Federalism: Test Review. Define & CoMpare: Unitary SystemUnitary System Federal SystemFederal System Confederal SystemConfederal System Some examples.

Federalism:Test Review

Define & CoMpare:

• Unitary System

• Federal System

• Confederal System

• Some examples of each?

Federalism

• Why did the framers of the U.S. Constitution devise the federalist system?

• What were the practical advantages?

• What are some significant advantages & disadvantages of the federal system as we use it today?

Laboratories of Democracy

• Name some significant federal policies that were a result of successful state initiatives.

• Did Social Security begin as a state program?

• Both state & local governments have the power to tax. Is the federal government the only entity that can collect taxes on personal income?

Constitutional Powers

• Define & Compare the following:

• Expressed/enumerated powers

• Inherent powers

• Implied powers

• Reserved powers

• Concurrent powers

• Exclusive powers

Important provisions:

Define the following and explain why each is significant:

Elastic / Necessary & Proper Clause

Full Faith & Credit Clause

Supremacy Clause

Role of the Supreme court:

• Who was John Marshall & why was he significant?

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• Since the 1990’s how has the Supreme Court traditionally ruled regarding the expansion of federal power?

• Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

Expansion of Federal Power

• The Marshall court expanded the power of the federal government, but in the following years, future courts, presidents and legislators sought to redirect more power to the states.

• Slavery was an issue that both abolitionists & slaveholders used to illustrate the strengths & limitations of federalism.

• Southern states believed they could “opt out” of federal laws they did not like. They embraced the idea of nullification, as opposed to the Supremacy clause listed in the Constitution.

Test of Federalism

• After the election of Abraham Lincoln, several Southern states decided to leave, or secede, from the union.

• Lincoln did not believe that states had the right to leave. The Civil War was fought to keep the union in tact, and was our nation’s greatest challenge to federalism.

• After the war, Congress promoted, and the non- rebellion states ratified, a series of amendments designed to incorporate freed slaves into the union.

• The 13th, 14th & 15th amendments forced states to comply with federal laws on slavery, discrimination & voting rights, until Reconstruction ended in 1878.

Types of Federalism

• Define & compare the following:

• Dual federalism

• Cooperative federalism

• New federalism

Presidential & Party Positions on federal Power

Franklin d. Roosevelt

• Democrat (1932-1945)

• Greatly expanded the power of the federal government with the implementation of cooperative federalism

• Roosevelt argued that the dire situation of the nation during the Great Depression called for significant government intervention

• Met with much public & legislative support, but received some judicial criticism about the constitutionality of his programs.

• Threatened to “pack the court” with six additional judges if the Supreme Court continued to challenge his programs

Johnson’s Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson

• Democrat (1963-1969).

• Since Brown v. Board of Education (1954 & 56), the federal government was forced to use national power to ensure Southern compliance to national laws regarding civil rights & discrimination.

• Johnson enthusiastically supported the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965, which sought to end the discriminatory laws and practices of southern states.

• Johnson’s “Great Society” policies of the 1960’s sought to eradicate poverty in the U.S.

• Great expansion of federal programs like welfare, housing aid, and other poverty relief programs. Increased federal spending for implementation.

• U.S. was also becoming increasingly involved in the Vietnam conflict, which increased military spending. Public support for Johnson was not high.

Richard M. Nixon

Richard Nixon

• Republican (1969-1975)

• Began a process of reducing government spending by both drawing down the Vietnam conflict & allowing more state control through government grants

• Resigned in disgrace after Watergate scandal

• Program reductions would continue under Ronald Reagan in 1981.

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

• Republican (1981-1989)

• Began the process of devolving power (devolution) & program control from the federal to state governments. Coined the term “New Federalism” which shifted more power to the states.

• Awarded more block grants to the states: states would get the funds to set up and run many programs formally controlled by the federal government.

• Devolution reduced federal spending on social programs, and reduced some levels of a very complicated federal bureaucracy.

• Embraced the idea of “small government” but did not advocate a reduced federal budget. Reagan greatly increased federal spending and the national debt on military programs like “Star Wars.”

Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton

• Democrat (1993-2001)

• Continued some of Reagan’s devolutions policies, particularly by supporting The Welfare Reform Act, which reformed and reduced the cost of welfare, and allotted block grants to the states to implement their own state welfare programs.

• This reduced federal welfare spending, but created inequities with the implementation of the poverty programs in each state.

• Also greatly reduced federal military spending. Only president in past 45 years to submit a balanced, (then surplus,) federal budget.

George W. Bush

George W. Bush

• Republican (2001-2009)

• Supported the expansion of federal power through his avocation of several congressional acts & key pieces legislation:

• Formation of the Department of Homeland Security

• Patriot Act (in response to 9/11)

• No Child Left Behind

• Defense of Marriage Act

Barack Obama

Barack Obama

• Democrat (2009-present)

• Supported the repeal of DOMA

• Advocated for national education standards with the federal policy Common Core.

• Promoted the Affordable Care Act, (Obama Care), which advocated a federal mandate on individual access to health insurance, (although each state was given the option to set up their own, state run insurance exchanges.)

• Continued many Bush policies regarding the Patriot Act & the Department of Homeland Security.

Grants in Aid to States

• Define and compare the following:

• Categorical Grants

• Block Grants

• Federal Mandates