FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA NATIONAL FADAMA …documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/391111468775588197/pdf/multi0page.pdfFEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK THE

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK

THE SECOND NATIONAL FADAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FADAMA 11)

DRAFT E776Volume 2

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIANATIONAL FADAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(FADAMA - 11)

THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)(March 28, 2003)

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The Pest Management Plan (PMP)

1. Introduction

1.1 Pest and Pesticide Management Implications for Fadama-II activities.

The National Fadama Development Project - II is essentially an agricultural

project with the aim of sustainably increasing the incomes of Fadama Users

(Farmers, Pastoralists, Fishermen, Gatherers, Hunters and Service providers),

through empowering communities to take charge of their own development

agenda. As an agricultural project, there are a number of NFDP-II activities that

have implications for pest and pesticides management. The major agricultural

pests include insects, mites, nematodes, plant pathogens, vertebrate pests and

weeds. These pests have existed with humans as components of the natural eco-

system since the dawn of civilization. The relative importance attached to a given

group of pests depends on how humans perceive the damage done to food and

fibre supply by the pests group.

The aim of the proposed Pest Management Plan (PMP) is, therefore, to address

the concerns relating to the risks associated with potential increases in the

activities of pests problems as a result of the implementation of the proposed

Fadama II and to strengthen national capacities to implement mitigating measures

to minimize the risks. The plan would also highlights international and national

institutions that would be involved in the implementation of the Pest Management

programme.

The Pest Management Plan would be mainstreamed in to the major components

of the Fadama II in line with the requirements for compliance with the World

Bank's safeguard Policies, OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C. The plan would be

implemented within the frame work of existing national institutions and

government policies, regulations and operations which can be supported by the

National Fadama Development Project -II. The Projects Coordinating Unit will

cooperate with the Pest Control Unit of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and

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Rural Development for the purpose of supervising the implementation of the

PMP.

Since NFDP-II is to be implemented in eighteen states of Nigeria distributed

across varied ecological zones, the implemental of the PMP would be based on

wide national coverage. This is to minimize pest infestations in areas that may

not be covered by the Pest Management programme of NFDP-II.

The strategic issues under the NFDP-II that have implications for pest

management include:

* Increased crop/livestock diversification and intensification in cropping

areas for agricultural production;

* Continual invasion of the country side by migratory pests such as birds,

rodents, locust, army worms etc. which can completely wipe out field

crops being promoted by NFDP-I1; and

* Competition for food and fibre between the pests and humans in the

project areas.

The major pests issues under NFDP-II revolves around insect and weed pests

control. While substantial efforts have been devoted to the former, the latter has

remained largely under estimated in past projects. Incidentally, weeds have

influenced human social actions more than other crop pests. Weed infestation

have not received serious attention by both Government and farmers themselves

and their devastating effects have been grossly underestimated. Consequently,

weeds continue to take up more of the farmers' time than other crop production

inputs. Most of the cultural practices associated with crop production are directly

or indirectly related to the removal of weeds. Insects and weeds infestation are

the major agricultural problems of farmners and their presence on the farm is often

associated with poverty, uncleanliness and laziness.

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Table 1 presents a detailed review of the NFDP-II Components and their

implication for Pest Management.

Table 1: NFDP-II Components and Implications for Pest Management

S/N. Project Objective/Output Implication for Pest Management

1. Increased agricultural production activities Increase use and reliance onchemical pesticides

2. Introduction of new crops Introduction of new pests in to theWhat new crops? ecosystem and increased use of

pesticides to protect their seedlings.3. Increase in incomes of Fadama Community Change in current Pest

Associations from agricultural production Management Practices.4. Training and building of capacity of Inclusion of Integrated Pest

Fadama Community Associations in Management approaches in theagricultural Intensification techniques training curriculum.

5. Promotion of agricultural exports through Increased use of chemical pesticidesimproved processing, storage and marketing with implications for the quality ofpractices the agricultural products.

6. Improved advisory services Introduction of new chemicalpesticides for effective pest control.May be New pest managementpractices (inclUding new ere/saferpesticides)

7. Demand responsive advisory services Lack of attention for PestRedundant with no. 6 Management as farmers may be left

alone to manage their pest problem.8. Promotion of improved agricultural Training curriculum may be biased

technologies for increased use of chemicalpesticides.

9. Promotion of agricultural research and Inadequate focus to Integrated Pestsextension services Management and non-chemical

practices.10. Support to Fadama Community Association Inadequate attention to Pest

(FCAs) Management issues and capacity ofFCAs to implement the pestManagement Plan.

11. Use of underground and surface water Increase in disease vectorI____ ________________________________________ p o p u latio n .

1.2 Pest Management Practices and the Environment

World-wide, agricultural production has benefited, for decades, from improved

pest management practices. This has not been totally possible without the

ultimate prize of inadvertent pollution of the environment. Public concerns over

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environmental pollution has recently led plant protection professionals to initiate

search for pest control methods that will harmonize the relationship between

humans and other organisms with whom they share the environment.

I[tegrated ]Pest Management (RP'M) has been defined as "A pest management

system that in the context of the associated environments and the population

dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all available techniques and methods in as

compatible a manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels

below those causing economic injury" FAO 1966. An effective Pest Management

Plan strives to completely protect crops and animal from all pests. Integrated Pest

Management does not mean total abstenance from the use of chemical pesticides

but advocates their rational use in the context of environment friendly pest

management practices.

The essential of an acceptable IPM include; use of resistant or tolerant

crop/livestock varieties, improved cultural practices, regular pest and vector

monitoring and surveillance, and biological control using national enemies of the

major crops/livestock. Successful IPM derives from the farmers' ability to:

identify the pest, monitoring of the infestation level, determination of the

acceptable injury and action levels of the various pest groups and evaluation of

specific control method for a given pest group and their compatibility with control

methods used in other pest groups within the ecosystem. The IPM is farmers'

centered and thus address issues far beyond best management but offers

improvement for the entire agricultural production system.

A major unintended result of pesticide dependent pest control practices often

adopted is the misuse of such pesticides. The following impacts have been

associated with such practices:

(i) Reduction of yield by interfering with crops and animal growth.

(ii) Reduction in the productivity of crops and animals by destruction of

pollinators of crop plants.

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(iii) Reduction in the quality of harvested agricultural products.

(iv) Interference with cultural operations and increase cost of production.

(v) Pests may poison crops, animals and farmers.

(vi) Pest increase cost of agricultural production.

(vii) Contamination of the soil and water bodies.

(viii) Development of pest resistance to pesticides leading to increased use of

chemical pesticides.

(ix) Loss of bio-diversity in the environment, particularly of aquatic species

and wild life.

(x) Pests serve as alternate hosts for many plant diseases and animal pest.

(xi) Pests limit farm size and are source of hazards on the farm.

Despite all these, pests especially weeds have been identified to have some

positive impacts such as serving as a vegetative cover that protects the soil surface

from erosion, source of nutrient to crops, and source of drugs used in public

health.

It is, therefore, necessary to pay considerable attention to environmental impacts

of current pest management practices in Nigeria. With respect to NFDP-II and

based on the key activities that have implications for pest management, some

mitigation measures are proposed to address the identified issues as detailed in

table 2.

labRe2: Mazouu 1ssues znd Actioim Requared

S/N. Major Issues Actions Required

I1. Increased use and reliance on o Promote adoption of IPM practiceschemical pesticides through farmer's education and training.

o Undertake monitoring of adoption of IPMpractices.

2. Introduction of new pest into the o Ensure adherence to Pest Control andecosystem and increased use of prevention standard practices.pesticides

o Screen new crops for associated pests.3. Change in current Pest Management o Increase Integrated Pest Management

Practices awareness amend project beneficiariesand policy makers.

o Allocate project resources in pursuanceof a - - a sound crop protectlonpolicy.

o Monitor use of pesticide among farmers.

4. Inclusion of IPM approaches in the o Allocate project resources to supporttraining curriculum development of IPM training modules.

o Organize training of trainers andbeneficiaries on IPM.

o Produce leaflets and handbills on 1PM forcirculation among project beneficiaries.

5. Environmental hazards of pesticides o Undertake a study on remedial effect ofmisuse pesticide misuse on agricultural products.

o Create public awareness and sensitizationof project beneficiaries on the intentionalhazards of pesticide misuse.

o Monitoring of pesticide poisoning in thefarming and beneficiary communities.

6. Introduction of new chemical o Ensure strict adherence to existing policypesticide for pest control on use of new chemical pesticide in

project environment.

o Create public awareness on the bannedand approved chemical pesticide and safe

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use methods.

7. Lack of attention for Pest * Make adequate IPM practices one of theManagement by Government and eligible criteria for micro-projectproject beneficiaries assessment.

* FMARD/NAFDAC/FME to effectivelysupervise compliance with pesticidelegislation.

8. Training curriculum may be biased for * Screen training curriculum to de-increased use of chemical pesticides emphasize use of chemical pesticides.

* Create public awareness on the negativeand residual impact of chemicalpesticides.

9. Inadequate focus to [PM and other * Allocate project resource to supportnon-chemical practices limited research in non-chemical pest

control measures.

* Strengthen extension support to [PMpractices.

* Undertake periodic monitoring of pestmanagement practice in use duringproject implementation.

10. Inadequate attention to Pest * Screen micro-projects prepared by FCAsManagement Issues and Capacity of for proper Pest Management handling.FCA to Implement the Pestmanagement Plan * Allocate project resources to support

necessary pest management practices.11. Increase in vector population and of * Support health campaigns in the project

vector-borne diseases areas.

* Establish strong linkage between NFDP-II and national health programme.

* Conduct regular vector surveillance.

2.0 Pest Management Approaches in Nigeria.

2.1 Overview of Pest or Vector Problems.

Nigeria extends from latitude 04.03°N to 14.00°N and from 02.05°E to about

15.00°E. Out of its total land area of 91 million hectares, only 69 million hectares

have potentials for agricultural production. Annual rainfall ranges from 2500mm

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in the southern states of the country to 500mm in the North. The rainfall pattern

has led to the formation of a parallel vegetation zones across the country from the

mangrove swamps in the coastal areas of the south through the rain forest, forest

savanna, Guinea savanna to the Sudan savanna in the northern most parts of the

country.

The types of crops, animals and the production systems vary from one major

ecological zone to the other (Table 3). Consequently pest control practices will

vary with respect to the type of pesticide and rates to be used. The major crops to

be grown under the project include cereals namely maize, rice, millet, wheat and

sorghum, vegetables including Onion, Garlic, fleeted pumpkin, Cabbage, Garden-

egg, Carrots, Lettuce, Cucumber, potatoes, Pepper and Okra. However emphasis

is placed on vegetables under small scale irrigation in Nigeria. The commercial

crops are sugarcane, cotton and wheat in the Northem region.

Table 3: Major 1Pests by Agro-ecological Zomes

Agro-ecological Zone Participating State Principal Crops/Activity Major Pests/ WeedsHumid Forest Imo, Lagos, Ogun and Cereals, Vegetables o Army worms(including Coastal Oyo plantation and sugarcane, o Stem borersSwamp and rain- processing and storage o Birdsforest activities a Striga hermotheca

0 grassesSavanna (transition) Kaduna, Niger, Cereals, food legumes, o Aphids(including Guinea Plateau, FCT, Taraba, cotton, vegetable, sugarcane a Black Mothand derived Kwara and Kogi a White FliesSavanna) a Jassids

o Cotton Stainerso Defoliatorso Birdso Grasseso Striga Spp.o Sorghum Spp.

Sudan Savanna Adamawa, Bauchi, Cereals, cotton, onions, o AphidsGombe, Borno, tomatoes, vegetables and o Black MothKebbi, Katsina and sugarcan a White FliesJigawa 0 Jassids

a Cotton Stainersa Defoliatorso Birdsa Grasseso Striga Spp.

I I I | . Sorghum Spp.

2.2 Current Pest Management Approaches

The responsibility for Pest Management in Nigeria rests on the Federal Pest

Control Services (FPCS) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development, National Research Institutes (NRIs) and State ADPs. These

agencies are involved in the management of general pests and diseases at various

levels. The activities of the Federal Pest Control Services are carried out through

their field offices located in the States. The state offices have qualified staff

mainly technician with few Professional (Agricultural officers/Senior Agricultural

Officers). Most of these staff have received special training in integrated pest

management. This staffs are responsible for:

* Monitoring and compilation of reports on the incidence of pests and diseases,

the amount of crop damage, weather condition and control measures adopted;

and

* Training of farmers on pesticide application methods and the safe and

effective user of pesticides.

Nigeria periodically suffers from invasion by the African migratory locust and

Qualea birds; however, their control is not beyond the resources and competence

of the FMARD. During an invasion, financial resources are mustered to acquire

necessary equipment and materials for organizing the control campaign; including

vehicles and drivers, acquisition of spraying equipment, pesticides, protective

gear and communication equipment. Such assistance is provided from the special

fund controlled by Ecological Disaster Fund.

2.3 IPM Experience in Nigeria

In Nigeria, though the concept of IPM is widely acclaimed and accepted as being

a multi-faceted approach to pest and disease control with its attendant advantages,

farmers have not benefited as much. Based on our existing knowledge of

methods of pest and disease control, the best mix methods of control being

advocated and/or implemented vary with the crop types. The IPM methods

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suggested for maize stem borer and Grasshopper, rice and vegetable pests are here

highlighted (figure 1):

MAIZE Resistant/ CulturatSORGHUM Certified Seed Practice Insecticide

MILLET for Planting Burning Stubbles (Minimum application)Mixed Cropping

Cultural Insecticide TimingResistant/ Practice application against

RICE Certified Seed Mixed Cropping stem borers Eta Pest Lures/ breeding season forGood Tillage Quelea Control

VEGETABLES Resistant/ Non- Insecticide(Tomato, Spinach Certified Seeds (Wood ash) Plant ExtractCucumber, Lettuce Against fungi, Bacteria (Neem)Cabbage, Okra and NematodesGarden egg, Pepper

SyntheticInsecticide(Pyrethroidsa Carbaryl)as last resort

Fig. 1: IPM Approach in Crop Pest Control

The major focus is the pest problems continually encountered by fadama farmers

and the most practicable control methods that can be combined into a single

unified system of pest management.....Farmers should be presented with a menu

of feasible/practical optioIIs to chose from. Prescriptions usually do not work!,

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which is environment friendly. It is envisaged that National Agricultural

Research Institutes will place more emphasis and provide funds for conducting

IPM research. On-going research programme lacks an IPM component and

thereby compromising the development of IPM technologies. The staff needs

additional training on the new approaches in participatory IPM techniques and

training methodologies to enable them recommend sound IPM advice to fadama

farmers.

It seems like there is some sort of identified need here, OK! Can we identify what

to do ? where ? how? And wlhat are the needed resources fbo it?

3. Pesticides Use and Management

3.1 Pesticides Use in Nigeria

Pests and Diseases attack crops and animal in the Fadama areas during the off-

season. Such attack often results into heavy crop losses. The damages done to

crops and animals are quite enormous because of the inability of the fadama

farmers to apply appropriate chemical pesticides as a result of high costs

Any estimates of Crop losses ??.

Funds are allocated by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development annually to purchase and distribute pesticides to states for the

purpose of controlling pests. Where chemical pesticides are applied, it is

achieved through the assistance of trained Pest Control Officers at the state

level. An amount of NIOO million was allocated on request in year 2001 through

the Ecological Disaster Fund. In addition, the Federal Government also

purchased and distributed spraying equipment and protective gears. The Federal

Pest Control Services Unit prepares the lists of pesticide formulations needs for its

operation and the list is sent to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development which now procures the pesticides through tender. The quality of

the pesticides is checked in the laboratory of the FPCS located in Kaduna. The

analysis for residue in the entire ecosystem sprayed is also part of the quality

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control activities of the FPCS. Table 3.1 provides information on pesticides

purchase in litres by FPCS for pest control in year 2001.

This could be a potential problenm (as far as com liance with WB safeguarsds

is concerned as the sytem is geared to buy/distribute/use pestficdesV

Also the list of pesticides purchased (most are in WIHOG class D )

Table 3.1 Pesticides Puirchased in Yiear 20M by IFPCS.

Formulation Litres

Fenitrothion ECFentthion ULV 30,000Perfecthion ECUltracide ECDiazinon ECNuvacron EC 23,000Dichlorvos EC 120Karate EC 20,000Deltamethrin ECCypemethrin EC 180Per4methrin ECClout EC 200Spot-On EC 350

3.2 Cnircumstances of Pestieide Use and Competemee to handle FProduct.

Pest Management in Nigeria has a long history spanning decades. However, the

adoption of integrated pest management approach is a recent development. The

Pest Control Services Unit has invested in supportive research on IPM including

specialized training for its field staff. Training courses are organized with

emphasis on critical issues such as safe transportation of pesticides, handling and

application of pesticides. The Federal Pest Control Services distributes protective

gears to applicants to protect them against pesticide poisoning. Currently the use

of protective gear during application of pesticides is hampered by the high cost

and poverty level of the fadama farmers

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This is not IPM ! Tt is saf'e use/handling.. .ol'pesticides.

3.3 Assessment of Risks

There is no established programme to monitor and assess the risks poised by the

misuse of chemicals. The Federal Pest Control Services will need to be assisted

with necessary equipment to be able to perform this function through its

established field offices in the States. Fadama II resources will be applied to

sensitize.and train members of the Fadama Community Associations on risks

associated with pesticide use and methods of reducing treating pesticides

poisoning when they occur.

This sounds like anotlher need for the proiect: How will it be addressed ? what

resources will be needed'? Where to find them?

3.4 Promoting Integrated Pest Management Practices

This is a good idea, hence needs a good strateg4y:

1. derine the message (s) needed

2. Define the target audience (Farmers, extension specialists, Pest control

agents ....

3. Chose the medium method (media) to be used (Individual, group, mass

methods ?)

4. Feedback mechanisms? (Impact & Evaluation)

In Nigeria, the adhoc approach which is mainly through the release of pesticides

to arrest sporadic outbreak of pests and disease encourages an "unreliable fire

brigade approach" and serves as a major setback to systematic adoption of

integrated pest management practices among the farmers. Available evidence

shows that the farmers, if well oriented are capable of doing better with respect to

pest management. A study conducted by the Federal Pest Control Services in

selected Northern States indicates that the farmers, with the assistance of the

extension workers, is willing to adopt improved pest management practices.

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The knowledge and practice of IPM is still at rudimentary stage in the face of

dwindling financial resources to the Federal Pest Control Services. Efforts are

been made to harness additional resources from the Ecological Fund to support

IPM campaign programmes. Some Federal Pest Control Services staff has

received IPM training in Kaduna and Kano.

To further, pursue the popularization of IPM practices among participating

farmers, programmes are being designed for an on-farm adaptive research in

collaboration with the coordinating Research Institutes. Under NFDP-II,

members of the Fadama Community Associations are to be trained on the benefits

of IPM practices. This technology would combine such methods like resistance,

cultural, mechanical, natural products (wood ash/plant extracts) and some

indigenous traditional knowledge for pest management and control.

Encouraging farmers to expand and adopt these pest management strategies,

creating greater awareness of the environmental benefits of IPM practices through

education and training of extensions agents and farmers and the establishment of a

lasting mechanism for recognizing farmers who successfully adopt and practice

IPM would not only facilitate the implementation of the PMP designed for NFDP-

II, but would also significantly minimize the identified risks associated with

current pesticide control practices in Nigeria.

4. Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity

4.1 Plant Protection Policy

I~If there is no clear Crop protection policy, then maV be the

project should consider putting some effort in promoting Policies

conducive to sound Crop protection practices.

Although there is no established Plant Protection Policy in Nigeria, however,

there are some organs of the FMARD that have mandate in dealing with specific

pest and disease problems. These are backed up by National Committee on Pest

14

Control Services which work within the framework of national pesticide

legislation. This National Committee on Pest Control has mandate to advise

government on the various options of pest management practices including the

IPM programme. This is enhanced by Federal Government Agencies such as

NAFDAC, FEPA that are backed up by Decrees, which enforce guidelines for

manufacturing, registration, advertisement and importation of pesticides used for

agricultural purposes.

4.2 National Capacity to Develop and Implement IPM

The capacity is weak, it souLnds to be geared towards prescribing pesticides. It

would be useful to invest in some organizational setting type of activities.

Promoting change will need elfective organizationis in place to assure better

sustainability.

There is awareness about IPM as the best alternative to chemical pesticides for

pest control. However, there is no definite research on IPM through well

documented experimentation to assist the farmers. It must be stated that the FPCS

as an arm of the FMARD and the ADPs from state MANR have personnel at the

Technician and Professional levels which can visit and training the farmers in

handling and use of pesticides such personnel are available to train the FCA in

aspects of the IPM techniques. There is the national capacity to promote the IPM

technologies among the FCA.

4.3 Control of the distribution and use of pesticides

The major types of pesticides used in Nigeria are imported. Some formulations

are however undertaken without adequate consideration for human health and the

environment during handling, storage, use and disposal. Only few pesticides such

as Lindane (this is part of the POPs), Butachlor and Rodenticide are formulated

and packaged in Nigeria by some companies. However, the active ingredients are

imported. The Federal Government has issued a number of legislation and

institutional framework using four main organizations (FMEV, FMH, NAFDAC

15

and FMLP) for the regulation of the distribution and use of pesticides, their efforts

being complemented by FMARD viz:

i) FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and 1999 but

complemented by rules and regulations such as FEPA S.1.5, FEPA S.1.9

dealing with disposal and distribution/use of pesticides.

ii) NAFDAC Decree 15 of 1993, as amended by Decree 19 of 1999.

iii) The Factories Acts 1990 being implemented by the Factories Inspectorate

Division of FMLP.

iv) The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Decree 42 of 1988

being implemented by FEPA.

Based on the approval of the agencies above, current list of banned and approved

Pesticides stocks in Nigeria and the FAO specification for pesticide formulation

are presented in Annex II, III and IV respectively.

Conclusion

Pest Management is a necessary component in any agricultural project. The level

of concern for pest management depends on the extent of production activity

undertaken under a project. Project with heavy reliance on use of pesticides

usually have serious health and environmental problems. Pests exert detrimental

effects on crops, including the reduction in product yield and quality, and

interference with harvest. These effects are most severe when crops are least able

to make the most efficient use of environmental resources for growth.

Pests are biological organisms. Therefore, knowledge of their biological -

including how to use environmental resources, their survival mechanisms,

relationships to other organisms in the ecosystem, and economic importance - is

important in their control.

The detrimental effect of pests on crops depends on pest's type and is population-

dependent in time and place. Pest Management involves reducing pest's

population to levels that will not adversely affect crops, using methods that are

both economically and ecologically sound. The residual effect of the use of

pesticide is a subject of concern in an agricultural project that will involve the use

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of pesticides. Fadama II project is not expected to support heavy use of

pesticides. Nonetheless, as an agricultural project that will support intensive

production activities which will eventually involve some level of pesticide usage,

the project will support training of the Fadama Community Associations in safe

and effective use of pesticides in the context of integrated pest management and

public awareness of the risk of misuse of pesticides to human health and

environment.

Fadamna TT could consider promoting legislations againist the use of Pesticides in

WHJO class f and restricting access to WH-[O class ll for example!

Under NFDP-II, the use of pesticides will be made to conform to the list of

approved products so that the project operates in the context of the standards in

the country. Concerted efforts should be made at introducing natural products of

plant origin (botanical pesticides) especially neem and neem products that have

been registered and marketed as pesticides. (margosan - 0).

This might not be economically feasible (This product is very expensive!)

Neem extract can also be prepared locally and used in integrate pest management

programme for vegetable insect pests control by fadama farmers. Neem extract

has been found to be environmentally friendly with no known mammalian

toxicity. Fadama farmers should, therefore, be trained in the local preparation and

application of neem extracts.

Ifthe project is consideiing this latter option, then a link with the Systemwide

programme on IPM would be Useful. A number of these CG centers have worked

on Neem and One Center might able able tohelp setting up Cottage-type industry

(small neem production facility!)

5.0 Implementing the Pest Management Plan: Strengthening National

Capacities.

The Pest Management Plan seeks to strengthen existing National capacities for

the implementation of Integrated Pest Management. The issues addressed are as

follows:

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o Activities of the Integrated Pest Management Plan.

o Actors and Partners

o Institutional arrangements for implementation of the Pest Management Plan.

o Cost implication of the PMP.

5.1 Activities of the IPest Managemnenot Plan.

In pursuance of the safeguard policy of the World Bank on Pest Management, OP

4.09 under NFDP-II, the following activities are recommended for

implementation.

A. Promotion of adoption of R11PM practices.

o Since the use of IPM practices is still relatively new in the Fadama

environment, the project will support the establishment of IPM action

committees within the Fadama Community Association (FCA).

o Support will be provided for IPM awareness campaign within and across the

FCAS.

o On farm - adaptive - research on IPM will also be supported.

O The project will develop the capacity of the FCAs in the implementation of

IPM practices. HOW ?

o The project will support the production of extension and field manuals, IPM

posters, and audio - visuals communication support. Refer to the

promotion/communiication strategy for IPM!

o Support activities of public and private institutes in the area of integrated

Pest management. This will take the form of Training of Trainers in IPM

practices.

o Project resources will be used to support workshops and seminar on IPM

practices.

1E3 lateracteon a1nd Study tours

In the first year of Project Implementation, interaction tours among the

FCAS, to be hosted by FCAS that are doing well in IPM practices, will be

supported. The project will also support limited study tours to other West

African Countries, where IPM practices has been integrated into their

18

agricultural production activities. The tour will involve both the regulatory

authorities (FPCS, NAFDAC & PCU) and members of the FCAs. The

project will also provide financial support to follow-up activities on the

study tours.

C. Training of Fadama Farmers in Pesticides Management.

Fadama II farmers would be trained on all aspect of safe use of pesticides.

The main issues will include appropriateness of decision to use pesticides,

transportation, storage, handling and distribution of pesticides, safe

application of pesticides, risks associated with the use of pesticides,

managing risks and pesticide poisoning, protective gear, use and

maintenance and public awareness campaign on safe method of applying

pesticides.

D. Capacity Building and Strengthening of National Regulatory Framework.

* The project will provide support for the Pest Control Services of FMARD to

undertake the National Coordinator of IPM activities under NFDP-II.

* The project will also support activities to ensure Nigeria respects

international conventions and policies on pesticides.

* The project will encourage interaction among collaborating agencies like

FPCS, PCU, FMEV and NAFDAC for effective implementation of the Pest

Management Plan.

E. Surveillance of Disease Vector Populations in FADAMA-II Areas.

To achieve an integrated vector management, surveillance teams will be

constituted among the FCAs to conduct regular survey on the incidence of malaria

and other water borne disease. Members of the FCAs would be trained in

environmental management for the control of water-borne disease. Training

provided to FCAs will covers such issue as use of impregnated bed-nets for

mosquito control and blue colour target/traps for tsetse fly control and the spread

of trypanosomiasis.

To what extent are these a serious problem in the Target area ?

19

Too vague/i4eneral statement ( need some specifics)

6. Actors and Fairtnieir

A number of local institutions will be directly involved as actors in implementing

the PMP while other agencies (partners) will provide technical and other support

for implementation of the plan.

The major actors are as follows:

Fadama Community Association - as the principal beneficiaries of Fadama II

project will organize its members into Farmer Groups for training and adoption of

IPM practices. They will set up Community IPM Action Committees to

coordinate IPM activities in their areas.

Federal Ministry of Agriculture F1PCS - The FPCS of the FMARD provide

technical support to Fadama II project by contributing field staff to be trained as

IPM Trainers and who will subsequently train Fadama farmers in IPM practices.

The FPCS will provide policy guidance/oversight for implementation of the PMP.

NAERLS - will provide training to trainers in IPM practices.

A s - will provide extension agents to be trained as IPM Trainers who will

facilitate the conduct of IPM training for farmers in the FCAs.

Federal Ministry of Health - will supervise surveillance around the small-scale

irrigation sites on the incidence of disease vectors; use of impregnated bed-nets

and re-impregnation of bed-nets and blue targets/traps.

Federal Ministry of Environment - will supervise the environmental

management aspects of vector population including collaboration with the Federal

Ministry of Health on training Fadama farmers in environmental management for

vector control.

NA FDA C - will ensure compliance with the use of appropriate database.

Partners will include the following:

FAO and the Global 11PM Facility - to be a valuable source of technical

information and to give technical support for training, planning and field

implementation of IPM in FCA.

20

Institutes/Universities - Research Institutes and Universities will provide

expertise in planning, training and field implementation of IPM.

NGOs - that are working on agricultural production and primary health care are

also available to give technical support to the field implementation of IPM.

SP-IPM: Systemwide Progzramnine for 1PM (lARCs) is a great source of technical

support for Crop protection issues.

7. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the PMP

Effective supervision and monitoring of implementation of the PMP will be

accomplished through the organizational plan for Fadama II project as follows

and shown in a schematic form in Figure 4:

a. The Federal Pest Control Services in collaboration with other experts drawn

from FMARD/Research Institutes, FMH, NAFDAC and Universities will

undertake the monitoring, supervision and coordination of the IPM

activities.

b. Community IPM Action Committees will be set up among Fadama farmers

to act as the body to discuss general pest/vector problems and make

decisions about IPM programs with experts.

c. IPM Experts will serve as one of the Reviewers for sub-projects submitted

by FCAs. Such experts will be expected to undertake - technical review of

IPM proposals submitted for funding under NFDP-II.

d. IPM Experts will provide technical support to Fadama farmers in all IPM

activities, including diagnosis of pest and disease problems and preparing

sub-projects for participatory research to be funded under the project; IPM

training, Study tours, Community IPM networking,etc.

21

FRCS, NAFDAC,FMEV & PCUProvide policyframework and FMARD/NAERLS/Natural IPM ADPsCoordination Supply extension agents to be

trained as IMP TrainersProvide policy framework

FADAMAFARMERS IPM EXPERTS

In Community IPM Action FMARD/FMHCommittees Research Institutes

Universities

PROFE iSIONALS(AOs, 'Os), NGOsProvide technicalsuDDort for IPM

Figure 4: Institutional Arrangements for Imptementation of PMP.

§usftainabfity

The main objective of the PMP is to facilitate the adoption of IPM as the best

strategy for addressing pest problems in the field for sustainable agricultural

production. It is therefore necessary to establish a system for sustaining interest in

IPM practices amongst FCA members at the end of Fadama II project. From year

22

2 of project implementation, FCA will be held responsible for the inclusion of

IPM activities in the micro - projects submitted for funding under NFDP-II. The

IPM expert providing technical support to the FCA will assist them to plan the

activities at the beginning of each year. The pest management plan would be

internalized to ensure simplicity for easy adoption by Fadama farmers.

9. Monitoring and Evaluation

The Pest Management Plan would be regularly monitored. Periodic evaluation of

fadama responsiveness to IPM issues will also be undertaken. The monitoring and

evaluation will focus on assessment of capacity building in IPM by the Fadama

farmers and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in

crop/livestock production, and the economic benefits derivable by farmers

adopting IPM/IVM.

The inclusion of an IPM specialist in project supervision missions is strongly

recommended especially in the first two years of the project.

Activities that require regular monitoring and evaluation during project

supervision missions include the following:

1. IPM/IVM capacity building in membership of FCA. Numbers of farmers

who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluate

the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through

feedback.

2. Numbers of successful Fadama Community Association that nominated

members for IPM training; emphasize the number of women trained;

assess Fadama farmers' understanding of the importance of IPM/IVM for

sustainable crop/livestock production.

3. Rate of adoption of IPM practices on annual.

4. The impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of Fadama

farmers?

5. What are the major benefits that members of FCA derive by adopting

IPM?

a) Economic benefits:

23

i) Increase in crop/livestock production due to adoption of

IPM/IVM practices.

ii) Increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM

practices, compared with farmer conventional practices.

b) Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers.

6. Level of reduction of pesticide purchase and use by the Fadama farmers

for crop/livestock production. and

7. Number of FCA families using malaria prevention mechanisms.

8. Appropriate screening of micro-project for IPM.

10 MoonGftoig a nd superviionii K 0m

The implementation of the Pest Management Plan would be monitored. An

expert will be contracted in the first year of the project to design instruments to be

used in evaluation of IPM activities among the FCA. Since monitoring is a cross-

cutting issues in the fadama, it will be funded and managed from the Fadama

Development Office at the State level.

On the basis of the PMP activities, a flexible monitoring plan which is subject to changes

to reflect project realities is set out in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1: Monitooring and Supervision Plan.

Project Year Monitoring and Supervision Activities Listed

Year I 1, 2, 7, & 8

Year2 1,2,3,6,7,&8

Year3-5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,&8

1X SpecfNic Recommendations

In order to enhance success and wide acceptability of the Fadama II project across

the country, the following recommendations are here made:

24

1) Organising an initial workshop and study tours to train Fadama farmers on

diagnostic features of pests and diseases afflicting their crops/livestock.

2) Training of Fadama farmers in all practicable pest control options and

highlighting minimal or judicious use of synthetic pesticides of low

mammalian toxicity (Pyrethroids, Carbamates) with regards to

crops/livestock in various agro-ecological zones.

3) Use of plant products/extracts (neem) as alternative to synthetic pesticides

in combination with other non-chemical control methods should be

encouraged. Aspects of local production and application of plant products

should be included in the training programme for the Fadama farmers.

4) Existing capacities for integrated Pest Management should be enhanced

through training and retraining of experts and Fadama Farmer. Special

attention should be placed on surveillance of disease vector population in

the project area.

12. Detailed Cost Implications of the Pest Management Plan

The total cost of implementing the proposed pest management plan under the

NFDP-II is estimated at Three hundred and seventy six thousand Dollars (US$

376,000). This amount would be set aside under the project document for

effective implementation of the PMP.

Details of the total cost of Three hundred and seventy six thousand Dollars are as

follows;

(1) Building National Capacities in IPM

Purchase of equipment for demonstration and training

- FPCS 5,000- FMEV 2,000- NAFDAC 2,000- PCU 2,000- Research Institution 3,000- Universities 3,000- NGOs 3,000- Community Action Committees 18000

Sub-total 38,000

25

(2) International Study Tour for 12 officials of institutes and agencies and

Fadama Community Association for 7 days @ US$ 2,000 (covering

perdiem, Accommodation, travels etc.) 2SOOO

(3) Annual IPM Workshops for FCAs

15 FCAs per year for 3 years @ US $ 1,500 _____

(4) Extension Related IPM activities

Training of Trainers

2 week course for 32 @ US $ 1,000 32,000

Training of FCAs members (90 members) 90,000

Production of IPM extension materials 25,000

Public awareness campaign (Jingles, TV

Advertisement, sensitization workshops) 25,000

Data collection, analysis and reporting 8,000

Disease vector surveillance 8,000

(5) Promotion of impregnated bed-nets; nets

chemicals, impregnation and preparation of

botanical insecticide (neem) 25,000

(6) Support to IPM research and Development 20,000

(7) Monitoring and Evaluation cost 35gOD

G¢rand Total US $376,O00

26

Annex 1

Documents Consulted in the Preparation of this PMP

Agrochemical Association of Nigeria (1999). Inventory of Obsolete Pesticide

Stocks in Nigeria. A Country Report. pp28.

Akobundu 1.0.(1987). Weed Science in the Tropics Principles and Practices.

Anthony Youdeowei (2002): Pest Management Plan, for Agricultural Services

and Producers Organisations Project Chard.

Food and Agriculture Organisation, (1966). Proceedings of FAO Symposium on

Integrated Pest Control, Vol II,Rome, FAO, United Nations PP 129.

FMEN & UNITAR, (1999). National Profite to Assess Chemical Management

Infrastructure in Nigeria. A Report published by FMEN, Abuja,

FCT. pp68.

Ojuederie, B.M. (2000). Check list of Plants Pests in Nigeria, pp 133. A

publication of Plant Quarantine Service of Nigeria, Federal

Department of Agriculture.

Reissig, W.H. et al (1986). Illustrated Guide to Integrated Pest Management

in Rice in Tropical Asia, pp 411. A publication of International

Laguna, Philippines.

Teng, P.S. et al (1988). Integrated Pest Management in Rice-based Farming

Systems. A paper presented at the International Rice Research

Conference at the IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

World Bank, Washington (2003): Project Appraisal Document on the Proposed

Nationat Fadama Development Project-II, AFTR African Regional

Office, World Bank Washington.

27

Annex HD

LUIFr OIF BANNED PESTE1fC1[DES

(1) Aldrin

(2) Chlordane

(3) DDT (Dichlochphenye trichloroethane)

(4) Dieldrin

(5) Endrin

(6) Heptachlor

(7) Toxaphene

(8) Chlordimeform

(9) Mercury Compounds

(10) Luidane

(1 1) Parathion

(12) Methyl Marathion

(13) Methyl bromide

(14) Hexachlorodenzene

28

Annex III

LIST OF AGROCHEMICALS APPROVED FOR USE BY NAFDAC

INSECTICIDES

i. ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES

a. Endosulfan

b. Helpachlor

c. Lindane - (Restricted to use on Cocoa only)

ii. PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

a. Lambda - Cyhalothrin

b. Cypermethrin

c. Deltamethrin

d. Phenothrin

e. Permethrin

f. Tetramethrin

g. Cyfluthrin

h. Allethrin

iii. CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES

a. Carbaryl

b. Carbofuran

c. Propoxur

d. Carbosulfan

e. Furathiocarb

f. Temik (Aldicarb)

iv. ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE

a. Diazinon

b. Dichlorvos (DDVP)

c. Chlorpyrifos

29

d. Chlorpyrifos - Methyl

e. Dicrotophos

f. Dimethoate

g. Monocrotophos

h. Perimiphos - Ethyl

i. Perimiphos - Methyl

j. Ethion

k. Rugby (Cadusofas)

1. Malathion

m. Temeguard (Temephos)

n. Isazofos

o. Parathion - Methyl

p. Phosphamedon

q. Methidathion

HRElRBlL ClDES

CARBAMATE HERBICIDES

Asulam

ORGANOPlH1OS PHlORUS H1ERBlClDES

a. Anilofos

b. Piperophos

c. Glyphosate

d. Glyphosate Trimesium (Touchdown or Sulfosate)

ii. AMIDE HERBfICIIDES

a. Acetochlor

b. Alachlor

c. Propanil

d. Butachlor

e. Metalochlor

30

iii. TRIAZINES AND TRIAZOLES

a. Atrazine

b. Ametryn

c. Desmetryn

d. Terbuthalazine

e. Terbutrex (Terbutryne)

f. Prometryn

g. Simazine

iv. CHLOROPHENOXY HERBICIDES

a. 2.4-D (2.4 Dichlarphenoxy acetiacid)

v. UREA AND GUANIDINES HERBICIDES

a. Diuron

b. Linurex (Linuron)

c. Fluometurone

d. Chloroxuron

e. Neburon

vi. QUATERNARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

a. Paraquat

b. Diguart

vii. OTHER HERBICIDES

b. Dimethachlor

c. Metazachlor

d. Monosodium Methyl Arsonate (MSMA)

e. Fluxixpyr

f. Imazaquine

g. Triassulfuran (Amber)

31

h. Osethoxydim

i. Oxadiazon (Ronster)

.j. Clomaone

k. Trifluralin

1. Stamp 500 (pendimethalin)

m. Fluazifop - P.butyl

viii. OlTIHER FUNGIICIHDES

a. Benomyl (Nitroheterocyclic Compound)

b. Dazomet (Thiadiazine Fungicide)

c. Folpet (Phthalimide Fungicide)

d. Metalaxyl (Acylalamine Fungcide)

e. Cyproconazole (Alto - IOOSL)

f. Bavistin (Carbon) - Benzimide

g. Triadmenol (Bayfidon GR Conzole Fungicide)

32

Annex IV

FAO SPECIFICATIONS FOR PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS.

DECLARED CONTENT in g/kg or g/l TOLERANCE

at 20+2°C

UP TO25 +- 15% of the declared content for

homogenous formulations (EC, SC, SL,

etc.), or

+/- 25% for heterogeneous formulations

(GR,WG, etc.)

ABOVE 25 UP TO 100 +/- 10% of declared content.

ABOVE 100 UP TO 250 +/- 6% of the declared content.

ABOVE 250 UP TO 500 +/- 5% of the declared content.

ABOVE 500 +/- 25% k/kg or g/l.

NB: In each range the upper limit is included.

Reference: Manual on the development and use of FAO specifications for plant

protection products. 5 th Edition, 1999.

33