberg, R., Garland, H., Bruya, I., and Jackson, A., (1993) Effect of Positive Reinforcement on Endurance Performance Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12:141-156

References