Federal Highway Administration Technology Applications …JULY 1993 US. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ~~ OFICE OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

JULY 1993 US. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration

~~

OFICE OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS SAFETY AND SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

FEDERAL DMINISTRATION

PPLICATIONS

ONSTRATIO

I

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS

JULY 1993

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration 7@ *PPuCr*o

Safety and System Applications Office of Technology Applciations Inlror.llon Thrwph P u b u s h l p

NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Asphalt Concrete Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pavement Management Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Construction and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Bridge Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridge Management and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Geotechnology

Hydraulics 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Safety Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 SafetySystems 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Motor Carrier Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Traffic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Traffic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Technology Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Marketing 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Project Number Index

Subject Area Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Strategic Highway Research Program Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

JULY 1993 iii

Technology Applications Program List of Abbreviations

AASHTO

FHWA

IVHS

ISTEA

LTAP

LTPP

MCTRANS

NHI

NHTSA

OHS

OTA

R&D

R&T

SHRP

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Federal Highway Administration

Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems

lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 199 1

Local Technical Assistance Program

Long-Term Pavement Performance

Center for Micro Computers in Transportation

National Highway Institute

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Office of Highway Safety

Office of Technology Applications

Research and Development

Research and Technology

Strategic Highway Research Program

iv July 1993

INTRODUCTION

The technology applications mission of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is t o ensure the timely identification and assessment of innovative research results, technology, and products and the application of those that are determined t o be of potential benefit t o the highway community.

The technology applications program covers all areas of highway technology, including asphalt and concrete pavements, environment, structures, geotechnology, hydraulics, safety, motor carriers, and traffic operations and management. The program also includes activities related to the implementation of the products from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) and the administration of the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) for the FHWA.

This publication focuses on the four categories that, for the most part, make up the technology applications program: demonstration, application, test and evaluation, and special. Technical activities are assigned t o one of the categories depending on the stage the technology is in, and, after development, what technology transfer or marketing approach would be most useful in reaching the intended users.

Demonstration Projects- Efforts t o promote nationwide a proven material, process, method, equipment item, or other feature that the FHWA has targeted for adoption by the highway community.

Application Projects- Individual efforts to assess, refine, or disseminate an emerging technology. Such efforts may include contracts, regional or national seminars or

workshops, specifications, notebooks or pamphlets, instructional/ how-to guides, open houses, and focused clearinghouses that are not part of demonstration or test and evaluation projects.

Test and Evaluation Projects-Efforts t o evaluate innovative or emerging technologies that have been identified as having a great potential for use nationwide.

Special Projects- Evaluation efforts of industry and the FHWA in conjunction with interested States t o evaluate a material, process, method, or other feature. An effort begins with a technology sharing meeting, progresses through a work plan and several control experiments (or operational tests) t o a closeout evaluation. These special projects can lead to a demonstration, test and evaluation, or a combination of the t w o types of projects.

The FHWA effort includes staffs in the Office of Technology Applications (OTA), the program offices, and the field offices. In many cases, FHWA program office staff serve as managers for these projects in their areas of specialization. The OTA is the central office for administering the technology applications program.

Each project writeup in the four categories includes its project number, its title, description and status section, and the name, organization code, and telephone number for the project manager and, where appropriate, for a project coordinator. The description section includes information about the reasons for initiating the project and the background and processes related t o

JULY 1993

the individual project. The status section includes a discussion of the current and some of the past activities of the project.

The publication is arranged according to the subjects reflected in the table of contents. Within these sections, the projects are organized under the four categories. In the back of the report, an index lists the project numbers under the four categories, cross referencing them t o their pages in the main section of the report. There is also a special index for SHRP projects only.

SHRP projects are described under one of the four categories and are identified by the SHRP

- logo. More SHRP projects and activities will be added as they come on line.

The LTAP is administered separately from these projects, with delivery of technology and products accomplished for the most part through the 50 Technology Transfer Centers. The program’s activities are discussed in other publications, including a resource catalog developed for the FHWA by the LTAP National Technology Transfer Clearinghouse.

In a similar vein, the joint State- and FHWA field office-directed experimental projects program is available periodically in publications based on records accumulated electronically in the National Experimental Projects Tabulation.

vi July 1993

ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

The asphalt concrete pavement technology group includes projects dealing with asphalt mixes, crumb rubber modified asphalt, surface rehabilitation, asphalt concrete testing equipment, and other asphalt pavement-related work. The major focus of the technology group is refinement and implementation of promising asphalt-related technology identified in the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). High priority areas include the SHRP SUPERPAVE and the National Asphalt Training Center. Other significant activities in this area include the use of the European technology, stone matrix asphalt, and the use of innovative testing equipment, such as the Georgia Rut Tester.

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Asphalt Concrete Pavement

DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 74- Field Management of Asphalt Mixes

DESCRIPTION: Improved field management of asphalt mixes is an area that both engineers and contractors have given renewed emphasis. Once the engineer has established the criteria for performance and approved the proposed mix design, there are many places in the plant operation for mix-related problems t o develop-from the cold feeds t o the discharge of the mix. Mix-related problems need t o be identified and corrected before miles of material are placed on the roadway.

Historically, quality control systems have been established around the control of gradations by weight and asphalt content within the total mix. It was thought that if the engineer controlled the recipe, the design elements such as total voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), f low and stability would be taken care of. During the demonstration, through Mix Verification and Voids (Volumetric) Management concepts done simultaneously with typical gradation controls, it was shown that this assumption may not be true; and significant changes may be required in field management t o properly identify and correct factors that may lead to premature pavement distress.

Since project inception, DP 7 4 has also demonstrated the use of innovative laboratory testing equipment that, when done in a certain sequence, may detect possible noncomplying mixtures. A mobile testing laboratory is transported t o State job sites. In the laboratory, a crew of specially trained technicians and engineers have demonstrated the testing components of a Mix Verification Program and Voids Management. State, contractor, and Federal engineers have all been afforded the opportunity t o witness and critique the test procedure and sequences. They also get to evaluate results of the gradation control versus Mix Verification and Voids Management. A very thorough two-day workshop is also offered as a closeout after each study.

PROJECT MANAGERS: John D'Angelo, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 21 and Thomas Harman, HTA-21, (202) 366-0859

STATUS: DP 7 4 is an ongoing project. The concepts of Mix Verification and Voids Acceptance have been demonstrated and field simulated t o more than 3 5 States in the last five years. As an additional service, nearly 5 0 FHWA, Federal, State, contractors, engineers, and technicians have spent two-to-five days in the mobile laboratory learning and strengthening their skills in the asphalt mix area. In 1991, a formal two-day workshop was added t o the demonstration. A report capturing the results of the field simulation was voted the "Best Paper of the Year 1991 " by the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. This report, Summary of Simulation Studies, is available from the project manager.

The remaining States will be visited over the next several years. It is expected that many States will ask for repeat visits as they explore the adoption of the techniques. The mobile

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AsDhalt Concrete Pavement

laboratory has also supported other OTA activities, such as the Stone Matrix Asphalt project, and is expected to perform this support activity more frequently in the next few years. It will also explore Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)-related findings and support efforts under DP 90.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Mobile laboratory (subject t o scheduling), telephone and on-site assistance, speakers, and specialized workshops and seminars.

PUBLICATIONS: Summary of Simulation Studies available from the Office of Technology Applications.

July 1993 3


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 90- Innovative Asphalt Mix Laboratory Techniques

DESCRIPTION: This project is one of the Office of Technology Applications‘s major initiatives in the promotion of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) findings in the asphalt area. Three modules are now under development.

The first module (Module I) consists of the demonstration of various asphalt mix compaction devices that have been developed in the last several years. They include the Standard Marshall Hammer, the Texas Gyratory, the Rotating Base Marshall, and the United Kingdom Refusal Hammer. All four will be demonstrated and compared to the new SHRP gyratory. The purpose of this module is to demonstrate the effect of the compaction method on mix properties, particle orientation, and void structure. Understanding this concept and volumetric mix management is crucial to appreciating the full effect of the SHRP SUPERPAVE concept.

Module II consists of conducting the test procedures involved in the SUPERPAVE series. As SHRP finalizes its program, these procedures will be incorporated into the mobile laboratory. A fully equipped mobile laboratory will be used for training on site a t active asphalt plants that are producing mix considered typical of the State’s requirements. The mobile laboratory will demonstrate the use of approved SHRP equipment and protocol; this will include the gyratory compactor and the Permanent Deformation System, and all related equipment and software.

Module I l l will, on selected projects, take the results from the second module and attempt t o adjust the mix proportions to fully satisfy the SUPERPAVE criteria. This work is extremely crucial t o future attempts t o verify the performance-related design. On selected projects, the team may design a new mix based on stockpiles and SHRP procedures.

In addition t o field laboratory efforts, workshops, manuals, videotapes, and conferences will all be included in the project.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Thomas Harman, HTA-21, (202) 366-0859 and John D’Angelo, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 21

STATUS: The mobile laboratory has been completed. The lab is conducting shakedown testing currently but is not ready t o conduct SHRP mix analysis (Module I I and 1111, since the equipment is still under development. This project is similar in scope t o DP 74 and supports other projects such as Stone Matrix Asphalt.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Mobile laboratory (subject to long-range plans) and speakers.

4 July 1993

Amhal t Concrete Pavement

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 101 -National Asphalt Training Center (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is t o establish a national training center for the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP's) asphalt binder/mix analysis system. The initial goal of the center will be t o develop educational materials and a hands-on equipment training course t o teach engineers and technicians the correct equipment operation methodology. The training center, located in Lexington, Kentucky, fills an urgent need t o establish the uniform and accurate application of SHRP's design and analysis systems.

This three year effort will benefit technicians in government and private industry who are responsible for mix design and testing and are required t o operate the equipment and perform the new procedures.

The center will offer a two-week training course that emphasizes student operation of test equipment in a laboratory environment. Courses will deal with equipment operation, the conduct of test procedures, data acquisition, and analysis related t o SHRP SUPERPAVE.

BACKGROUND: An essential step for effective utilization of the new SHRP asphalt binder and mixture design tools is the training and dissemination of information t o those persons from government and industry required t o operate the equipment and perform the new tests. This initial training is urgently needed t o establish a uniform and accurate application of the SHRP asphalt binder/mix design and analysis systems. A contract was awarded in 1992 t o the Asphalt Institute t o establish the "National Asphalt Training Cent e r . 'I

PROJECT MANAGER: John Bukowski, HTA-21, (202) 366-1 287

STATUS: During 1993, one-week training courses on asphalt binder will be offered monthly. The full two-week course will be available monthly beginning in 1994. Course training materials are being developed. Field services t o assist State DOTs with the new SHRP asphalt test equipment are also available. On-site technical assistance and telephone information is available to assist State DOTs with questions relating t o the use of SHRP asphalt test equipment.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Telephone and on-site assistance, speakers, one and two-week training courses. The Asphalt Institute may be contacted for registration information. Phone: (606) 288-4964.

PUBLICATIONS: Course brochures available through the Office of Technology Applications. Course material for students will be packaged at the conclusion of the project.

July 1993 5


APPLICATION PROJECTS

APPLICATION PROJECT 105- Workshop on Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt

DESCRIPTION: This project was to provide technical assistance in the form of regional workshops t o State highway agencies in order to help them satisfy 1994 minimum crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRM) requirements established by the ISTEA Section 1038.

BACKGROUND: ISTEA Section 1038, "Use of Recycled Paving Material," primarily focusses on the use of scrap tire rubber, and crumb rubber modifier (CRM) in asphalt paving materials. Subsection (d) "Use of Asphalt Pavement Containing Recycled Rubber," requires the State DOTs t o satisfy minimum use standards of CRM beginning in 1994. Presently, this CRM technology generally is recognized as a high-cost paving product with variable performance. Although subsection (b) studies will examine the issue of performance, this effort will not be resolved prior t o the beginning of the required minimum utilization in 1994. It is paramount that the State DOTs be familiar with CRM technology in preparation for its required use in 1994. Our experience to date clearly demonstrates that improper design, construction, or application of CRM technology can cause premature failure of the pavement section.

CRM technology has been developing for a t least 25 years but has only seen limited use by State DOTs. There are currently four different technologies for adding CRM to asphalt paving materials. Each of these technologies has unique features and carries different levels of experience. The State DOTs will be able to choose from the available technologies t o satisfy the requirements of ISTEA Section 1038. Through an understanding of the available CRM technologies, the highway agencies can make an informed decision as t o the best application of CRM for the conditions encountered in these States.

PROJECT MANAGER: Michael Heitzman, HNG-42, (202) 366-1 342

STATUS: This project is complete. Seven well-attended two-day regional workshops were held. Topics included address legislation, CRM material, processes/products/ applications, cost, and the various CRM technologies.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: A Summary Report will be issued. Still available: technical assistance, field consultation, speaker assistance, State-of-the-Practice Report.

PUBLICATIONS: Report FHWA SA-92-022, State of the fractice- Design and Construction of Asphalt Paving Materials with Crumb Rubber Modifier, available through the Office of Technology Applications.

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Amhalt Concrete Pavement

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECTS

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 17- Innovative Testing: Asphalt Series

DESCRIPTION: Innovative asphalt testing equipment that needs further evaluation prior t o demonstration is evaluated under this project. Products being evaluated include the nuclear asphalt cement content gauge, indirect tensile test, moisture sensitivity tests, and most significantly, the Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester (LWT).

BACKGROUND: The Georgia LWT was developed by Dr. Jim Lai at Georgia Tech, in cooperation with the Georgia DOT. It is a quick, efficient, and inexpensive method for determining rut susceptibility of surface mixes. The device uses a 3-inch by 3-inch by 15- inch rectangular beam that is tested by rolling a 100-pound wheel over a hose inflated t o 100 psi stretched across the beam sample. Georgia DOT has developed a specification that is used on all high-traffic roadway projects and other projects where rutting susceptibility is a concern.

FHWA sponsored a round-robin test program with six State DOTS t o evaluate the Georgia device. The device was found to be repeatable and reproducible. A Work Order with Georgia DOT was issued by FHWA to modify the device to make it semiautomatic and controlled electronically. The modified device is capable of testing multiple samples at one time and handling larger samples. Also, the temperature and the hose pressure are adjustable.

PROJECT MANAGER: Thomas Harman, HTA-21, (202) 366-0859 and John D’Angelo, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 21

STATUS: Five States currently are evaluating the Georgia LWT and will be reporting their findings during the next several years. Georgia Tech has upgraded several features of the LWT t o make it semiautomatic and controlled electronically. This modified device is being tested currently. An Expert Task Group will assemble in late 1993 as States complete their evaluations.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Equipment on loan (subject to availability), State reports available through the Office of Technology Applications (subject t o availability), and telephone assistance.

July 1993 7


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 18-Stone Matrix Asphalt

DESCRIPTION: The goal of this project is t o test and evaluate the use of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) on several test sections on U.S. highways t o determine i ts construction feasibility and cost-effective performance. DP 74 and DP 90's mobile asphalt laboratory, i ts staff and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center staff, are available to assist other States with SMA mix design information. The mobile asphalt laboratory provides materials analysis on-site while supporting quality control and compliance.

BACKGROUND: In 1990, a team of State, industry, and Federal engineers from the U.S. participated in a European Asphalt Study Tour. Their mission was t o identify promising asphalt technologies. Of the asphalt mixture technologies studied, SMA had great promise for use in this country.

SMA is an asphalt mixture developed in the 1980's in Germany t o provide a rut-resistant pavement surface layer. SMA's proven performance is attributed t o a "gap graded" aggregate gradation which provides a stone t o stone structure that is held together by a durable asphalt filler and fiber matrix. SMA is in regular use in many parts of Europe.


STATUS: Interest remains strong in SMA. To date, project presentations have been made t o several thousand government and industry individuals interested in the various aspects of material selection, design, construction, and performance. Increased interest in SMA is evident by the increase in the number of States participating and the tonnage of SMA used in projects.

Year No. States Partichatinq Tons of SMA 1991 under 4 50,000 1992 1 2 100,000 or more 1993 1 5 or more 300,000 or more

Extensive monitoring is underway on 20 separate test sites constructed in Maryland, Virginia, Texas, California, Alaska, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Missouri in 1992. By 1994, sufficient data is expected t o determine the overall acceptability of SMA in the United States. By then, it is projected that this experimental technology will be sufficiently evaluated to warrant more of a national type demonstration project.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Telephone and on-site assistance, speakers, mix design assistance (based on laboratory availability), and mobile laboratory (subject to long-range planning).

PUBLICATIONS: Pamphlet on materials selection guidelines is available through the Office of Technology Applications.

Asphalt Concrete Pavement - I

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 19-SHRP Asphalt Concrete Testing Equipment

DESCRIPTION: This project involves the evaluation of the asphalt binder equipment developed t o support the binder specification under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). The Office of Technology Applications (OTA) has procured five sets of asphalt cement testing equipment, plus one set for OTA and one set for FHWA’s Research and Development. This equipment includes:

0 Bending beam rheometer with computer-determines the low-temperature properties of the binder.

Dynamic shear rheometer with computer-determines the dynamic properties of the binder over mid-level and high-temperature ranges.

0 Pressure aging vessel-ages asphalt cement t o simulate roadway aging.

Direct tension tester with computer-determines the low-temperature elastic properties of asphalt cement.

0 Brookfield viscometer-determines the high-temperature viscosity. Regional Training workshops will be conducted throughout the country. Additionally, engineers and technicians are being trained by the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center and OTA. Finally, technical assistance may be available through the National Training Center.

Ruggedness and precision/bias data are being collected for the final specifications (a secondary, but very important purpose of this project). OTA is working closely with the AASHTO Subcommittee on Materials t o accomplish this expeditiously.

PROJECT MANAGERS: John D’Angelo, HTA-22, (202) 366-01 21 and Thomas Harman, HTA-21, (202) 366-0859

STATUS: All equipment has been delivered. Workshops have been held for each SHRP user-producer group. The workshops included a brief background on the development of the asphalt binder tests and specifications, and a hands-on training session.

The equipment will continue to be loaned to States within each user-producer group for a 4-to-6-week period. Using asphalt cement provided by SHRP and a trained technician from their contract staff, each State will be able t o witness the testing techniques firsthand.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Equipment specifications, vendor list, and draft test procedures (subject t o availability from the SHRP). Binder technicians are available for on- site training and telephone assistance.

July 1993 9


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT AA- Porous Asphalt Pavements

DESCRIPTION: This project evaluates the potential of porous asphalt pavements compared t o the open-graded friction courses currently used in this country.

BACKGROUND: The European Asphalt Study Tour identified porous asphalt pavements as a potential product that may pay dividends in the United States. Porous pavements are asphalt hot-mix surfaces similar t o those open-graded friction courses now used. The benefits of this type mix are skid improvement, noise abatement, and surface water spray reduction. The trade-offs are in cost increases. The most significant difference t o Open- Graded Asphalt Friction Course (OGAFC) is that porous pavements are usually greater than 25 mm (1 in) in thickness, typically 38 mm (1 '/2 in) and modified with fiber or polymer, while open-graded friction courses are less than 25 mm (1 in) in thickness, typically 18 mm (3/4 in), and contain unmodified asphalt cement.


STATUS: Evaluation is continuing on several porous pavements constructed in Georgia and Maryland in 1991 and 1992. Several pilots may be built with States currently building SMA sections. After these pilots and an additional assessment, this topic may be the subject of a full test and evaluation project.

10 July 1993


SPECIAL PROJECTS

SPECIAL PROJECT 202- Break and Seat of Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements

DESCRIPTION: This project was established t o field test the effectiveness of breaking and seating jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) slabs prior to application of asphalt concrete (AC) overlays. The research is designed t o determine the effect, i f any, of different levels of breaking effort, as measured by the resultant crack spacing in the JRCP, in reducing reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays over time. It also seeks t o define the optimum breaking effort that balances thermal movement of the fractured slab at old joints and working cracks, with loss of structural support for carrying traffic loads.

BACKGROUND: In June 1989, FHWA, working with industry, cosponsored a technical forum with State engineers t o discuss the concepts of breaking and seating JRCP. This technical forum provided the frame work of the experimental design.

A total of four State highway agencies (West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Louisiana are participating in this experiment and have constructed the control and test sections. In addition t o the core test sections constructed by all participating States a variety of additional supplemental experimental sections unique t o each State were constructed and are being monitored.

Monitoring includes deflection testing of the pavement before, during, and after construction as well as annual visual distress surveys of the AC overlay. It also includes measurements of thermally induced horizontal movement at joints and working cracks in the underlying JRCP. Movement is measured by an inexpensive mechanical displacement gauge developed by Penn DOT through Pennsylvania State University. Gauges are mounted on the slab face of the underlying JRCP slabs at the lane-shoulder joint.

PROJECT MANAGER: James Walls, HNG-42, (202) 366-1 339

STATUS: Test section construction was completed in early 1992, and monitoring of sections constructed earlier has been going on since the fall of 1990. The experiment is scheduled t o be completed after collection of 5 years of monitoring data.

The project is now in the monitoring phase and preliminary reports on the projects should be available in late 1993. On completion of the experiment, FHWA will develop and publish construction guidance in the FHWA pavement design guide.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Construction Summary reports are available through the Office of Technology Applications (subject to availability).

~

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Asohalt Concrete Pavement

12 July 1993

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

The current focus in the portland cement concrete pavement technology group is on the design and construction of high performance concrete. Technology transfer activities continue in the use of permeable bases for concrete pavements, and a 5-year study of accelerated rigid paving techniques is coming t o completion. In the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) area, States are currently evaluating the SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter, a spinoff of the SHRP Long-Term Pavement Performance Program.

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Portland Cement Concrete Pavement


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 87- Drainable Pavement Systems

DESCRIPTION: This project was developed t o help State highway agencies and industry partners become more familiar with new techniques in permeable base and edge drain system design and construction. This project concentrates on the use of permeable bases with concrete pavements. The project includes a slide presentation, a workshop, working models, a design manual, and field construction technical assistance.

BACKGROUND: Water in the pavement section is recognized as a major factor in pavement deterioration and early loss of pavement service life. In recent years, highway engineers have recognized the cost benefits of providing permeable bases to drain the pavement section. New aggregate gradations and stabilizing materials for base courses have been used to provide a balance between drainability, durability, and stability. Construction engineers have also developed new techniques for placing and compacting permeable base material.

PROJECT MANAGER: Robert Baumgardner, HNG-42, (202) 366-46 1 2

STATUS: Several conferences and meetings have been completed. Ten workshops have been completed to date, and 30 requests have been submitted for the workshop. It is anticipated that all requests will be completed by December 1993.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshop available on request (subject t o long-range planning), specifications from Wisconsin, technical assistance, construction evaluation monies (limited), computer software available from PCTrans, University of Kansas and McTrans, University of Florida.

14 July 1993


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECTS - I

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 22-SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter

DESCRIPTION: This project is designed to evaluate the SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter in various locations around the country and t o provide the States with an opportunity t o gain hands-on experience and assess the potential for application in their States.

BACKGROUND: The SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter is a spinoff product of the SHRP Long-Term Pavement Performance studies. It was developed t o provide a tool for gathering consistent, repeatable fault measurements of concrete pavements. Faulting is a major form of distress in jointed PCC pavements. About 40 States collect faulting as an input t o their pavement management systems. By using this device, the States may easily and safely obtain consistent repeatable fault measurements.

The faultmeter readings may be made with minimum interruption of traffic while maintaining a high level of crew safety. The device, modified by SHRP's request, can also be used t o measure the drop-off between mainline pavement and shoulder, and includes an automatic recording device. The Faultmeter can 1) provide a quick, easy means of gathering fault data that is less labor-intensive and safer than traditional methods; 2 ) provide an automated tool for gathering fault data that eliminates the need for subjective interpretation of the measuring device; 3) provide input t o pavement management and rehabilitation design decisions; and 4) integrate measurement techniques with the SHRP Distress Identification Manual.

This device was developed by the Georgia Department of Transportation. The construction and use of the device is described in Federal Highway Administration Report Number FHWA-GA-9 1 -SP9010, Design, Operation, and Maintenance Manual for the Georgia Digital Faultme ter.

PROJECT MANAGER: Evan J. Wisniewski, HEO-04, (404) 347-4075

STATUS: Five faultmeters were purchased in 1992. Four State highway agencies and one industry organization are currently evaluating the faultmeter. This project will be continued for t w o more years.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Equipment on loan (subject to availability), State reports available through the Office of Technology applications (subject t o availability), and telephone assistance.

PUBLICATIONS: FHWA Report No. GA-9 1 -SP9010, Design, Operation, and Maintenance Manual for the Georgia Digital Faultmeter, available through the Office of Technology Applications.

July 1993 15


SPECIAL PROJECTS

SPECIAL PROJECT 201 -Accelerated Rigid Paving Techniques

DESCRIPTION: The typical reaction t o using concrete paving where there is limited time to close lanes has been "And what are w e t o do about the traffic?" For the last several years, FHWA has worked closely with the paving industry to evaluate a family of techniques that will allow for the effective use of concrete in these situations. Coordinated efforts include technical assistance to State DOTs, evaluations of test sections, cosponsorship of workshops and national conferences, the integrated use of the concrete mobile laboratories, and task forces to develop detailed practices and procedures.

Two major technical issues now under study by a joint task force include the strength values at which the pavement can be opened to traffic and temperature management of concrete slabs. The task force is attempting to analyze recent research and development findings that use different modeling techniques t o allow for earlier opening values than are currently considered acceptable. Many State specification values, for either compressive or flexural strengths as criteria for opening to traffic, have been established independent of pavement thickness, traffic type, or curing techniques.

The second issue involves determining the proper use of curing blankets t o accelerate strength gain and to maintain a uniform temperature gradient within the slab. The literature is void of any in-depth discussion of these issues and there are no known models that are able t o analyze the system.

PROJECT MANAGER: Suneel Vanikar, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20

STATUS: Participation has included 16 States. Industry and the Office of Technology Applications (OTA) have agreed t o continue mutual activities through 1993. A joint task force with participation from industry, State DOTs, and FHWA has developed draft technical papers. Task force goals will be accomplished by late 1993. A "white paper" report on the strength values at which the pavement can be opened t o traffic, and slab temperature management, will be completed along with a report summarizing work accomplished in the States.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Technical assistance and site visits, equipment loan through Demonstration Project 75, "Field Management of Concrete Mixes," and speakers.

PUBLICATIONS: FHWA reports on six accelerated rigid paving projects available through the Office of Technology Applications.

16 July 1993


SPECIAL PROJECT 204- Retrofit Load Transfer

DESCRIPTION: This project is underway and calls for working with the concrete paving industry t o establish doweled load transfer across a joint or a tie bar across a crack where none now exits. This concept calls for the production cutting of three slots per wheel path in one pass, with each cut able to accommodate a 38 mm (1.50 in) diameter, .450 m long (1.5 ft) epoxy-coated dowel or a 25-38 mm (1-1.50 in) deformed reinforcing bar.

Several manufacturers and States have expressed interest in working on this topic. It is an area that was not covered under previous FHWA activities under Concrete Pavement Restoration because of the lack of production equipment.

PROJECT MANAGER: Roger Larson, HNG- 42, (202) 366-1326

STATUS: A contract for a 4 8 km (30 mile) project t o retrofit three 38 mm (1.50 in) epoxy coated dowel bar joints or working cracks in the outside lane of eastbound 1-90 in the State of Washington has been let, and construction began in the fall of 1993. A bridge deck texturing saw was modified t o construct the six slots at one time at each joint or crack. After patching the lane will be diamond ground t o restore the ride.

In a separate effort, work is planned t o test the feasibility of using carbide grinding technology t o dry mill the slots. If successful, this is expected t o reduce the secondary preparation time needed t o prepare the slot and increase the production rate and reduce the delay time to the travelling public during construction.

Evaluation of these efforts and an open house to demonstrate any equipment developed for this purpose is being planned for the spring of 1994. It appears that a number of pieces of equipment t o construct these slots is now under development, and the project has been successful in generating the desired equipment development effort t o make this technique cost effective.

A Technical Working Group will be established t o develop guide specifications and procedures t o standardize this promising technique.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Exploratory telephone calls are welcomed. Video tapes of this equipment in operation will be developed to demonstrate the retrofit load transfer process. Guide specifications and recommendations concerning appropriate use of this technique will be developed in 1994.

~

July 1993 17


18 July 1993

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

The current focus in the pavement management techniques technology group includes projects promoting pavement management systems and evaluating equipment, as well as the use of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Long-Term Pavement Performance products. Particular emphasis is being placed on the SHRP Falling Weight Deflectometer Quality Assurance Software and implementation of the SHRP Distress Manual and other SHRP products now ready for showcasing around the country.

July 1993 19

Pavement Management Techniques

APPLICATION PROJECTS - I

APPLICATION PROJECT 102- SHRP Distress Identification Manual

DESCRIPTION: The Distress Identification Manual is a pictorial rating manual for distress identification on highway pavements. The manual's photographs, descriptions, and illustrations provide a reference for the consistent identification and quantification of the severity and extent of pavement distress. It also provides a common language for describing cracks, potholes, rutting, spalling, and other pavement distresses. As a "distress dictionary," the manual has the potential to improve inter- and intra-agency communication while leading t o more uniform evaluations of pavement performance.

The manual is divided into three sections, each focusing on a particular type of pavement (1 asphalt concrete surfaced, (2) jointed portland cement concrete, and (3) continuously reinforced portland cement concrete. Each distress is clearly labeled, described, and illustrated.

BACKGROUND: In 1987, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) began the largest and most comprehensive pavement performance test in history- the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The Distress Identification Manual was developed as a tool for the LTPP program. It allows States and others t o provide accurate, uniform, and comparable information on the condition of LTPP test sections. Moreover, it enables individuals and agencies t o interpret LTPP data or t o correlate LTPP findings with their own research efforts.

PROJECT MANAGER: James Walls, HNG-42, (202) 366-1 339

STATUS: A Expert Task Group has been formed t o assist in developing a marketing plan and other showcasing activities. The Expert Task Group has proposed developing and/or expanding the current training available t o the State highway agencies. The Expert Task Group also recommended development of training materials for use by academia and the Technology Transfer Centers. The SHRP made multiple copy distribution of the latest color version of the distress ID manual in July of 1993

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: The project manager will continue t o provide technical advice and participate in conferences, seminars, workshops, and user training sessions. Test and evaluation by a limited number of States is also anticipated.

PUBLICATIONS: The Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Project is available for purchase from the Transportation Research Board. Telephone: (202) 334-321 4; Fax: (202) 334-251 9. Cost: $20.

July 1993 20


APPLICATION PROJECT 1 18- Falling Weight Deflectometer Quality Assurance Software (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project is t o develop, market, and distribute generic versions of the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP) Falling Weight Deflectometer Quality Assurance software for use by State highway agencies that are not using SHRP test equipment. The generic versions will accommodate various FWDs, sensor numbers, sensor spacings, and test programs.

BACKGROUND: The SHRP FWD Quality Assurance Software is a spin-off product of SHRP's Long-Term Pavement Performance studies. It is one of four spin-off products that SHRP has recommended for FHWA implementation activities in 1992.

Falling Weight Deflectometers are widely used by highway agencies t o acquire pavement response data used in pavement rehabilitation design, pavement management systems, and forensic examinations of failed pavements. The overall goal of the SHRP FWD Quality Assurance Software is t o ensure the consistent collection of high-quality pavement deflection data.

To provide quality assurance in the area of FWD data collection, SHRP developed four software programs and established reference calibration centers a t several State highway agencies t o provide for quality measurement and data collection.

Since many of the State highway agencies either own or contract for deflection testing services by an FWD, the use of this quality assurance software should provide for improved testing data. Unfortunately, all of this software was written specifically with SHRP and i ts methods in mind. As an example, the programs are written t o read data files from Dynatest FWD with seven sensors at the prescribed SHRP sensor spacing.

PROJECT MANAGER: Max Grogg, HNG-42, (202) 366-1 576

STATUS: A Technical Working Group was established in 1993. A consultant contract will be executed t o perform the software conversion. Additional funding will be provided for training support at the calibration centers. Limited field testing by the SHAs will be conducted, and modified generic software will be marketed and distributed.

July 1993 21



TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 21 -Pavement Condition Measurement (SH R P)

DESCRIPTION: This project is intended t o continue evaluating (and promoting) the next generation of state-of-the-art pavement condition evaluation equipment begun under DP 72, "Automated Pavement Data Collection Equipment," by the Office of Technology Applications. This project consolidates previous on-going activities with SHRP implementation efforts related t o pavement condition measurement.

Several pieces of equipment are being analyzed through field test and evaluation

0 SHRP Ground Penetrating Radar

0 SHRP Seismic Wave Analyzer

0 Fully Automated Data Collection Equipment

PROJECT MANAGER: Sonya Hill, HNG-41, (202) 366-9490

STATUS: Several concrete and composite pavement sections were tested in Louisiana and Arkansas in February 1992, using state-of-the-art ground penetrating radar technology. These sections were tested in conjunction with a Strategic Highway Research Program contract. The final report is being completed and will be distributed t o all State highway agencies. Reports on additional equipment analysis will be issued upon completion of field testing and evaluation.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Test and evaluation in selected States through work orders and equipment loan. A follow-up program of workshops, seminars and literature is also envisioned.

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

The construction and maintenance technology group has grown a t a very fast rate this year with major Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) showcasing efforts. Three promotional packages have been developed -alkali-silica reactivity, concrete durability, and high performance concrete. This technology group also focuses on SHRP products in the highway operations area-robotic equipment, snow and ice removal, snow fences, and patching material. Also, major efforts on the National Quality Initiative have advanced across the country.

July 1993 23

Construction and Maintenance

DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - I

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 75- Field Management of Concrete Mixes (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project demonstrates the use of innovative laboratory and in situ testing equipment, promotes high-performance concrete, and promotes the use of chemical admixtures. This project also supports the activities of SP 20 1 , "Accelerated Rigid Paving Techniques."

The project's goals include demonstration of state-of-the-art concrete technology in materials selection, mix designs, laboratory testing, and field testing. Project activities include guidance for updating specifications, and use of computer technology for design, testing, and data storage. A partnership with manufacturers, contractors, industry associations, and academia is maintained in all of the project's activities.

BACKGROUND: With today's construction heavily involved in rehabilitation and reconstruction, highway engineers are placing greater than ever demands on portland cement concrete. These include lower permeability, higher and earlier strength, and improved workability. Many concrete admixtures are available today that specifically address these demands. However, t o understand and effectively use these admixtures, innovative mix designs, testing equipment, and techniques are a prerequisite.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Suneel Vanikar, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20 and Gary Crawford, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20

STATUS: With the use of a mobile concrete laboratory, 2 2 field demonstrations have been performed in the last 3 years. Two-day workshops on state-of-the-art concrete technology have been conducted in 44 States. Twenty 1-day seminars on "Concrete Admixtures" have been conducted. Many presentations, including the mobile concrete laboratory, have been given at national, regional, and local FHWA and industry meetings. More than 2,500 State DOT and FHWA engineers have attended workshops, seminars, and field demonstrations. Under the equipment loan program, in situ testing equipment has been loaned t o 17 States.

The remaining States will be visited over the next several years, with many States asking for repeat visits as the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRPI-developed products are included in the laboratory. The 1-day admixture seminars will continue for a few more years. Additionally, this mobile laboratory will support efforts related t o implementing SHRP-developed concrete technology. The major emphasis for the next several years will be on field demonstrations of the SHRP- developed products.

A 1-day hands-on workshop on in situ nondestructive concrete testing has been developed and presentations to State DOTS and the industry have started. Note: The mobile laboratory will also support Demonstration Project 96, "High Performance Shotcrete."

24 July 1993


TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Mobile laboratory (subject t o long-range planning), telephone and on-site assistance, speakers, specialized workshops and seminars, and nondestructive equipment loan program. A new mobile concrete laboratory will be procured in 1994.

PUBLICATIONS: FHWA (OTA) reports on several field studies available through the Office of Technology Applications.

July 1993 25


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 89- Quality Management

DESCRIPTION: The goal of this project is to build top-level support and awareness of quality management, and to provide training to State highway agencies in statistical quality control techniques.

This project involves several quality management activities.

0 Participate on a joint FHWA/AASHTO/industry steering committee t o guide and help focus efforts on quality of construction, performance, and quality management with emphasis on a partnership effort.

0 Develop (jointly) and issue a broadly based national policy/goals.

0 Hold high-level seminars for upper management of Federal, State, industry, and others t o educate and gain support.

0 Provide technical training, guidance, and tools to others responsible for implementation.

BACKGROUND: There has been a conscious effort within the United States during the past decade to promote a correlation between American products and quality. In general, this effort has been focused primarily in the manufacturing industry. The United States has begun t o promote the concept of American quality because quality has become an important factor in maintaining global competitiveness.

Wi th the emphasis on quality again moving toward national significance, this project will provide for direction, addressing a broader role for quality in the highway environment.

PROJECT MANAGER: Don Tuggle, HNG-21, (202) 366-1 553

STATUS: Regional Quality Management Workshops have been completed. FHWA will sponsor four (one per AASHTO region) "Quality Seminars for Top Management Officials" starting in spring 1993. In addition, sixty one-week courses, "Quality Management and Statistical Quality Control in Highway Construction," will be cosponsored with the National Highway Institute (NHI) and available in fall 1994. The pilot for two-day workshops on the same subject has been completed and scheduling has begun.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: One-week course, two-day workshops, technical assistance, and speakers.

26 July 1993


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 96- High Performance Shotcrete

DESCRIPTION: This project will focus on cost-effective uses of shotcrete through demonstrations, workshops, technical assistance for shotcrete design on specific projects, and guidance during construction. The DP-75 mobile concrete laboratory will provide assistance for testing shotcrete. The project will supplement other initiatives in soil nailing, bridge rehabilitation, and tunnel construction.

BACKGROUND: Shotcrete has been found t o be particularly cost-effective in a variety of repair situations. One of the major attributes of shotcrete is the excellent bond t o substrate materials. Shotcrete can be used for repair of a variety of concrete structures including bridges, retaining walls, tunnels, shafts, drainage structures and dams. Cost- effective construction of several highway structures utilizing quality shotcrete application has been developed since the 1980s. New permanent and temporary retaining wall systems, for example, soil nailed walls and geotextile walls, use high-quality shotcrete for facing. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method uses shotcrete for permanent tunnel support.

The shotcrete process was originally developed in 191 0 and consists of pneumatic applications of sand-cement mortar. This process is generally described as the "dry-mix shotcrete" process, although the term "Gunite" is still used in some parts of the United States. Since the 1960s, equipment has been available for the "wet-mix shotcrete" process. Shotcrete technology has improved significantly over the past 1 0 years. Modern shotcrete practice can produce superior shotcrete suitable for permanent applications. The high-performance shotcrete mixes utilize fibre reinforcement, high early strength cements, high-quality f ly ash and silica fume, and polymer agents.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Suneel Vanikar, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20 and Gary Kasza, HST-010, (503) 326-2095

STATUS: A Technical Working Group has been formed and a meeting has been held t o develop the scope of work. The project has been deferred until a Request For Proposal has been completed and a new co-project manager has been selected.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Limited technical assistance by project managers and exploratory questions or comments are welcomed.

July 1993 27



TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 14- Innovative Contract Administration

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is to identify innovative contracting practices for trial evaluation and documentation that have the potential t o reduce life-cycle costs t o State highway agencies, while maintaining product quality and an acceptable level of contractor profitability. Practices being tested under this contract include design/build, warranties, guarantees, lane rental, build/maintain, and incentiveddisincentives.

BACKGROUND: Project 14 resulted from the work of a 1988 Transportation Research Board (TRB) task force that spent three years exploring innovative practices in the U.S. and abroad. Their findings were released as Transportation Research Circular Number 386, entitled "Innovative Contracting Practices" (1 99 1 ).

Another initiative relative to innovative contracting practices, evolved as the result of an asphalt pavement study group's 1990 European tour. The group was very impressed with what it saw and recommended three innovative practices that could be pursued through Project 14.

Functional contracts (design/build),

0 Warranties of riding surfaces, and

Lane rental.

PROJECT MANAGER: Allan Rockne, HNG-22, (202) 366-1 562

STATUS: Many States have shown increased interest in testing innovative contracting practices and are now evaluating various techniques. The Program Office will continue to provide technical assistance, specifications, and background information and will share evaluations from other State's experiences. State highway agencies are encouraged t o participate in this project. Limited funding available for test and evaluation.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Lane rental specifications, background information on warranties and guarantees (from the Transportation Research Board), and telephone and speaker assistance.

28 July 1993


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 27- Pavement Maintenance Effectiveness (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project provides States an opportunity t o evaluate SHRP pavement maintenance products by introducing the technology and the principles involved. It includes SHRP technology in three areas.

0 Effectiveness of preventive maintenance: includes manuals on training, rating maintenance treatments, and specifications for preventive maintenance.

0 Innovative materials development: includes pothole patching, crack sealing, joint sealing and other materials and surface repair guidelines.

0 Automated maintenance equipment involves the development of prototype robotic crack sealing and pothole patching equipment. In addition, a remote-driven vehicle is also included because its primary use is maintenance.

PROJECT MANAGER: Gary Henderson, HTA-21, (202) 366-1 283

STATUS: A Technical Working Group has been established t o determine the detailed direction of this project. Showcasing contract under development.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Seminars, technical assistance, and field test and evaluation work orders.

July 1993 29

Construction and Maintenance - I

TEST AND EVALUATION 28-Snow and Ice Technology (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project is designed t o test and evaluate SHRP snow and ice technology products in five-major areas: snowplow blades, snow fences, roadway weather information systems, anti-icing techniques, and de-icing chemicals. The project's goal is for the development of better designed snowplows and snow fences, better storm forecasting and communication methods, and methods t o minimize the use of harmful de-icing chemicals.

The primary products emerging from this SHRP technology area are design guides, handbooks, evaluation methodologies, and improved snow removal equipment. Guidelines have been developed for evaluating equipment, materials, and methods for utilizing anti-icing technology.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Gary Henderson, HTA-21, (202) 366-1 283

STATUS: A manual on the evaluation and procedures for de-icing chemicals is being completed. A consultant services contract will be executed t o package the various technologies and develop a series of workshops and seminars on snow fence design, de- icing chemical evaluation, pretreatment techniques, and other snow and ice technologies. Field trials will be initiated with selected States t o further evaluate snowplow blades, scoops, and anti-icing techniques.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshops on snow and ice technology available upon request. States may participate in field tests and evaluations following standard work order procedures. Limited funding is available.

30 July 1993


TEST AND EVALUATION AB- Concrete Mix Design and Construction Aids (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: The goal of this project is to provide Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRPI-developed information on concrete mix design and curing tables t o State DOTs and industry while providing technical assistance for implementation. Curing tables will aid resident engineers and contractors in their decision process.

BACKGROUND: Packing diagrams have been developed by SHRP t o obtain dense concrete. The diagrams are used as mix design techniques. Properly used, the mix design may improve tensile strength and durability. Curing tables have been developed as aids for proper curing and include temperature, cement content, critical dimensions, etc. The goal of both efforts is t o obtain dense, impermeable, and durable concrete with minimum cracks.

PROJECT MANAGER: Suneel Vanikar, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20

STATUS: A Work Order was provided t o the Indiana DOT in 1992 t o perform field verification of packing diagrams. Field testing and evaluation is continuing.

In 1993-1994, these products will be promoted through a manual and by incorporation into other SHRP-related implementation efforts for concrete durability and high- performance concrete.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Manuals will be distributed in 1993 t o State DOTs requesting through the Office of Technology Applications and the Transportation Research Board. Presentations are available upon request.

July 1993 31


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT AC- Concrete Durability (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project will showcase Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)-developed products and provide education and technical assistance t o State DOTs and the industry by developing and presenting workshops, and providing testing equipment t o State DOTs through an equipment loan program.

This implementation effort includes new test procedures for D-Cracking potential of aggregates, revisited test procedure for freeze-thaw durability, specifications for aggregates, and air entrainment for durability. It will also include an expert system for rehabilitation strategy. The durability of concrete structures and pavements is a key issue in rebuilding infrastructure.

PROJECT MANAGER: Gary Crawford, HTA-21, (202) 366-1 286

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Suneel Vanikar, HTA-21, (202) 366-01 20

STATUS: Six impact echo devices have been purchased and a loan program has been established. The products will be promoted through a manual, workshops, equipment loans, and technical assistance in 1994-1 995. Consultant services will be obtained in 1994 t o develop and present workshops (late 19941, showcase products, and provide technical assistance. Some products will be demonstrated in the FHWA mobile concrete la bora tory.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshops, equipment loans, and technical assistance through consultant services. A manual will be developed for the workshops.

32 July 1993


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT AD- Alkali-Silica Reactivity (ASR) (SHRP) and Florescent Microscopy (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This project will provide education and technical assistance t o State DOTs and the industry while showcasing Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP)-developed products relating to alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) and florescent microscopy.

This implementation effort includes identification of ASR, field and laboratory tests, mitigation of ASR in existing structures, and mix design procedures t o reduce potential for ASR. ASR is a problem in many States and is a problem particularly in concrete pavements.

The project will develop and present workshops, provide testing equipment t o State DOTs through an equipment loan program, and provide technical assistance.

PROJECT MANAGER: Roger Surdahl, HNG-23, (202) 366-1 563


STATUS: Six ASR field detection test kits have been purchased. The consultant contract t o develop a three-day workshop and other showcase activities will be awarded in 1993. Workshop presentations will start in 1994, and ten workshops will be presented. An equipment loan program will be established and technical assistance provided under the contract.

In 1994-1995, the products will be promoted through a manual, workshops, product showcasing, and technical assistance. Some products will be demonstrated in the FHWA mobile concrete laboratory.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshops, equipment loans, and technical assistance through consultant services. The Transportation Research Board has SHRP product publications available.

July 1993 33


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT AE- High-Performance Concrete (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: This implementation effort includes new test equipment and procedures for flexural strength, compressive strength, and bond strength. Also included are design and construction guidelines for high-performance concrete and a concrete expert system (computer program).

Project AE will develop and present workshops, provide Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) testing equipment t o State DOTS through an equipment loan program, and offer technical assistance.

PROJECT MANAGER: Terry Halkayard, HTA-22, (202) 366-6765


STATUS: A full spectrum of activities including a manual, workshop, and equipment loans are planned. A Consultant contract will be awarded in 1994 to showcase this SHRP technology and perform implementation activities. Equipment will be included in the mobile concrete laboratory, as appropriate.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshops, equipment loans, and technical assistance through consultant services.

34 July 1993

BRIDGE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Load and Resistance Factor Bridge Design (LRFD) is now a major focus of this technology group. A 5-day training course, to advance a new specification which represents a radical departure from traditional design philosophy, is being developed. The successful demonstration project on high strength bolts will continue as a National Highway Institute training activity. Workshops to promote bridge design and analysis computer programs will be conducted.

July 1993 35

Bridne Desinn and Construction


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 81 -Load Factor Design

DESCRIPTION: DP 81 was developed t o present the Load Factor Design (LFD) method t o bridge designers and t o provide hands-on training in the application of the LFD computer program MERLIN DASH for the design of straight steel stringer bridges. Follow-up work will be included in Demonstration Project 99 (DP 991, a project similar t o DP 81, on the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method for bridges.

BACKGROUND: The Load Factor Design (LFD) method of bridge design was an important advancement in the state of the art that provides significant savings in the design of new steel bridges. The concept of applying statistically determined factors t o bridge design loads has been incorporated by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in the design code by adopting the LFD method for bridge superstructures. The LRFD method was the subject of a major revision developed for AASHTO bridge specifications. DP 99 will support the effort t o implement this new method.

PROJECT MANAGER: Tom Krylowski, HTA-22, (202) 366-6771

STATUS: DP 81 has been completed. All FHWA regional offices and most States have had representatives attend demonstrations. Presentations are being made t o States responding t o the last call. Interested States may contact the project manager.

36 July 1993

Bridge Design and Construction

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 88-High Strength Bolts

DESCRIPTION: DP 8 8 has been developed t o disseminate relevant information and demonstrate various techniques, methods, and testing equipment that can be used t o ensure that all bolts will be specified, purchased, manufactured, and installed in accordance with appropriate specification requirements. This demonstration project is directed toward bridge engineers, materials engineers, steel fabrication engineers, technicians, inspectors from State and local governments, and from FHWA. Specification provisions are explained and proper manufacturing and testing of bolts, nuts, and washers is discussed. Equipment and proper procedures for installing, torquing, and inspecting bolt tension are demonstrated. The project is conducted by a balanced team that represents the unique perspectives of FHWA, State highway agencies, the steel industry, suppliers of bolts and alternative fastening devices, and independent bolt researchers.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, a number of potentially serious problems involving improperly manufactured and installed, and poorly inspected fasteners on highway structures were identified. Subsequent to some research, FHWA issued "Supplemental Contract Specifications for Projects with AASHTO M164 (A325) High Strength Bolts" in 1989.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Donald Jackson, HTA-22, (202) 366-6770 and Larry Jones, NHI, (703) 285-2779

STATUS: This project has been so successful that it was turned over to the National Highway Institute (NHI). A two-year contract was awarded t o the Steel Structures Technology Center t o continue presenting the demonstration. Pilot courses will be conducted in the second quarter of 1993 and NHI will assume scheduling.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Workshops, technical assistance, exhibits, speakers, and course manual.

July 1993 37


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 99 -Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is t o assist engineers in their understanding of the new state-of-the-art LRFD bridge design codes developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). This will be accomplished by a comprehensive five-day training program in LRFD design. The LRFD method applies statistically determined factors t o bridge design parameters t o account for the variabilities in properties for both loads and material resistances by using a series of load factors and resistance factors. The LRFD specifications employ statistical methods and probability theory t o define the variations in loading and material properties and the likelihood that various combinations of loads will occur simultaneously.

BACKGROUND: Since 1931, the design and construction of highway bridges in the United States has been governed by the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Over time, and through many revisions and updates, the specifications became like a patchwork quilt, and a number of major gaps and inconsistencies were compounded by a lack of commentary explaining the intent or background of any of the specification provisions. After reviewing several options, AASHTO decided to develop an entirely new bridge code that incorporates state-of-the-art bridge engineering and would be based on the design approach known as load and resistance factor design (LRFD). After a period of review and consideration, the new specification is expected to be adopted by AASHTO for use by any agency that designs bridges in the United States. This new specification represents a radical departure from the traditional design philosophy of Working Stress Design (WSD), which requires that the total stress caused by all design loads be less than a specified percentage of the bridge material’s stress limit. While this design concept has worked well for many years, engineers have always been aware that neither loads nor material properties can be defined with accuracy and precision. The LRFD code, with its extensive commentary, is seen as state of the art and easy t o maintain technically, as well as ultimately easy to understand and use by bridge designers.

PROJECT MANAGER: Terry Halkyard, HTA-22, (202) 366-6765

STATUS: An outline was approved in March 1993 for a five-day training course on the application of LRFD specifications to the design of bridge superstructures. The tentative schedule includes one pilot session in each of the regions beginning in early 1994. Work on the project began in 1992 by the contractor, Modjeski & Masters.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Five-day training course, nine regional pilots, NHI course presentations, and comprehensive participant’s manual.

38 July 1993


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 100- Bridge Design, Rating, and Analysis

DESCRIPTION: This project will provide bridge designers with the information necessary t o understand the proper use of the bridge rating, analysis, design, and drafting computer programs most commonly available t o Federal, State, and local highway agencies. The project may include refinement of existing computer programs t o reflect the requirements of the new LRFD specifications, seismic design specifications, and metrication, and will include development of all necessary materials for a series of workshops on the most commonly used computer programs. It is anticipated that six t o eight of the most commonly used computer programs would be covered under this project. Florida DOT's Bridge Rating Using the Finite Element Method (BRUFEM) and Wyoming DOT's Bridge Ratings and Analysis of Structural Systems (BRASS) will be the first t w o workshops available. A workshop presentation could be an overview of several computer programs or a more in-depth workshop on a single program.


STATUS: The first presentation on BRASS was held in Connecticut in June 1993. Workshops for Florida DOT's BRUFEM and Wyoming DOT's BRASS are under development. A Technical Working Group of bridge engineers has been assembled t o assist with selecting additional computer programs for the project, determining the workshop format and agenda, and interpreting the application of pertinent specifications.

July 1993 39


APPLICATION PROJECT 44- Bridge Technology Workshops

DESCRIPTION: This project provides well-planned workshops on specific technical subjects as a forum for the effective exchange of information on innovative technology. OTA is supportive of such workshops on a regional, tri-regional, and national basis.

BACKGROUND: Workshops have been held to highlight new technology in bridge engineering and new policies and procedures in the bridge program. In 1989, workshops were held on a tri-regional basis with State, Federal, and private sector engineers in attendance. Primary topics included the FHWA Technical Advisory TA5 140.20 on Scour at Bridges; the 1988 revisions t o the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS); changes t o the NBIS Coding Guide; and the interim procedures for evaluating bridges for scour hazards.

Tri-regional meetings were again conducted successfully in 1992 in Oregon, Georgia, and Texas. The agendas included the 199 1 lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act as it affects bridge programs; bridge management systems (BMS) including PONTIS (the BMS jointly developed by FHWA and the California Department of Transportation); seismic design and retrofit of bridges; and the new Load and Resistance Factor Design specifications for bridges. OTA will continue to support these types of workshops when the agendas focus on timely and innovative topics in bridge engineering.

PROJECT MANAGER: John Hooks, HTA-22, (202) 366-6643

STATUS: Workshops t o be supported in 1993 include a Region 5 Aesthetic Bridge Conference and a Region 6 workshop on Coatings for Bridges. A National Conference on Bridge Management Systems is scheduled for Austin, Texas on September 1 5-1 7 , 1993.

40 July 1993

BRIDGE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION

Bridge inspection, evaluation, repair, and protection remain major emphasis areas of the structures program. Efforts t o train State and local governments in the principles and practices of bridge management systems continue. Demonstration projects on scour monitoring and underwater evaluation and repair are being developed. The demonstration project on corrosion detection for reinforced concrete structures continues; the demonstration project on cathodic protection (CP) for bridge decks will be closed out while a new project on CP for substructures gets started. Test and evaluation of advanced bridge inspection techniques continue and will lead t o the development of a new demonstration project.

July 1993 41

Bridne Mananement and Protection


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 34- Cathodic Protection (CP) for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks

DESCRIPTION: This project has provided technical assistance and funds t o encourage States t o try CP systems on bridge decks. The demonstration included a slide presentation to help inform State and Federal engineers about corrosion problems and solutions with cathodic protection. DP 34 has helped t o pioneer most of the technological advances made in the application of cathodic protection of bridge decks, including coke-breeze asphalt overlays, slotted systems, mounded systems with overlays, and anode meshes.

BACKGROUND: The premature deterioration of reinforced concrete bridge decks has become a great concern to highway engineers in the past few years. Both newly constructed decks-some as new as t w o years old-and older decks that have provided good service for many years are deteriorating at an alarming rate. The most common and serious form of deterioration is the delamination of the concrete at the level of the top mat of reinforcing steel and eventual spalling of the deck surface. Delamination of concrete is a result of the internal tensile forces created by the buildup of corrosion products around the reinforcing steel. CP is the external application of a direct current t o the surface of the top mat of steel in sufficient amounts to overcome the internal current f low that occurs when the concrete no longer has the protection normally provided by alkaline content.

PROJECT MANAGER: Donald Jackson, HTA-22, (202) 366-6770

STATUS: DP 34 is in the close-out stage. A final report will be published in 1994. More than 60 decks in 31 States, including both first-, second-, and third-generation systems were installed and more than 10 years of technical assistance t o the States and industry was provided. Reports and guide specifications were developed. Several work orders for application and evaluation of CP to bridge decks are still active. An updated slide presentation is available upon request and technical assistance is available on a limited basis.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: To be published in 1993 and distributed by AASHTO: Guide Specifications for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks, AASHTO-AGC- ARTBA, Task Force #29.

Bridge Management and Protection

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 71 -Bridge Management Systems (BMS)

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this demonstration project is t o promote and assist the development of a comprehensive BMS in every State highway agency. To achieve this goal, the project is being conducted in several phases. Phase I, now complete, consisted of demonstrating bridge management principles, including level of service in the States.

In Phase II, a comprehensive computer program, PONTIS, is being developed and tested. PONTIS is a state-of-the-art BMS that represents a radical new approach t o decisionmaking for bridge programs. The software incorporates dynamic, probabilistic models and a detailed bridge data base to predict maintenance, improvement and replacement needs, recommend optimal policies, and schedule projects within budget and policy constraints. PONTIS differs from the inventory and management software now used by the 50 States in that its description of bridge conditions is more detailed and its models are designed t o operate on groups of bridges or whole inventories, rather than on individual structures. Also in Phase II, PONTIS is undergoing extensive Beta testing by as many as 1 3 States and will be made available t o all States for evaluation and consideration for implementing the program in a comprehensive BMS.

Phase I l l will include efforts t o train State and local governments in the principles and practices of bridge management systems including PONTIS.

BACKGROUND: More than 40 percent of the nation’s 575,000 highway bridges are functionally obsolete or structurally deficient. These deficient structures represent significant impediments t o the safe, economical use of the highway system and result in safety hazards and high user costs. The estimated total cost of eliminating all of these deficiencies is more than $50 billion and is increasing each year. Annual expenditures of $3 to $5 billion on bridges and bridge improvement projects have not kept pace with the growing problem.

State and local governments face a daunting challenge to solving this problem wi th limited funds. Decisions about where and when to spend funds on bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, or replacement, present difficult management issues. The problem is magnified by the large number of bridges, the complex modes of deterioration, and the variety of feasible remedial actions. FHWA and the States have long recognized the need for a comprehensive bridge management system (BMS) to assist in the decisionmaking process. Congress has now included a requirement in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Ac t (ISTEA) of 1991 that mandates such a system for all States.

A proposal was made and accepted to establish PONTIS as an AASHTOWARE product by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and licensed for use by the AASHTO and other organizations.

PROJECT MANAGERS: John Hooks, HTA-22, (202) 366-6643 and Daniel O’Connor, HNG-32, (202) 366-1 567

July 1993 43


STATUS: Phase II is almost complete; the development and testing of PONTIS will be completed by September 30, 1993. That version will become the public domain version of PONTIS and will be included in the AASHTO product line. Additional workshops and technical assistance will be provided t o States evaluating and implementing PONTIS. In fall 1993, training will begin for bridge inspectors t o collect raw data. There will be a National Highway Institute-Office of Technology Applications jointly developed training course in 1994 which will provide training on bridge management principles, procedures for collecting and recording bridge inspection data, and operation of a BMS such as PONTIS. (See Application Project 44).

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Technology transfer activities include

0 A 10-minute videotape for upper management of highway departments is available from the Office of Technology Applications.

0 PONTIS workshops conducted in at least one key State in each region; additional are available upon request.

0 A network of regional FHWA-BMS specialists will be established t o assist with future technical assistance t o the States.

0 A Bridge Engineering Conference in Austin Texas, September 15-1 7, will include a demonstration of PONTIS.

PUBLICATIONS: PONTIS Executive Summary, PONTIS Technical Manual, and PONTIS Users Manual. Publications are available through the Office of Technology Applications.

44 July 1993

Bridge Management and Protection - I

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 84- Corrosion Detection for Reinforced Concrete Structures

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is t o demonstrate and document the latest concepts and test procedures for corrosion surveys on reinforced concrete structures. A secondary objective is t o work in conjunction with States t o collect data on structures that already have protective systems and determine their effectiveness. The project is divided into three distinct modules

Executive Presentation- Slide presentation and some equipment demonstration.

0 Equipment Demonstration-Slide presentation on bridge evaluation techniques and 1 - t o 2-day equipment demonstrations.

Hands-on Training and Testing-Three to four days of hands-on experience with equipment.

Several products developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) will be demonstrated as part of this project.

BACKGROUND: Deterioration of reinforced concrete by corrosion of the reinforcing steel is the most frequent cause of maintenance, rehabilitation, or replacement of concrete structural elements. The ability t o identify an active corrosion process in the early stages is an important factor in minimizing the cost of corrosion-related repairs.

Today’s equipment is lighter, stronger, more durable, and is capable of interfacing with microcomputers through CADD-like software. Additionally, with the growing attention paid to concrete substructure corrosion, this equipment solves some of the difficulties of surveying vertical surfaces over rivers, coastal waters, and freeways. Some of the tests that will be performed are half-cell potential survey, delamination mapping, chloride content, concrete cover survey, rebar corrosion rates, and crack measurement.


STATUS: This project was announced late in 199 1. DP 84 has been presented 1 0 times since it was announced. Interested States may contact the project manager to request demonstrations.

July 1993 45

Bridge Management and Protection - - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 91 -Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Substructures

DESCRIPTION: DP 91 was established t o package and promote CP applications for reinforced concrete substructures and t o develop solutions t o certain problems. This demonstration project will provide technical assistance and seed money for construction and evaluation. A continuous evaluation of the complete system of installing CP will be performed for the purpose of updating the state-of-the-art of CP on substructures. This project will also provide training t o the users of CP in protecting their substructures and will demonstrate several products developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP).

BACKGROUND: In certain areas of the country, bridge substructures are deteriorating due t o salt intruding into the concrete. This causes spalling as the reinforcing steel corrodes. Salt can come from either de-icing operations or from coastal environments. There are protection systems and design criteria available that will inhibit corrosion and concrete deterioration in new structures.

Existing structures, however, that are already salt contaminated are very difficult t o deal with. Often the only choices available are t o continue patching spalls or t o replace the entire substructure. Cathodic protection (CP) for substructures is a cost-effective alternative t o replacement and other types of rehabilitation methods. Extending this type of protection t o vertical surfaces such as pier columns, faces of pier caps, has been a challenge. This process involves fastening the anode system t o a vertical surface and thus working against the force of gravity.

The Office of Technology Applications has worked closely with the private sector, FHWA, and State highway research personnel in modifying anodes t o work on vertical surfaces. CP has been applied successfully t o substructure units in a variety of forms. Projects with different anodes were used on pilot projects in several States. Owners are also advised that CP can only be as effective as their commitment t o maintain it once systems are installed.


STATUS: Several pilot projects are under way with a variety of anodes being evaluated. Further evaluation of the systems and extended coordination with the CP industry will take place during 1993. A CP course is being developed for use with this project that will explain this new technology for reinforced concrete structures. Pilot projects installed in several States are being evaluated so the project will be able t o use the information t o install CP on substructures with greater efficiency. FHWA also is maintaining close coordination with the CP industry in order t o overcome a shortage of anode supply companies. A n International Conference on Corrosion and Cathodic Protection will be held in November 1994, in Florida.

July 1993 46


TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Telephone assistance available from the project manager. Financial assistance in the form of "seed money" will be available.

July 1993 47

Bridne Mananement and Protection

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 94- Lead-Based Paint Removal

DESCRIPTION: This project will address the most cost-effective systems for

0 Protecting workers against hazards of ingesting lead particles during surface preparation operations;

0 Methods of containing debris from the surface preparation; and

0 Guidelines and methods for storage and disposal or alternative uses of the material collected from the surface preparation.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for worker safety will be covered, as well as Federal and State environmental protection regulations. Standard tests for evaluation of toxicity of wastes will be demonstrated.

BACKGROUND: The hazards associated with removal and disposal of lead-based paints from highway structures are becoming an increasingly critical parameter in the costs associated with maintaining steel bridges painted with lead-based paints. Safety of the worker during paint removal operations is a key health issue, and long-term hazards associated with leachable lead compounds from disposed paint and abrasives is a serious concern.


STATUS: A Technical Working Group will meet in late 1993 t o assist with the scope and direction of the project. The committee members will include coating consultants; State material engineers; material engineers from the FHWA regions, divisions, and Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center; and representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency and OSHA.

The development of this project has been deferred to 1994.

July 1993 48

Bridae Manaaement and Protection

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 97-Scour Monitoring and Instrumentation

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is t o provide engineers and inspectors with a better understanding of the scour phenomena and methods for estimating, measuring, and monitoring scour using state-of-the-art instrumentation. Portable and instrumentation fixed t o the bridge will be included. This project, in conjunction with the ongoing NHI training course "Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Structures," is an attempt t o assist the States in implementing the FHWA Technical Advisory T5140.23, Evaluating Scour at Bridges, dated October 28, 1991.

BACKGROUND: Highway bridge failures caused by scour or erosion-related processes account for most of the bridge failures in this country, yet the understanding of scour under field conditions is extremely limited.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Tom Krylowski, HTA-22, (202) 366-667 1 and Brian Roberts, HPD-15, (703) 285-0065

STATUS: Development of demonstration and curriculum material began in 1 992. Project demonstrations will be announced at the end of 1993 and presentations will begin in 1994.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: NHI Course No. 13046, Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Structures.

PUBLICATIONS: Evaluating Scour at Bridges-HEC-18 (FHWA-IP-90-017).

Stream Stability at Highway Structures- HEC-20 (FHWA-IP-90-0 14).

Both reports are available from the Research and Technology Report Center, HRD-1 1, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 221 01 -2296.

July 1993 49


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 98- Underwater Evaluation and Repair of Bridge Components

DESCRIPTION: This project will be designed to assist the States in conducting condition surveys of underwater bridge components using state-of-the-art instrumentation for previously identified troubled bridges. DP 98 is a follow-up t o the highly successful Demonstration Project, "Underwater Inspection of Bridges" (DP 801, which attracted representatives from all the States. Additional assistance will be provided by working with the State t o identify potential repair strategies.

BACKGROUND: Both DP 98 and DP 80, were developed in response t o an urgent need t o improve the overall quality of inspecting the nation's bridges, above and below water. DP 80 was an award-winning project that brought together professional engineerddivers, the latest high-tech geophysical scour detection and nondestructive testing technology, an instrumented-access watercraft, and remote-operated underwater camera and communications equipment, for demonstrations in 48 States. As opposed t o the "show

technology. / and tell" nature of DP 80, DP 98 will give States an opportunity to use the latest

PROJECT MANAGERS: Tom Krylowski, HTA-22, (202) 366-6771

STATUS: The development of demonstration and curriculum material began in 1992. Project demonstrations will be announced and presentations will begin in 1994.

PUBLICATIONS: Underwater Inspection o f Bridges (FHWA-DP-80-1) and Video-Inspection o f Timber Piles-Bridges Unbroken are both available from the Research and Technology Report Center, HRD-11, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 221 0 1 -2296.

50 July 1993


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AB- Advanced Bridge Inspection Techniques

DESCRIPTION: This project will further the use of advanced technology by demonstrating and testing proven equipment and instrumentation t o interested States. A t this time, systems that are being considered are acoustic emission (AE), magnetic field disturbance (MFD), impact-echo, and magnetic perturbation of cables (MPC). Others will be included for test and evaluation as this evolving technology matures.

BACKGROUND: A recent national bridge inventory indicated that an alarming number of this country's bridges are classified as either structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. To compound the problem, Federally required inspections, which are usually performed visually, often fail t o detect cracks or other hidden defects that would affect the structural reliability of bridges.

For more than 20 years, FHWA has encouraged and sponsored research and development of instrumentation that would provide State highway agencies with better tools for the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of bridges. Development of bridge inspection technology has become an evolving process, with new systems and procedures continually emerging on the scene. These rapid advances have caused a backlog of sophisticated instrumentation and equipment in need of further development and testing. In most cases, the technology may remain on-the-shelf or rarely used because there are no practical cost-effective applications on which to test it or because of a lack of proven test procedures or field experience by test personnel.

~

PROJECT MANAGER: Tom Krylowski, HTA-22, (202) 366-677 1

STATUS: The development of this demonstration project has been deferred t o 1994 in order t o collect more data on promising technology. A contract was awarded for "Impact Echo System for NDE of Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge Structures." This work is scheduled for completion in mid-1 994. Additional studies will be undertaken subject t o available funding. States may request t o participate in this project t o evaluate promising, innovative bridge inspection techniques.

PUBLICATIONS: Evaluation of Steel in Concrete Bridges: The MFD System (FHWA-SA-9 1-0261, available from the Research and Development Report Center, HRD-11, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 221 0 1 -2296.

1 July 1993 51

i I

APPLl CAT1 ON PROJECTS


APPLICATION PROJECT AA- Bridge Management Systems Training Course

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is t o develop a training course on bridge management principles, practices, and systems, that will provide the specially trained inspectors, engineers, and managers needed t o implement and maintain the comprehensive bridge management systems required under the lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Ac t of 1 99 1 .

BACKGROUND: A t all levels of government, the need for new practices and comprehensive systems for managing bridge programs is becoming clearer. The lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 requires that each State highway department implement a comprehensive bridge management system (BMS) and many large cities and counties are expected to follow with similar systems. Bridge management will become an important discipline and trained inspectors, engineers and mahagers will be needed in significant numbers t o support ongoing systems.

PROJECT MANAGERS: John Hooks, HTA-22, (202) 366-6643 and George Romack, HNG- 33, (202) 366-4606

STATUS: The development of the training course will be initiated in 1994. The FHWA Office of Technology Applications, in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation and a Task Force of State highway bridge engineers, has developed a bridge management system called PONTIS. Other State agencies are developing alternate systems. The operation of these systems will be addressed in the course. in each region will begin in 1995 and, based on demand, the National Highway Institute will continue sponsoring course sessions. The Request for Proposal package for this course is under development with work on the course preparation expected t o start in January of 1994. Regional pilot courses are expected t o be ready early in 1995.

Pilot courses

52 July 1993



TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 4- Protective Coatings

DESCRIPTION: This project allows the States an opportunity to identify, test, and evaluate different coating systems for steel structures in order to identify those that perform well and are most environmentally acceptable.

BACKGROUND: Steel bridge structures, unless constructed of weathering-type steels, require coating systems to protect them from the environment. Even weathering steels require protective coatings when exposed t o harsh environments. The coatings used to protect steel structures must be able to resist the effects of repeated freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, road de-icing salts, oils, acid rain, and ultraviolet radiation. With the concern about lead in the environment and more recently over volatile organic compounds, the highway community must find environmentally acceptable coatings that perform well on highway bridge structures.


STATUS: More than 50 coating systems have been applied t o steel bridges and are currently under evaluation for their performance. Evaluations are expected to be completed during the next t w o years. This project is open for additional proposals by highway agencies to evaluate new coatings. Project selections will be based partially on the determination of the need for new or additional field evaluation of each proposed coating.

PUBLl CAT1 ONS : Installation of Experimental Coatings on Structural Steel, Connecticut DOT, July 1990 (FHWA-CT-RD-1084); limited copies are available from the project manager.

Protective Coating for Structural Steel, Maine DOT, April 1990, (Technical Paper 84-03). Only one copy available; however, a photocopy could be made; contact the project manager if interested.

The Evaluation of the Protective Coating System for Structural Steel on the Neil Underwood Bridge, New Hampshire Department of Public Works, February 1989 (Report No. 881 210). Only one copy available; however, a photocopy could be made for anyone interested. Contact the project manager.

July 1993 53


TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 15-Field Trials of the Acoustic Emission Bridge Monitor

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is to test and evaluate the Acoustic Emission Bridge Monitor through demonstrations and field trials, develop Application Guidelines, and produce an educational videotape.

BACKGROUND: Locating and evaluating cracks in steel bridges is a difficult and time- consuming process. With about 90,000 steel bridges on the Federal-aid highway system, bridge inspection personnel spend many hours looking for cracks and many more hours are spent by bridge engineers evaluating the severity of the cracks found. Most cracks cannot be visually located until they are at least '/-inch in length and a significant portion of the fatigue life of the detail has been lost. By utilizing acoustic emission (AE) testing equipment, cracks can be found much earlier and important evaluations can be made of known cracks.


STATUS: Eight sites have been visited, four remain. To date, field trials have included 1 .) Monitoring bridge details with fatigue cracks due t o out-of-plane bending and similar uncracked details; 2.) Checking details on bridge structures that had been inspected with ultrasonic equipment and which yielded unclear results; and 3.) Testing areas that had been retrofitted t o strengthen a cracked detail. The AE monitoring of cracked and uncracked similar details on one structure showed no cracks to be propagating at the details where there were no visible cracks, but on another structure, the AE monitoring located a small crack beneath the paint, where it could not be located visually.

On t w o structures where ultrasonic inspection yielded unclear results, AE monitoring showed that there were no active cracks. On a third structure where ultrasonic inspection revealed the presence of an internal anomaly in a weld but was unable to characterize the stability (actively growing or passive) of the anomaly, AE monitoring revealed that the anomaly is indeed active. The weld has been cored, and w e are waiting for the final report on the exact nature of the anomaly.

Field work is nearing completion and the guidelines for applying AE testing technology t o bridges are being developed. Three videotapes will be available in late 1993, one intended for program managers, another for bridge inspectors, and a third for welding fabrication inspectors. This project is expected to close in Spring 1994.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Some drafts have been completed on the Guidelines for applying AE technology for bridge inspectors. Guidelines for applying AE technology for in-process weld monitoring are being developed. A limited number of field demonstrations are still available.

July 1993 54

i


PUBLICATIONS: Three videotapes on AE testing are being prepared. Field Trials of the Acoustic Emission Weld Monitor (FHWA-TS-88-021) available from the Research and Development Report Center, HRD-1 1 , 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101- 2296.

July 1993 55


56 July 1993

GEOTECHNOLOGY

The geotechnical technology group focuses on initiating and promoting the use of innovative geotechnology in the design and construction of highway structures. Major efforts include rockfall rating and mitigation, an international conference on deep foundations, and application projects on lateral and rotational stiffness of substructures and in situ soil testing techniques. In addition, ground modifications, slope stability, and microcomputer programs in geotechnology continue t o be emphasized.

July 1993 57

Geotechnolog y


DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 66- Pile Foundations

DESCRIPTION: This project promotes the application of modern technology t o pile design and t o pile construction monitoring, thereby reducing foundation costs and/or increasing confidence in the foundation. To achieve this goal, the project was developed in different phases.

Phase I consisted of a comprehensive classroom demonstration that focused on the practical aspects and economic advantages of rational pile design and construction monitoring. Subjects included subsurface investigation, pile selection, pile design, specifications, pile installation equipment, and construction monitoring.

Phase II consisted of field demonstrations of modern construction monitoring techniques that included: a wave equation computer program, the pile driving analyzer, rapid methods of static load testing, and the saximeter (inspection assistance instrument).

Field demonstrations were often performed in conjunction with construction projects, which provided an opportunity for a direct comparison with existing State procedures and opportunities for cost savings.

During both project phases, the demonstration team focused on a willingness t o provide "hands-on" technical assistance t o host agencies.

A stand-alone pile load test manual was also developed as part of this demonstration and is available upon request. The results of each field demonstration were documented in separate reports that provided specific recommendations for improvement in State practices.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20 percent of all funds allotted t o bridge construction by the FHWA and the State transportation departments is spent on pile foundations. In addition, city and county governments, whose practices closely follow State procedures, spend large amounts on bridge construction. In the early 198Os, many pile design and construction monitoring practices often resulted in unnecessarily conservative designs because they were based solely on experience and tradition with little theoretical background.

As a result of this project, States have achieved substantial cost savings on major bridge projects. For example, on an 1-90 project in Seattle, the State of Washington saved $5 million, and on the Alsea Bay Bridge project, Oregon saved $1.5 million. Based on a survey conducted in 1 99 1 , several impressive changes in State transportation agency piling practice have occurred during the life of this project.

58 July 1993

Geotechnology

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (1 991 Interim) incorporate many of the procedures and recommendations from the demonstration manual.

Both AASHTO and the American Society for Testing and Materials have developed test standards for dynamic testing of driven piles.

Approximately 30 State agencies have implemented the wave equation computer program.

Approximately 41 State agencies have utilized the pile driving analyzer. Many use it routinely.

Several agencies have computerized design procedures and developed data bases of load test results.

Approximately 30 percent of agencies have made major revisions t o their standard specifications.

PROJECT MANAGER: Jerry DiMaggio, HNG-31, (202) 366-1 569

STATUS: The project was announced in 1984 and has been a huge success both in terms of the response from State agencies and the changes t o the state-of-the-practice. The classroom demonstration (32 hours) on modern pile design and construction was presented in virtually every State t o approximately 4,000 geotechnical and structural professionals and technicians. The DP 66 manual is currently being updated and will be offered as an NHI short course. The phase II field portion was presented in 3 5 States and more than 200 static and dynamic pile load tests were performed in conjunction with actual construction projects. In many cases, these load tests resulted in the State specifying less conservative pile lengths on the construction project. Additionally, many States have modified their routine procedures and practices by increasing pile design loads; modifying construction specifications; implementing the wave equation computer program; performing dynamic pile load tests; and increasing the frequency of static load tests.

The last Field demonstrations have been completed.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: An International Conference on "Design and Construction of Deep Foundations" will be held December 6-8, 1994, in Orlando, Florida. The conference will highlight all of the technology and achievements of this project.

PUBLICATIONS: Manual on Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations, (FHWA-DP-66-1); also available from the National Technical Information Services (NTIS No- PB89 122568lAS). Static Testing of Deep Foundations (FHWA-SA-91-042), is available from the Office of Technology Applications.

~~ ~

July 1993 59

Geotechnology

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 82- Ground Modification Techniques

DESCRIPTION: The primary objective of this project is t o demonstrate that innovative ground modification techniques can be designed and constructed at a reasonable cost t o solve a variety of transportation problems. The project is directed at geotechnical, structural, and construction engineers involved in the design and construction of geotechnical facilities (embankments, cut slopes, retaining walls, and structures). The demonstration project will be announced in several phases and include four elements.

0 Workshops and seminars (involving industry) on specific ground modification techniques;

0 Technical assistance on the design and construction monitoring aspects of ground modification techniques on specific projects;

0

0

Development and distribution of practical technical guidelines; and

Selected full-scale monitoring of ground modification construction projects.

BACKGROUND: Ground modification is an all-encompassing generic term that is used t o describe techniques and processes that mechanically or chemically modify existing subsurface materials t o improve their engineering properties. Individually, ground modification methods can solve a variety of geotechnically related transportation problems, such as bearing capacity, total and differential settlement, liquefaction, void collapse, and slope retention. Available methods include soil nailing; mechanically stabilized earth; several methods of grouting (chemical, compaction, jetgrouting); stone columns; wick drains; geosynthetics; lime columns; vibro-compaction and dynamic compaction.

Originally developed in Western Europe or the Far East, most of the ground modification methods are in their infancy as used by the transportation community within the United States. On United States projects completed to date, savings of 50 t o 70 percent have been common when compared t o conventional treatments. Each method has its own unique limitations, primarily with regard to applications and the types of material for which it is cost-effective. Materials successfully treated t o date range from natural soil deposits, such as gravel and clay, t o man-made deposits, such as sanitary landfills and mine spoil.

The current need is for the transportation community to acquire a detailed understanding of how t o appropriately utilize these techniques in cost-effective applications; specify and contractually administer such specialty items; perform and review designs; and effectively monitor this type of construction to ensure a quality product.

These needs are more acute today because of the advantages presented by ground modification techniques for the upgrading and redevelopment of the transportation infrastructure. Ground modification techniques address a common set of problems that transportation engineers must face:

60 July 1993

Geotechnolog y

Construction must be carried out in heavily urbanized areas with existing above- and below-ground structures and services.

Construction is confined t o specific locations and must be adapted t o the particular geological conditions.

0 Construction must be conducted while having minimal impact on the traveling public and nearby inhabitants.

0 Construction must be completed as rapidly as possible.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Jerry DiMaggio, HNG-31, (202) 366-1 569 and Ron Chassie, HST- 010, (503) 326-2095

STATUS: Two modules of DP 82 are currently under development. Mechanically stabiIizFd earth (MSE) and soil nailing are currently scheduled t o be announced in 1994 and 1995, respectively. In each case, a comprehensive design manual is being prepared. Technical assistance has been provided t o several States during the project development phase. The potential savings associated with the widespread acceptance of both methods warrant stand-alone activities.

Following the announcement of the soil nailing and MSE modules, a general ground modification seminar will also be available. The seminar will briefly address all ground modification techniques and focus on their cost-effective application, specifications, and contracting and quality assurance methods.

In the soil nailing module, a manual for soil nailing inspectors has been completed. A contract t o develop a design manual and conduct soil nailing workshops will be awarded at the end of 1993.

Recently a team of Federal Highway, State Highway, and private consultants traveled t o Europe t o investigate soil nailing techniques. Results of their trip are being evaluated for incorporation in the project. An MSE contract t o develop workshops and a manual for soil nailing inspectors will be awarded by fall 1993.

July 1993 61

Geotechnolog y

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 83- Rapid Testing of Foundation Elements

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is t o demonstrate the use of several rapid test techniques t o evaluate the condition and capacity of drilled shafts or other types of deep foundations. Results from the current FHWA research study, "Drilled Shafts Integrity Testing," will be used t o develop a demonstration project on the use of several integrity and foundation capacity testing techniques.

BACKGROUND: Drilled shafts, in many situations, are an economical alternative t o driven piles and t o other types of deep foundation systems, yet few State highway agencies use drilled shafts in their foundation construction. This is partly due t o lack of understanding of, and confidence in, the state of the art of design, construction and inspection of drilled shafts. The full potential of drilled shaft construction techniques in waterbearing soils has been especially difficult to understand because of the uncertainty of the effects of construction and the actual service behavior. Also, the lack of generally accepted and reliable quality control tests t o check for or evaluate defects, and the lack of inexpensive load test procedures, have inhibited the use of drilled shafts.

In the late 1980s, FHWA developed and conducted a three-day training course t o educate engineers on the use of drilled shafts in highway construction. About at the same time, a comprehensive research program was initiated by the FHWA Office of Research and Development t o investigate the behavior of drilled shafts in various construction environments.

PROJECT MANAGER: Chien-Tan Chang, HTA-22, (202) 366-6749

STATUS: This project will begin in 1994. The initial effort under this project will be t o provide guidance t o inspection personnel responsible for drilled shaft quality and integrity during construction. A revised chapter on inspection will be prepared for the FHWA manual on "Drilled Shafts" and a training session will be developed. A one-day training course will be developed and presented by the National Highway Institute, probably starting in 1995. Proposals for course development are currently being solicited.

62 July 1993

Geotechnolog y ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 95- Rockfall Rating and Mitigation

DESCRIPTION: The objectives of DP 95 include

Demonstrating the Rockfall Hazard Rating System developed by the Oregon Department of Transportation as a rational means of prioritizing projects on a State-wide basis and allocating scarce repair funds.

Assisting State highway agencies in the development and implementation of a Rockfall Hazard System best suited for each State's own environment and conditions.

Demonstrating the Rockfall Data Base Management program developed by the FHWA as part of the Rockfall Hazard Rating System.

Demonstrating the use of cost-effective techniques to stabilize rock slopes or ihprove safety along existing rock slopes.

This project will be separated into t w o modules.

e Rockfall Rating Module-This module will consist of a two-day demonstration of the Rockfall Rating System, including a one-day classroom presentation and a one-day field demonstration. The FHWA Rockfall Rating Data Base program will be demonstrated and provided to the State highway agencies to permit decision making on prioritizing rock slope repair.

e Rockfall Mitigation Module-This module will consist of a one-day classroom presentation of several rock slope stabilization methods for various rock slope conditions. A practical manual will be developed for use in the one-day presentation.

BACKGROUND: Rockfall is a common occurrence and a significant hazard in many States. Loss of life and property, serious injury, disruption of traffic, and expensive maintenance repairs have increased significantly in recent years. Numerous claims for rockfall and related accidents have been filed against highway agencies in the United States. These incidents and claims amount to many millions of dollars and consume significant highway maintenance and construction funds each year. This situation creates the urgent need t o promote systematic approaches t o prioritizing the use of limited funds on rockfall maintenance and mitigation.

PROJECT MANAGER: Barry Siel, HST-08, (3031-969-67 18

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Chien-Tan Chang, HTA-22, (2021-366-6749

STATUS: A contract has been signed with SNI International, Inc. in Phoenix, Arizona t o develop training material and conduct courses. A pilot presentation of the Rating System

Geotechnolog y

was completed in May 1993. The second training module, Mitigation, is scheduled for September 1993, in Alaska.

64 July 1993

Geotechnolog y


APPLICATION PROJECT 21 - Geotechnical Microcomputer Program

DESCRIPTION: This project has involved the development of several geotechnical programs under contract with geotechnical microcomputer programming firms. These programs have been made available t o the States by the OTA.

BACKGROUND: The microcomputer industry has undergone rapid changes in recent years. New developments in hardware and software make the use of the microcomputer in civil engineering applications more feasible, practical, and almost necessary.

One definite advantage in the use of microcomputers is their ability t o perform repetitive calculations quickly, conveniently, and efficiently. The microcomputer can be used t o solve many geotechnical problems needing repetitive and yet complicated calculations, such as analyzing embankment and foundation deformations, estimating pile behavior undei static and dynamic forces, and calculating foundation settlements. Since non- friendly programs are difficult t o use and frequently avoided, there is a great need t o develop user-friendly programs t o encourage the use o f the microcomputer by geotechnical personnel. Some of the programs developed are listed below.

COM624P: Microcomputer program t o analyze the behavior of piles or drilled shafts, subjected t o lateral loads using the p-y method.

EMBANK: Microcomputer program t o determine one-dimensional compression settlement due t o embankment loads.

SPILE: Microcomputer program for determining the ultimate static pile capacity in cohesive and cohesionless soils.

RSS: A Micrcomputer program for analyzing the stability of slopes that contain soil reinforcement. The analysis is performed using a two-dimensional limiting equilibrium method.

MSEW: Microcomputer program for designing and/or analyzing required reinforcement for mechanically stabilized retaining walls, which does not consider specific facing configurations.


STATUS: All programs, with the exception of RSS and MSEW, are available and may be obtained from the McTrans Center for Microcomputers in Transportation, Gainesville, Florida. RSS and MSEW should be ready in late 1993 or early 1994. They will then be BETA-tested by several States.

July 1993 65

Geotechnology

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Computer programs are available from McTrans, University of Florida.

66 July 1993

Geotechnology

APPLICATION PROJECT 43-Advanced Slope Stability

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is to develop a comprehensive manual and a four-day seminar t o educate general as well as experienced geotechnical engineers on the current state of practice in slope stability.

BACKGROUND: United States highway agencies annually spend more than $500 million on landslide stabilization, correction, slope maintenance, and other related technical activities. Geotechnical engineers or engineering geologists are generally employed t o perform site investigations, soil laboratory testing, engineering analyses, and evaluations of problem highway sites. They provide recommendations t o design and construction engineers for consideration during the design and construction of highway facilities. The level of geotechnical services varies among State highway agencies because of differences in the technical level and availability of geotechnical staff.

The analysis and correction of landslide sites is a very complicated engineering problem. Few dolleges in the United States offer slope stability courses that address the needs of State highway geotechnical engineers. The proposed manual will be developed especially for those State geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists who have a basic understanding of landslide mechanism and repairing techniques and need t o increase their capability in the area of analysis and prevention.


STATUS: This project will be announced in early 1993. In March 1993, a pilot presentation was held in Oregon. A second pilot presentation is scheduled for September in Denver, with t w o additional sessions expected after January 1994. Following these sessions, the need for future courses will be evaluated.

July 1993 67

Geotechnoloav

APPLICATION PROJECT 94- International Conference on Innovative Geotechnology (Deep Foundations)

DESCRIPTION: The Federal Highway Administration is sponsoring an "International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations" in December 1994, in Orlando, Florida. Subjects will range from theoretical modelling of highway pile foundation systems t o driven and drilled piles case studies. A major purpose of the conference is to improve the cost-effectiveness of deep foundation systems for transportation-related projects by documenting innovative practices and improved techniques. The conference and proceedings will serve as a catalyst for further acceptance of newer technologies by the international community and identifying existing gaps in current knowledge. Particular emphasis will be placed on transportation facilities.

BACKGROUND: The science of foundation engineering has grown significantly during the past 20 years. Many procedures and practices that were once considered more art than science have proven to have a rational basis. Virtually every facet of the structural foundation process has been affected-subsurface investigations, design procedures, innovative contracting methods, and construction monitoring methods.

Implementation of newer methods in standard practices has demonstrated repeatedly impressive savings in foundation costs as compared to traditional procedures. These savings, which often are 25 to 50 percent, have been somewhat precluded from more widespread national acceptance because of a lack of information exchange both within the United States and abroad.


STATUS: A call for papers was issued in April, with abstracts on designated topics t o be received by June 15, 1993. Further information about the conference may be obtained from John P. Hou, Project Coordinator, All Americansoils, Inc., (7 14) 547-7278; fax: 7 14- 668-1 050.

68 July 1993

Geotechnolonv

APPLICATION PROJECT 130-Lateral and Rotational Stiffness of Highway Bridges

DESCRIPTION: This project consists of a multistage effort t o improve the state of the practice for designing bridges for special events, such as ship impacts, and seismic events.

The project will consist of several stages.

Identify and evaluate currently used design methods; select a recommended design method and publish an FHWA Technical Advisory describing the method.

Outline a comprehensive R&D program to develop an improved design method.

Conduct a national conference and several smaller workshops t o disseminate technical information on the best current methodk) and status of the R&D program.

0

BACKGROUND: A bridge design method consists of a design process coupled with an appropriate analysis model. Current bridge design methods for special events are not well- defined in the existing design specifications and technical references. As a result, designs vary widely from the very conservative and costly t o unconservative and unsafe. Currently, the AASHTO specifications provide little guidance for special design event loading combinations or for the load magnitudes when combinations are applied.

Initiate further technology transfer activities to implement new methods.

When an improved design method is developed and implemented, bridge engineers will be able t o provide designs for special event loading that are less costly yet will still provide an adequate safety factor against catastrophic failure.

PROJECT MANAGER: Chris Dumas, HNG-31, (202) 366-8080

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Chien-Tan Chang, HTA-22, (202) 366-6749

STATUS: A technical working group (TWG) has been established t o accomplish and organize the first three objectives. The TWG met on June 22-24 t o identify commonly used practices. The second meeting is scheduled for early October and will be held t o select best current methods, outline critical R&D needs, and define the format and objectives of the national conference that is scheduled for April of 1995, in Atlanta, Georgia.

July 1993 69

Geotechnolog y

APPLICATION PROJECT 131 -Geotechnical Engineering Circular (GEC) - Dynamic Compaction

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is t o develop a comprehensive and practical manual that provides state-of-the-practice methods and techniques t o assist the highway engineer in the design and construction of highway facilities on weak foundation soils using dynamic compaction. The manual will expand and update the 1989 FHWA technology transfer package that summarized the design and construction features of the dynamic compaction technique. This project will be the first of a series, similar in design to existing hydraulics engineering projects.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic compaction is a process of densifying soils t o relatively great depths by applying energy at the ground surface. This technique has been used t o densify natural and fill deposits varying from 3 t o 10 meters below ground, and has applications for various civil engineering construction projects.

From 1980 t o 1986, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted comprehensive research t o investigate the use of dynamic compaction in highway applications. In 1989, FHWA prepared a technology transfer package that summarized the design and construction features of the dynamic compaction technique.


STATUS: A contract will be awarded in August or September 1993. The manual is expected t o be ready within one year.

70 July 1993

HYDRAULICS

Efforts will continue t o develop and update publications in the Hydraulic Design (HDS) and Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC) series. The manual on bridge deck drainage has been finalized, and the hydrology manual will be updated and a new manual on storm drain design will be developed. Efforts t o convert all hydraulic manuals t o the metric system will begin. The demonstration project on highway drainage design has been phased out in favor of a new broader training activity on culvert design. Computer models, such as WSPRO, will continue t o be improved.

July 1993 71


Hydraulics

APPLICATION PROJECT 26- Bridge Deck Drainage- Hydraulic Engineering Circular 21

DESCRIPTION: A manual of guidelines and procedures for designing bridge deck drainage systems was developed. The manual is a compendium of bridge deck drainage design guidance. It includes design theory, step-by-step design procedures, and illustrative examples. Drainage system design is approached from the viewpoints of hydraulic capacity, traffic safety, structural integrity, practical maintenance, and architectural aesthetics. Guidance for selecting a design gutter spread and flood frequency are provided. The manual stresses the advantages of designing t o minimize the complexity of bridge deck drainage systems. System hardware components, such as inlets, pipes, and downspouts, are described. Guidance for selecting a design gutter spread and flood frequency also are provided.

BACKGROUND: While poorly designed bridge deck drainage is rarely directly responsible for a structural failure, it can cause such problems as deterioration of structural members, corfosion of abutments and pavements, and ponding on the roadway. These problems can be minimized through good design practices for collecting runoff, channeling it into drains, and transporting it away from the bridge.


STATUS: The manual, Design of Bridge Deck Drainage (SA-92-01 01, is available from the Office of Technology Applications and the Research and Technology Report Center, HRD-1 1, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101-2296.

Hydraulics ~~

APPLICATION PROJECT 89- Hydrology Manual

DESCRIPTION: In this project, a new manual based on Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC-19) will be developed, incorporated into the Hydraulic Design Series (HDS), and designated HDS-2. New material, such as arid area technology, information from the National Flood Hydrograph study Stormwater Management, GIs, and revisions to the Soil Conservation Service Sections are to be included.

The manual will be used as a text for a new National Highway Institute Hydrology course and will also be distributed to highway engineers for use in designing highway drainage structures.

BACKGROUND: In 1984, FHWA published the Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC-19) Hydrology. Since that time, the circular has been used extensively by hydraulic engineers and has been the subject of an NHI training course. Suggestions to revise and improve the material were received from numerous users, leading to the development of HDS-2.


STATUS: The contract t o develop HDS-2 was awarded on October 1, 1992. It is scheduled for completion in 1994.

July 1993 73

Hydraulics

APPLICATION PROJECT 103- WSPRO Enhancements

DESCRIPTION: With this project the WSPRO computational model will be improved by adding the overtopping procedures that have come from recent research. Input and output will be improved and graphics will be added t o make WSPRO "friendlier" and more responsive t o the user. A programmer's manual t o further assist users will also be prepared.

BACKGROUND: In the late 197Os, the United States Geological Survey began a cooperative effort with FHWA t o develop a bridge backwater computer program. The result of these efforts was the Bridge Waterways Analysis Model: WSPRO (Water-Surface Profiles). Over the past several years, FHWA and the U.S. Geological Survey have developed and promoted the use of WSPRO. In addition t o analyzing 1-D steady f low in open channels, WSPRO can be used to analyze flow through bridges and culverts, embankment overflow, and multiple-open stream crossings.


STATUS: A contract was awarded on October 1, 1992. Completion is expected in 1994.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Computer Program: WSPRO, available from McTrans, University of Florida. NHI Course No. 13035, Bridge Backwater (WSPRO).

PUBLICATIONS: Users' Manual for WSPRO (FHWA-IP-89-027).

74 July 1993

APPLICATION PROJECT AP 132-Storm Drain Design Manual

Hydraulics

DESCRIPTION: To begin September 1993, the purpose of this project is t o develop a comprehensive, state-of-the-art storm drain design manual. The manual will become one of FHWA's Hydraulic Engineering Circulars, designated HEC-22, and will provide guidance on the design of highway drainage facilities. It will be based upon the publication Design o f Urban Drainage Design, material from the NHI course "Urban Drainage Design" and other sources. Additional information from a recent FHWA staff study on junction losses will also be included.

BACKGROUND: Design of efficient storm drain facilities requires the collection and conveyance of stormwater runoff through and along highway right-of-ways, while minimizing highway flooding and erosion of adjacent property. Several FHWA publications address storm drainage, however, none include current research or new approaches t o storm drain issues. Publications and material from the American Public Works Association, the American Association of State and Transportation Officials, and the National Highway Institute, provide guidance with regard t o storm drainage facilities and drainage design. There'are also numerous microcomputer programs developed t o predict runoff and aid in the design and analysis of storm drain designs. With all of this material, hydraulic engineers find it difficult t o sort through the many programs which are available.

This project will provide the hydraulic engineer with what he needs: a comprehensive and practical manual that pulls together all relevant technical material on storm drain design.


STATUS: A request for proposal for a contract t o develop the manual was issued in April 1993.

July 1993 75

Hydraulics

APPLICATION PROJECT 133-Update Hydraulic Software and Guidelines

DESCRIPTION: The overall objective of this project is t o update hydraulic software and guidelines. The primary focus of the effort is the conversion of existing hydraulic microcomputer programs, training materials, Hydraulic Engineering circulars, and Hydraulic Design Series t o the SI metric system.

BACKGROUND: The International System of Units (Syst6 me International d’ Unites) is commonly referred t o as the SI or metric system and is the system used by most nations today. In fact, the United Sates in the only industrialized country that is not on the metric system of measurement. As a part of the US effort to convert t o the metric system, FHWA has taken a number of steps t o expedite the transition. This project is one such effort.

While the conversion t o metric is underway, FHWA will use the opportunity t o update, correct, and generally make any change considered necessary t o improve its hydraulic software and guidelines.


STATUS: A 4-year contract will be awarded in September 1993.

July 1993 76

SAFETY HARDWARE

The safety hardware technology group focuses on assessing, refining, and promoting the use of new and/or improved safety devices that have the potential t o make roadways safer for the driving public and the highway worker. Examples of such devices include: changeable message signs, breakaway devices for sign supports and utility poles, attenuators, barriers, crash cushions, and advance warning devices at work zones.

There are many new challenges in this area-how t o meet the needs of the growing number of older drivers, proper maintenance of sophisticated safety hardware, development of guidelines on when highway markings have reached the end of their useful life, and how t o protect highway workers as our Nation begins the job of repairing its transportation infrastructure.

A major SHRP implementation effort is underway in this area. For the past year the SHRP Work-Zone Safety Devices have been on display at national conferences and shows. FHWA is now encouraging trial use of these products by providing technical assistance and f u d s t o States willing t o participate in the evaluation process.

I

Remotely driven vehicle with truck mounted crash cushion.

July 1993 77


Safety Hardware

APPLICATION PROJECT 12-Guidance on Use of Changeable Message Signs

DESCRIPTION: This product is comprised of t w o technology transfer publications concerning changeable message signs (CMS’s), Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs (FHWA-TS-90-043) and Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs-Summary Report (FHWA-TS-9 1-002). The publications provide guidance on the selection of the appropriate type of CMS display and information on design and maintenance t o improve target value and motorist reception of messages.

BACKGROUND: CMS’s are playing increasingly important roles in improving highway safety, operations, and the use of existing facilities. CMS’s have been used to provide advanced warning of major highway incidents and route diversion information. The use of CMS’s for work zones has been very effective in alerting motorists of downstream lane closures during nighttime operations.

PROJECT MANAGER: Peter J. Hatzi, HTA-31, (202) 366-8036

STATUS: This contract has been completed. Copies of both publications are available from the R&T Report Center, HRD-1 1, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, Virginia 22101- 2296.

PUBLICATIONS: Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs (FHWA-TS-90-043). Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs- Summary Report (FHWA-TS-91-002).

78 July 1993

Safety Hardware

APPLICATION PROJECT 15- Pennsylvania Truck Escape Ramps

DESCRIPTION: The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is coordinating the development of a technology application kit t o promote the use of truck escape ramps throughout the United States. Truck escape ramps are roadside gravity ramps or beds of gravel or sand designed t o stop runaway trucks safely on long mountain grades in rural areas or short steep hills in areas of denser traffic and development.

BACKGROUND: Originally a 1990 State Winner Product, the project includes refinement of escape ramp construction specifications and development of promotional materials geared to inform truck drivers nationwide of the safety of using truck escape ramps. An existing video, brochure, and poster were designed for use only within Pennsylvania.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Peter Hatzi, HTA-31, (202) 366-8036 and Martha Soneira, HTA-11, (202) 366-8029

STATUS: Revised promotional materials to serve a national audience have been drafted and are being reviewed a t the FHWA. Specific references to Pennsylvania truckers and escape ramps have been revised t o serve a national audience. The promotional materials are expected in September.

July 1993 79

Safety Hardware

APPLICATION PROJECT 46-Transportation Initiatives for Older Highway Users

DESCRIPTION: This initiative and its activities are in support of Office of Traffic Management/lntelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems’s (OTM/IVHS’s) Aging Driver and Pedestrian efforts. It will result in an upgraded course and an educational audiovisual package. The initiative will be accomplished by written, telephone, and personal contact, and site visits with State, local, and private organizations.

The result will be incorporating state-of-the-art information on aging driver and pedestrian problems and countermeasures into a 15- to 20-minute slide/script awareness session for general FHWA use. This material will be appropriate for presentations by division and regional administrators, by other field offices, or by Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) staffs. It can also be used in presentations t o the public, community groups, and State and local officials. This awareness product will sensitize targeted management officials t o the issues concerning the older driver and identify potential solutions.

BACKGROUND: With an increased awareness of the mobility and safety problems of aging drivers and pedestrians (age 65 + 1, it is necessary t o identify existing and proposed countermeasures and t o convey this information t o the engineering community. The Office of Traffic Management/lntelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (OTM/IVHS) Aging Driver Course (NHI Course 13353) is a mechanism t o provide this information, as is outreach by the FHWA’s regional and division offices. However, OTM/IVHS needs t o obtain information on State and local programs and privately sponsored research (e.g., American Association of Retired Persons, Automobile Association of America, and National Safety Council), outreach, and education campaigns to upgrade i ts course and t o aid other FHWA outreach.

PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Lunenfeld, HTV-32, (202) 366-221 7

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Vincent Nowakowski, HTA-31, (202) 366-8037

STATUS: This project is scheduled for completion in the fall. Copies of the awareness session will be distributed t o the FHWA field offices and LTAP Centers.

80 July 1993

Safety Hardware

APPLICATION PROJECT 90- Evaluation of Fluorescent Strong Yellow Green Crossing Signs

DESCRIPTION: This effort implements a small trial and evaluates the effectiveness of Strong Yellow Green (SYG) crossing signs in improving motorist behavior at pedestrian and bicycle crossings. A technology sharing report that outlines an evaluation plan for States wanting t o try SYG signs will be produced and distributed.

BACKGROUND: Strong Yellow Green (SYG), while being an approved color in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for sometime, has not been used in the past because of problems in materials production. Advancements in fluorescent materials allow this color t o be more durable and more visible. This new capability is being coupled with the need t o draw attention t o pedestrian, bicycle, and school crossings.

PROJECT MANAGER: Michael Robinson, HHS-31, (202) 366-21 9 3

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Peter J. Hatzi, HTA-31, (202) 366-8036

STATUS: The guidelines for conducting before and after studies to determine the e of fluorescent SYG crossing signs on motorist behavior has been completed. The guidelines will be of assistance to highway engineers who plan to conduct field observations of motorist behavior at pedestrian, bicycle, and school zone crossings. publication is ready for printing and will be distributed t o the FHWA field offices, St and Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) Centers.

fects

The tes,

PUBLICATION: Guidelines for Evaluating Florescent Strong Yellow Green Crossing Signs (FHWA-SA-93-035). Estimated availability is the Fall of 1993.

July 1993 81

Safety Hardware

APPLICATION PROJECT 1 15-Technologies for Traffic Signal Compliance

DESCRIPTION: This effort is t o accelerate testing, evaluation, and implementation of technologies that will support compliance with traffic control devices. This proposal targets technologies associated with red light running detection equipment and determines its potential use for enforcement and as a behavior modification approach to reduce red light running violation incidents and accidents.

This is a jointly-funded project between the FHWA, the Federal Transit Administration, and the Federal Railroad Administration t o be conducted in Los Angeles, California by the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission, on their Metro Blue Line. Camera equipment has been installed at several intersections and enforcement efforts are now underway.

Other similar efforts will be conducted at various sites around the country at both railroad grade crossings and at highway intersections.

PROJECT MANAGER: Fred Small, HHS-21, (202) 366-921 2

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David L. Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-6614

STATUS: This project is in its early stages and will likely include test and evaluations in various localities around the country. The final report and evaluation of this effort is expected in October 1995.

82 July 1993

Safety Hardware

, TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECTS

I TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 7- lnservice Evaluation of Highway Safety Features

I DESCRIPTION: This project provides for inservice testing of various roadway and roadside safety hardware. Evaluations focus on construction, initial cost and cost t o repair, and environmental survival. Recent years have focused on attenuators and terminals. Evaluations include the Crash Cushion Attenuation Terminal (CAT), Narrow Connecticut Impact Attenuator System (NCIAS), Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminals, and Transition End Treatment (TREND).

This effort also assesses the potential for international harmonization of test and evaluation criteria of roadside safety hardware. The emphasis is on sharing technology with the European Community t o establish a platform that enables U.S. firms t o market technology that meets internationally approved criteria worldwide, with U.S. products leading the way.

In a related item, the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) has designed, tested, and field-evaluated a unique cylindrical steel crash cushion known as the Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS). It is designed t o reduce the severity of an impact by controlling the deceleration of the errant vehicle. The ConnDOT produced CAD drawings of this system, a pocket guide describing the materials and procedures required t o repair a damaged ClAS unit properly, and a brochure for marketing the system t o other States.

PROJECT MANAGER: Vincent Nowakowski, HTA-31, (202) 366-8037

STATUS: Eight States are participating in 13 work orders. Since all devices must be crash-tested and determined acceptable before use on Federal-aid projects, the issues evaluated are secondary t o performance. Producers have become more effective in directly marketing their products and more States have used local experimental projects t o determine product selection versus national criteria. Recent interest has been low with only one draft final report received this fiscal year.

I

The ClAS brochure and a limited number of pocket guides (listed below) are still available through the project manager.

PUBLICATIONS: Connecticut Impact Attentuator System Pocket Guide and Connecticut lmpact Attentuator System Brochure (FHWA-CT-9 1-983) available through the project manager.

July 1993 83

Safety Hardware

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 11 -Ice Detection and Weather Information Systems

DESCRIPTION: During the last 20 years, a number of State highway agencies have installed ice detection and highway weather information systems. Their evaluations mainly have addressed the performance of the system equipment and not i ts usefulness, effects on highway safety, and cost-saving aspects. This project, initiated in 1989 as Special Experimental Project 1 3, was designed t o provide encouragement and financial support t o State highway agencies t o evaluate and clearly document the usefulness of these systems in preventing accidents, reducing the usage of de-icing chemicals, and reducing maintenance personnel costs for snow and ice control.

Seven States and the National Park Service are participating. Indications are that by having "real time" information, crews can be called in and released in a much more efficient manner saving significant sums far exceeding the system's cost. The safety of the traveling public is enhanced because maintenance crews have better knowledge of actual conditions and can respond accordingly. Operational planning is assisted as well by pavement condition predictive services.

PROJECT MANAGER: Chung Eng, HNG-21, (202) 366-1 555


STATUS: No new requests for participation in this project are being accepted. The 1990-1 991 winter was the last year State data were compiled for evaluation purposes. The project summary report is being printed and will be distributed t o the field during the summer of 1993. This effort will be combined with output from the Strategic Highway Research Program on Roadway Weather Information Systems (guidelines for system procurement and sensor location).

PUBLICATIONS: Ice Detection and Highway Weather Information Systems (FHWA-SA-93- 053).

84 July 1993

Safetv Hardware

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 24- Field Evaluation of Breakaway Timber Utility Poles

DESCRIPTION: Under an FHWA-sponsored research project, a breakaway utility pole design was developed and given operational status in January, 1993. The purpose of this project is t o field test and evaluate the effectiveness of Breakaway Timber Utility Poles (BTUP's).

BACKGROUND: About 1,500 people are killed and 65,000 are injured nationwide each year as a result of collisions with some of the 88 million utility poles located within road and street rights-of-way. In addition t o the human suffering, these collisions represent a substantial cost t o the utility industry in damaged facilities and disrupted service.

Several counter measures are available to help reduce the hazards of vehicles hitting utility poles. For example, a utility line might be placed underground; a pole might be relocated farther away from the edge of the roadway or in an inaccessible area; the number of poles might be reduced through joint use or by increasing span lengths between poles; poles might b e located on only one side of the road; a pole might be shielded from impact by placing it behind existing guardrail or by placing a crash cushion in front of it; and a pole might be designed t o "breakaway" upon impact.

PROJECT MANAGER: Paul Scott, HNG-12, (202) 366-4104


STATUS: Five States are involved in evaluating Breakaway Timber Utility Poles (BTUP's) - Virginia, Washington, and Texas have initiated projects but have not yet installed any poles. Kentucky has retrofitted 1 0 utility poles and is currently evaluating their inservice performance. Evaluations will continue through December 31, 1993. Massachusetts has installed 19 new poles. These were monitored through February 29, 1992, and an evaluation report was submitted t o the Office of Technology Applications on September 1, 1992. A limited distribution of this detailed evaluation report was made in October, 1992. A summary evaluation report was distributed t o all FHWA field offices in May, 1993.

A Statement of Work has been prepared t o produce t w o 10-1 5 minute videos on BTUP's. One will be a technical video updating an existing video on the concepts and installation of utility poles as breakaway poles. The other will be a marketing video t o stimulate State and utility company interest in the concept of BTUP's. A contract is expected by the end of summer 1993.

PUBLICATIONS: The detailed evaluation report titled The Breakaway Timber Utility Pole: A Survivable Alternative, was prepared and a limited distribution was made in October 1992. A summary report of these evaluations has been prepared and distributed t o the field in May 1993. For further information on both reports, contact Paul Scott.

July 1993 85

Safety Hardware - I

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 25-Strategic Highway Research Program Work-Zone Safety Devices (SHRP)

DESCRIPTION: To improve safety and efficiency of day-to-day maintenance and operations of work zones, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) produced 1 2 devices that are applicable in work zones and especially for maintenance activities.

1. 2. Portable Crash Cushion* * 3. Ultrasonic Detection Alarm 4. Infrared Intrusion Alarm * * 5. Queue-Length Detector * * 6. Portable Speed Bump** 7. Direction Indicator Barricade* * 8. 9. Diverging Lights

10. 11. Portable Sign & Stand 12. Remotely Driven Vehicle

Salt Spreader Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA)

Opposing Traffic Lane Divider* *

Flashing STOP/Slow Paddle * *

* * Interest indicated by commercial fabricators.

One of the devices has been taken over by private industry and will be marketed by them. Of the remaining devices, four are ready for field use; the other seven are in final testing t o correct problems. PROJECT MANAGER: Joe Lasek, HHS-11, (202) 366-21 7 4

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Peter Hatzi, HTA-31, (202) 366-8036

STATUS: The devices have been exhibited by the FHWA and the SHRP staff a t many conferences. In addition t o providing displays at national conferences and technical shows during fiscal years 1992 through 1994 t o make potential users aware of the devices, the FHWA will support activities t o get devices into the hands of State highway agencies for trial use. A solicitation of interest has been made t o the States through the FHWA division offices. User States will be asked t o evaluate and report on the devices. Some funding is available and will be provided under the existing cooperative agreement process. This will allow the States t o gain experience, the FHWA t o build an information base on the inservice performance of the devices, and the development of information for sharing.

86 July 1993

Safety Hardware

TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 29-Retroreflection: Measurement and Use for Sign Management

DESCRIPTION: This project activity is t o improve the in-service performance of traffic signs and pavement markings. The project goals are t o evaluate the retroreflectometers and determine whether retroreflection guidelines or standards can be established t o identify when signs and pavement markings have reached the end of their useful life. Several State transportation agencies have indicated an interest in participating in the evaluation. The findings will be documented in a report and distributed.

PROJECT MANAGER: James T. Brooks, HHS-31, (202) 366-21 88


STATUS: The Request for Proposal for managing the project was signed in December 1992. It is expected that the Request for Proposal for purchasing the pavement marking retroreflectometers will be issued in July 1993

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SAFETY SYSTEMS

The safety systems technology group focuses on the development and promotion of safety programs designed to educate the public and the highway community on important safety issues such as: 0 Pedestrian and bicycle safety. 0 Driver compliance with traffic control devices. 0 Use of seat belts and airbags. 0 Drunk driving.

An FHWA-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) joint project is aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of highway accidents along sections of arterial corridors. Other joint projects with NHTSA include the "Walk Alert" program and "Bike Safety Training for Adults."

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DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 92-Corridor Safety Improvements

DESCRIPTION: This is a joint National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) - FHWA initiative designed t o address severe accident problems on arterial corridors. A comprehensive approach involving engineering, enforcement, and public awareness is used t o reduce accidents and injuries.

A broad approach t o safety is taken in the Corridor Safety Improvement Program (CSIP). The CSlP integrates highway improvements, driver performance, vehicle, and emergency medical initiatives into a unified safety effort t o reduce high accident frequency and severity along sections of arterial highways.

The FHWA, in cooperation with NHTSA, has been promoting safety corridor initiatives by sponsoring presentations about the CSlP in interested States.

Some advantages the CSlP has over the more traditional approach t o treating high accident locations are:

A comprehensive multi-disciplinary approach t o solving safety problems, looking not only at highway problems, but driver and vehicle.

A mechanism t o improve the use of existing resources through better communication and cooperation, combining 4E’s - engineering, education, enforcement, and emergency medical services.

0 The ability t o look at long sections of highways rather than spot locations.

BACKGROUND: The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) is credited with developing this concept. Because of a serious accident involving a fatality, PennDOT formed a multi-disciplinary team t o identify a plan t o reduce accidents in the related highway corridor. The team identified a 14-point action plan that included signing and pavement marking improvements, speed limit reduction, increased police enforcement, concrete median barrier installation, placement of anti-skid surfaces, and the establishment of an area t o perform Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program inspections. The effort successfully reduced the accident toll and was expanded into other corridors in Pennsylvania.

PROJECT MANAGER: Rodolfo Ramirez, HHS-21, (202) 366-6409


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Safety Systems

STATUS: As of April 15, 1993, 22 States have received formal presentations and 2 others have expressed interest. Those receiving presentations have expressed interest in undertaking such activities in their State. To date 12 States are at various stages of implementing pilot corridors: Florida, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. The last eight States named are part of a national program t o evaluate various approaches t o implementing a Corridor Safety Improvement Program. Demonstration Project 92 (DP 92) will evaluate the States' application of the CSlP concept.

Currently, a presentation guide is being assembled t o help region offices promote the corridor concept as well. The Demonstration Project 92, CSlP Technical Assistance Collateral Project Managers Meeting was held on January 28, 1993, in Washington D.C. The meeting acquainted the FHWA collateral project managers with their task of presenting DP 92 t o interested States. The project is somewhat unique in that seven project managers were solicited from region and division offices t o conduct the presentations. This approach gives the field offices a direct involvement in a national technology transfer initiative and places the delivery of the technology closer t o the user.

PUBLICATION: The second issue of the CSlP newsletter is scheduled for distribution t o the FHWA field offices, States, and Local Technical Assistance Program Centers in August 1993.

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DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 104-Highway Safety Management Systems

DESCRIPTION: This project will provide technical assistance t o the States, enabling the initial development and implementation of a Safety Management System (SMS), and demonstrate and promote future system enhancements t o maximize the effective deployment of safety activities and programs at the State and local level.

This project will be conducted in five phases:

Phase 1 -Develop and conduct a National Highway Institute (NHI) SMS basic training course.

Phase 2- Promote SMS's, inform States of SMS components, provide technical assistance, and conduct a national SMS conference.

Phase 3-Develop case studies of effective SMS's that are of varied scope and complexity.

Phase 4- Perform short term evaluations t o document effectiveness of varied system designs.

Phase 5-Develop and conduct an NHI Advanced Graduate Level SMS course.

BACKGROUND: Well designed and implemented Safety Management Systems have a significant impact on reducing traffic crashes and resulting injuries and fatalities. The FHWA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are committed t o the development of a comprehensive technical assistance program for States interested in developing an SMS.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Fred Small, HHS-21, (202) 366-921 2 and Harry Hersey, HHI-20, (703) 285-2778


STATUS: Phase 1 is underway and is entirely funded by NHI. A Procurement Request and Statement of Work for Phase 2 have been submitted t o the FHWA Contract Office.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 18-Application of Pedestrian Safety Programs

DESCRIPTION: This is a joint FHWA/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) project having the goal of increased nationwide application of comprehensive community based pedestrian safety programs within State and local governments. The "Walk Alert" program will be promoted as the model program. This project will promote the benefits of such programs to key Federal, State, and local managers. Technical assistance will be available t o those desiring t o undertake such efforts. Limited funding will be provided for start-up costs and evaluations. Products t o be developed are training materials and tools for implementing community based pedestrian safety programs. Also being sought are new partnerships in the private sector for an advocacy role.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Mila Plosky, HHS-22, (202) 366-6902 and Ronald Engle, NTS-23, (202) 366-27 17

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-661 4

STATUS: A joint FHWA/NHTSA project proposal has been developed and approved. A contract for technical assistance was procured in fiscal year 1993. Members for the Technical Working Group have been identified and the first Technical Working Group meeting was held in Washington, D.C. on May 4 and 5, 1993. The purpose of the meeting was t o assist the contractor in the development of a strategic work plan for reaching communities across the country. The next and final meeting will be held in August 1993. The "Walk Alert" guide is being finalized by contract and is scheduled for completion in fiscal year 1993. Promotions should also begin in fiscal year 1993.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 53- Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook and Videotape

DESCRIPTION: Application of roadway delineation devices provides one of the most cost-effective benefits t o the motorist. The goal of the FHWA is to have good quality roadway delineation and markings on all roadways a t all times. This effort will produce a handbook and a 35-minute videotape. They will respond to highway agencies' search for solutions t o traffic operations problems through use of new and improved roadway delineation systems (using roadway markings, raised/recessed pavement markers, post-mounted delineators, and other devices) that will better define the operating area for the motorist.

PROJECT MANAGER: Travis Brooks, HHS-31, (202) 366-21 88

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Peter Hatzi, HTA-31, (202) 366-8036

STATUS: The 35-minute videotape has been completed. The handbook is being revised todepic t the pavement marking plans in color. The expected completion date is September 1993.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 70- National Safety Campaign

DESCRIPTION: This project has a goal of reducing traffic accidents through the use of targeted public education campaigns. The FHWA is undertaking the development of a public outreach campaign designed t o improve the behavior and performance of highway users by increasing their awareness of highway-related safety issues. Potential campaign topics and implementation strategies were identified through a "brainstorming" process with both Headquarters and field input. A two-pronged approach t o deal with this issue was established. The first activity is for a short-term campaign for compliance with traffic control devices that initially focuses on compliance with traffic signals. The second activity is the establishment of the framework for a long-term plan for the FHWA t o communicate highway safety messages t o the public and the highway community.

PROJECT MANAGER: Mila Plosky, HHS-22, (202) 366-6902

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-661 4

STATUS: A public outreach campaign is being developed t o improve the behavior and performance of highway users by increasing their awareness of highway-related issues. A professional marketing firm has been retained to provide technical assistance. Focus groups of law enforcement officials, traffic engineers, and the public were held April 7 and 9, 1992, t o determine their attitudes and perceptions concerning compliance with traffic control signals. A locality will soon be selected where a pilot program will be implemented t o test and evaluate the first phase of this initiative focusing on Red Light Running. It is expected that the pilot effort will get under way by the fall of 1993. If successful, other localities will be offered the opportunity t o receive training in how t o implement a similar program in their community.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 73- Inspection of Construction Zone Safety Hardware

DESCRIPTION: Much guidance is available on the proper design of work zones but additional instruction is needed for those that must implement the design in the field. Adequate oversight and inspection is necessary for proper work zone implementation and maintenance. This effort will develop a training curriculum and materials to teach State and local personnel in the inspection of construction zone traffic control and safety hardware. T w o pilot course presentations will be conducted. Upon completion of course development, it will be offered under the National Highway Institute's (NHl's) training program.

PROJECT MANAGER: James Koan, HHS-11, (202) 366-21 15


STATUS: A contract was awarded in September 1992. Course development wi th pilots will be completed in fiscal year 1993, and presentations will continue into fiscal year 1994 as an NHI training course.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 101 -Safety Outreach Initiatives

DESCRIPTION: The FHWA desires to use innovative techniques t o heighten the role of highway safety. Creating new partnerships and using their combined abilities t o reach highway users is the primary focus. Two efforts are currently underway:

Bike Safetv Trainina for Adults There is much bicycle safety information available for school age children but little for the adult rider. Each year many adults are injured along bikeways and a t roadway crossings. The FHWA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in partnership with the U.S. Cycling Federation, initiated this project to develop materials t o promote bicycle safety for adults. Under this partnership, the U.S. Cycling Federation offered the services of the U.S. Cycling Team Olympic hopefuls t o be in bicycle safety promotional materials such as a 17-minute videotape and Public Service Announcements (PSA's).

PROJECT MANAGER: Darlene Curtin, NHTSA, NTS-23, (202) 366-9832

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David L. Tollett, FHWA, HTA-31, (202) 366-6614

STATUS: In February 1992, the Olympic hopefuls were interviewed and videotaped. The PSA's to promote bicycle safety were completed and shown during the Olympics. While likely most effective during the Olympics, the PSA's are available for nationwide use. The 17-minute video entitled "Along for the Ride" is available through NHTSA.

North Carolina Safetv ExDosition The Office of Technology Applications is providing financial and technical assistance t o the North Carolina Governors Highway Safety Office for a mobile safety exposition. High-tech animation, video, and set decorations will be used to send the public messages on compliance with traffic control devices and positive delineation. Also messages on drunk driving and seatbelt and airbag usage will be conveyed in other parts of the exposition.

Private partnerships are providing financial support along with NHTSA, FHWA, and the State of North Carolina. The mobile exposition will tour for at least 3 years visiting major sporting events and population centers.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Sid Louick, HHS-22, (202) 366-21 5 4 and Mike Burk, HTA-31, (202) 366-8033

STATUS: The project opened in June 1992. A major ribbon cutting program by the Governor of North Carolina, along with sponsors, was held, and the mobile exposition has been in heavy demand since being placed into service. Evaluation of project effectiveness is expected in fiscal year 1994.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 1 14 - Highway Routing of Hazardous Materials

DESCRIPTION: This project is t o publish revised guidelines for applying criteria to designate routes for transporting hazardous materials for national distribution. A second part of the project is to develop training material, including participant’s notebook, for a 2- day course on proper procedures to be used by States and Indian tribes. The training will apply to jurisdictions who establish and enforce routing designations over which hazardous materials are transported within their jurisdictions, and/or limitations or requirements affecting such routings. This is a joint project between the Office of Technology Applications, the Office of Highway Safety, and the National Highway Institute (NHI).

PROJECT MANAGER: Julie Anna Cirillo, HHS-32, (202) 366-21 70

PROJECT COORDINATORS: David L. Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-6614 and Harry Hersey, HH1-20, (703) 285-2778

STATUS: The services of a contractor will be secured in June 1993 for this effort, and the project is expected to be under way by November 1993. Guidelines are expected within 12 months followed by an NHI training course. This is a five year effort.

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MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY

This technology group focuses on promoting the benefits of new safety-related technology t o the motor carrier industry. Current issues involve:

How t o effectively communicate with a large, diverse motor carrier industry. Training police officers to collect quality truck accident data. Training law enforcement officers and judges on new blood alcohol concentration

standards.

Future technologies will address brake systems and their inspection, driver impairment technology, hazardous material education, and accident analysis.

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APPLl CATION PROJECTS

APPLICATION PROJECT 78-Effective Technology Transfer to the Motor Carrier Industry

DESCRIPTION: The Office of Motor Carriers must reach a broad range of clients with its new technology. Over 220,000 truck and bus companies exist in the United States and range from owner-operators t o large national carriers. Because of the size and diversity of the motor carrier industry and limited Federal resources, the Office of Motor Carriers must identify highly effective technology transfer methods t o reach all the varied facets of the motor carrier community. This project will determine and demonstrate the most effective ways to provide education, technical assistance, and other technology transfer services to motor carriers, including identifying the market, reviewing and evaluating current technical assistance materials, and developing effective means t o inform motor carriers of new regulations, innovative safety management techniques, and productivity issues. From this study, new methods and techniques for identifying and educating motor carriers will be developed. These new techniques will serve as communication models for future technology transfer.

To test the models developed, the project will either (1) identify and undertake the most effective means t o transfer tested fatigue countermeasure technologies; or (2) develop effective communication methods in regard to Mandatory Alcohol Testing Requirements for Commercial Motor Carriers.

PROJECT MANAGER: David Longo, HIA-20, (202) 366-0456


STATUS: A professional communications firm has been contracted. Work began in May 1993. This is a 1 2 month effort.

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Motor Carrier Safety

APPLICATION PROJECT 88-Training For Police Officers In The Collection Of The National Governors’ Association Truck Accident Data Elements

DESCRIPTION: While medium and heavy trucks are involved in fewer accidents per mile of travel than are other types of vehicles, they still pose a substantial problem. Current truck accident data collection methods do not provide adequate information t o analyze truck accidents on a common basis. There is a need t o promote the benefits of collecting common truck data elements with accident data enabling better accident investigation and time there is a need t o transfer knowledge on how t o collect such data. The National Governors Association has completed a national study involving all the States, and the Federal Government has identified 23 common truck data elements t o be collected with accident data. A training course is currently available.

The law enforcement community will be trained to uniformly collect quality truck accident data. This project will develop t w o packages that address the need for improved accident data relating t o trucks. These include:

1 . Developing materials for a Train-the-Trainer course and conducting pilots that provide resource persons in police academies and within the FHWA Motor Carrier Divisions with the necessary technical assistance and training to train State and local police agencies on the proper procedures for collecting National Governors Association truck accident data elements.

2. Developing a computer-assisted, self-taught training course on how t o collect the 23 common truck data elements for truck accident reports.

PROJECT MANAGER: Ralph Craft, HIA-20, (202) 366-0324

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David L. Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-661 4

STATUS: The services of a professional firm have been secured for both phases of this initiative. The Train-the Trainer course has been developed and piloted, and training sessions for all FHWA regions will begin in May 1993. All initial training will be completed by the end of July 1993.

For the second effort, Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-I) technology has been selected. The prototype disc is in the programming stage and should be ready for review by October 1993; the final product by January 1994.

PUBLl CAT1 ONS : National Governors ’ Association Truck Accident Data Collection Program, Officers Manual (FHWA-SA-92-035). National Governors’ Association Truck Accident Data Collection Program, Instructor’s Manual ( F H W A-SA-9 2-0 3 6 1.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 95- Blood Alcohol Concentration Training for Law Enforcement Officers and Judges

DESCRIPTION: The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 establishes the new .04 percent blood alcohol concentration (BAC) standard for drivers of heavy vehicles. This project will develop appropriate tools for law enforcement officers t o conduct field sobriety testing at the new BAC standard of .04 percent. Educational and training materials will be developed t o educate judges on why we have the new standard, how it needs t o apply t o Commercial Motor Vehicle drivers, and what benefits the new standard will accomplish.

PROJECT MANAGER: Philip J. Roke, HCS-20, (202) 366-5884

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David L. Tollett, HTA-31, (202) 366-661 4

STATUS: The services of a professional communications firm have been secured for this project t o assess the training needs; develop a BAC training program, to include instructor guides, overheads, evaluation forms, and a video tape; t o conduct t w o pilot sessions; and t o develop a marketing plan for dissemination of the BAC training program nationally.

This project began in April 1993 and is a 12-month effort.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 96 -Marketing the Twin-Trailer Package

DESCRIPTION: Using the curriculum being developed by the Professional Truck Driver's Institute of America (PTDIA), under contract with FHWA, this effort prepares a "stand- alone" curriculum package that includes camera-ready copy of instructor and student manuals, audio-visual materials, handouts, course materials, course evaluation, and registration of certified, trained commercial motor vehicle drivers, etc. Additionally, an effective marketing strategy will be developed t o communicate this information to the various organizations involved in the training of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operators of Twin-Trailers. The information gathered from this project will be used as a model t o effectively target other training and safety education efforts within the motor carrier industry.

PROJECT MANAGER: Jerry Robin, HSC-20, (202) 366-2985


STATUS: This marketing effort was done in anticipation of a study outcome. The results of that study did not warrant this level of effort. This effort was cancelled.

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July 1993 104

DESIGN

The focus of the design technology group is on transferring new highway design techniques as they relate to overall highway safety. Highway design was identified as a high priority area in 1990; because of this, roadway geometrics, vehicle characteristics, and accident statistics, are now being analyzed and combined with benefit-cost ratios to develop an interactive model for evaluating alternative highway designs. Results from the research are expected in 1998.

In the meantime, several design issues related to safety have been or are currently being addressed. The revised "Yellow Book," Highway Safety in Relation to Highway Design and Operational Practices, has been completed and is now an AASHTO publication. The concept for Subsurface Utility Engineering has been successfully promoted and the HighwayNtility Guide will soon be disseminated t o highway designers and utility companies as a reference on design, construction, maintenance, permits, and legal issues.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 52- Highway/Utility Guide

DESCRIPTION: For many years there has been a need to assemble under one document state-of-the-knowledge guidance on the better practices being employed t o address the full array of issues that can arise from highway and utility facilities sharing common right-of-way. This contract effort will provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art compendium (i-e., a highwayhtil i ty guide) that presents, under one cover, useful information relevant to all significant highwayhtil i ty issues. It is expected that this document will be useful t o utility and highway professionals, educators, and government managers.

PROJECT MANAGER: Paul Scott, HNG-12, (202) 366-41 04

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Janet Coleman, HTA-12, (202) 366-4668

STATUS: A contract for the development of the HighwayNtility Guide was awarded to the American Public Works Association. Work under the contract began on January 2, 1991. The contract is scheduled t o be completed on March 31, 1993. Upon completion, the Highway/Uti/ity Guide will be widely distributed t o potential users and be developed into a training course under another contract. Presentations of the training course will begin during the latter part of 1993. About 30 presentations are expected over a 3 %-year period.

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TRAFFIC CONTROL

The traffic control technology group focuses on reducing traffic congestion by encouraging users t o adopt and implement advanced technologies and innovative concepts and systems for traffic control. Weigh-in-motion and automated vehicle classification are examples of such technology. A major project underway is a large scale hands-on demonstration of leading-edge technologies in traffic control equipment and software used at intersections. Another project demonstrates the advantages of a planned and coordinated response of personnel and equipment to highway incidents-e.g., stalled vehicles, spilled loads, accidents, etc.-that reduce the efficient f low of traffic and cause a potential for other accidents.

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DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 76-Automated Traff icnruck Weight Monitoring Equipment (Weig h-In-Motion)

DESCRIPTION: This demonstration project was designed to provide highway administrators, pavement designers, weight enforcement personnel, and transportation planners with a better understanding of the various weigh-in-motion (WIM) and automated vehicle classification (AVC) technologies. The various project modules included discussion and demonstrations of:

The various technological approaches to WIM and AVC.

The accuracies that can be expected for the collected data.

0 Equipment reliability.

0 Equipment costs.

0 Installation procedures and costs.

0 Appropriate applications of WIM and AVC to address highway program issues.

The 2-day workshop included an overview of WIM and AVC for top level managers, which was followed by further presentations for highway managers involved directly in pavement design, weight enforcement, or planning. The material provided information on State experiences with the technology, general evaluations of its effectiveness, and appropriate applications.

Attendees were shown how the loading data can be analyzed and applied in pavement design, evaluation of the effectiveness of weight enforcement programs, pavement management, and highway plan development.

The project also included a truck to transport various types of WIM and AVC equipment t o each site where selected systems were installed in real-world environments for demonstration purposes.

As part of the demonstration, attendees were provided an opportunity to observe WIM and AVC equipment in operation, and interested States were assisted in developing innovative uses of WIM and AVC technologies t o meet their own needs.

PROJECT MANAGER: Perry Kent, HPM-30, (202) 366-5053

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Charles Stockfisch, HTA-32, (202) 366-8039

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STATUS: This project was underway for more than two years during which time 1,000 participants in 36 States were exposed to the latest available technology. The focus was on low-cost or portable systems such as the capacitance pad, piezo cable and piezo strip, but other systems such as loadcells, bending plate, and bridge weigh systems were also discussed and demonstrated. Work orders were awarded to Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Maine, Arkansas, and Delaware in which valuable testing, evaluation, and documentation was accomplished in support of this project. This demonstration project was concluded in 1992 with presentations being given in six States. A National Weigh-In-Motion Conference was held in Sacramento, California on October 25 to 29, 1992. The data and findings about WIM and automatic vehicle classification was presented; proceedings of this conference are expected to be distributed by CALTRANS.

PUB LI CAT1 ONS : Automated Tra ffic/T.ruck Weight Monitoring Equipment ( F H W A-M E-8 7 - 3 1 ; Evaluation of Piezo-Electric Weigh-In-Motion Equipment at Four Sites in Asphaltic Pavement in Arkansas (DTFH7 1 -89-76-AR26); Evaluation of Low-Cost Bridge Weigh-In-Motion System (FHWA-SA-92-014); Automated Trafficflruck Weight Monitoring Equipment-Piezo-Electric Weigh-In-Motion Equipment in Asphalt and Portland Cement Concrete (FHWA-DP-88-76-006).

Limited copies are available from the project manager.

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DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 85-Geographical Information SystemNideo Imagery Applications

DESCRIPTION: This 2-day demonstration project will introduce State and local transportation agencies to Geographical Information Systems (GIs’s) and video imagery systems by:

Demonstrating state-of-the-art GIs’s and video imagery systems. This includes “hands-on” classroom demonstrations of GIS software and workstations, laser videodisc software and workstations, and a videologging van equipped with a shuttered video camera t o record images directly on laser videodiscs.

Demonstrating specific transportation related applications of GIs’s and video imagery technology. Applications include planning, environment, pavement management, highway safety and traffic operations, R-O-W, and bridge inventory.

Demonstrating the benefits of integrating laser video disc files t o a GIs.

Presenting information on video imagery equipment operation, cost, accuracy, durability, and maintenance. Two laser videodisc viewing stations will be highlighted: the Connecticut Department of Transportation Photolog Laser Video Disc Viewing Station and the Roadview 1 1 1 , used by the Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, and Minnesota Departments of Transportations.

Presenting information on Global Positioning Systems (GPS’s). This includes defining GPS’s and discussing how it is used within a GIs.

Presenting information on the cost and benefits (as well as potential problems) of implementing GIs’s. Items that will be discussed include: types of GIs’s available, sources for obtaining digitized maps, data sources, and the steps involved in implementing a GIS-from developing an information system plan t o updating and maintenance strategies.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Roger Petzold, HEP-21, (202) 366-4074

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Vincent Nowakowski, HTA-3 1, (202) 366-8037

STATUS: Formal presentations of DP 85 began in March, 1992. The demonstration project includes hands-on classroom demonstrations of GIS software and workstations, laser videodisc software and workstations, and a videologging van equipped with a shuttered video camera t o record images directly onto laser videodiscs. Through June, 1993, DP 85 has been presented in 20 States. Additional presentations will be scheduled for Region 1 and Region 6 States in 1993. A Request for Proposal has been issued for a contractor to take over the presentations. Proposals have been received and a contract

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should be awarded in July, 1993. Interested States may contact the FHWA Division or Region office near them.

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Traffic Control

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 86- Incident Management Workshop - (Relieving Traffic Congestion Through Incident Management)

DESCRIPTION This is a two-day workshop that demonstrates the concepts and techniques of Incident Management. It is designed t o reach persons from many different disciplines and agencies, such as police, fire, highway, and emergency response, who respond t o incidents on freeways and surface streets. The presentations and workshop discussions will also be of great interest t o towing and special equipment operators, private reporting services, private service patrol operators, and the media. The focus of the workshop is on safety, operational efficiency of the responding agencies, and the institutional and administrative barriers which hinder inter-agency cooperation. The workshop is tailored t o meet the needs of each location where it is presented. The workshop modules include:

Overview of Incidents and Incident Management. Communications/Operations Center. Traffic Management and Motorist Information. Detection and Verification. Response and Clearance. Funding and Administrative Options. Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems and Advancing Technologies Implementing and Improving the Incident Management Process. Closing: The Next Step.

The workshop contains full group discussions and workshops as well as small group break-out sessions. The closing workshop exercise involves development of a list of issues and activities which can be pursued in the short-range t o improve the managed response t o incidents.

The workshop is designed for persons who have some type of supervisory capacity in dealing with incidents. The workshop is most appropriate for those areas which have already had some basic level of interagency organization take place t o deal with incidents.

PROJECT MANAGER: David Helman, HTA-32, (202) 366-8042

STATUS: Formal presentations of this Incident Management Workshop began in April, 1992. A total of 21 workshops involving over 800 persons have been conducted as of June 30, 1993, and workshops will continue into 1994. States interested in a formal presentation may contact the project manager.

PUBLICATIONS: Freeway Incident Management Handbook, July 1 9 9 1

Framework for Developing Incident Management Systems, Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Seattle, WA, August 1991.

(FHWA-SA-9 1-056).

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Incident Management, (Report and Executive Summary) prepared for Trucking Research Institute by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., October 1990. Incident Command System for Law Enforcement, Massachusetts State Police, 1991. Northern Virginia Freeway Management Team Operating Manual. (A Regional Plan for Traffic Management on Northern Virginia Freeways), prepared for Virginia Department of Transportation by JHK & Associates, April 1990. Incident Response Guide (Office Reference and Field Reference), prepared for Washington State Transportation Commission, Department of Transportation, by Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), September 1991. Freeway Incident Management, Operational Guidelines, prepared for Florida Department of Transportation by Frederick R. Harris, Inc., April 1991.

Videotapes: Open Roads: A Look at Freeway Incident Management, ( 1 9 minutes) 1991 I Incident Management Systems: Safety and Efficiency for All of Us, Washington State Department of Transportation, 16 minutes, 1991. Using Total Stations for Collision Investigation, Washington State Department of Transportation, 1 5 minutes, 1 99 1 . Incident Management in Virginia, Virginia Transportation Research Council and Virginia Department of Transportation, 22 minutes, 1991. Introduction to Freeway Management ( 1 0 minutes); Operational Guidelines for Freeway Management (20 minutes); and Overview for New Team Members (30 minutes). Three programs on one tape. Florida Department of Transportation, 1991.

For information on availability of these materials, please contact the project manager.

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DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 93-Traffic Control Equipment and Software

DESCRIPTION: This is a two- t o two-and-one-half-day workshop and hands-on demonstration of recently developed electronic traffic control equipment and software used at intersections. The project will include controllers, detectors, communications, pre-emption, test equipment, conflict monitors, closed-loop/distributed systems, centralized control systems, hybrid control systems, and other peripherals found in National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and Type 1 70 cabinets.

Twenty-five manufacturers and vendors are providing technology t o be displayed in a 48-foot tractor/semitrailer which will tour the States and local jurisdictions over the next t w o t o three years. The presentation will emphasize the benefits of adopting and implementing more reliable and powerful traffic control systems as a means of reducing urban congestion.

PROJECT MANAGERS: Charles R. Stockfisch, HTA-32, (202) 366-8039 and John McCracken, HTA-32, (202) 366-221 9

STATUS: The project was announced in January, 1993, and has been presented t o managers, traffic engineers, and traffic signal technicians from 50 cities, 1 2 States, and 15 counties over the past 6 months. These jurisdictions have control over 40,000 signalized intersections, many of which are expected to be improved as a result of the information presented in this demonstration project. The presentation has also been given t o representatives from 24 equipment manufacturers which supply about 85 percent of the traffic control technology in the United States. Initial response has been consistently excellent from participants. The Executive Summary has been particularly beneficial t o top management, and the hands-on demonstrations continue t o be extremely effective as a technology transfer technique. Over 90 requests for DP 9 3 have been received, so far. Interested States may contact the FHWA Division or Region office near them.

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Traffic Control ~~


APPLICATION PROJECT 35-Self-Powered Vehicle Detector

DESCRIPTION: Electronic detection of vehicles at signalized intersections and on freeways is an essential element in many traffic control and surveillance operations. Current detector technology has a number of limitations that sometimes cause operational problems and higher than desirable costs t o highway agencies. For example, standard loop, magnetic and magnetometer detectors all require an interconnecting lead-in wire between the in-road detector and the roadside detector electronics. All or portions of this wire are normally installed below grade. The wire then becomes highly susceptible t o damage and malfunctions due t o movement or cracking of the pavement caused by expansion and contraction forces, traffic wear, poor pavement construction, potholes, etc. These types of failures often result in degraded operation of intersection traffic signals and freeway surveillance and control systems. In addition, traditional detectors are generally difficult t o maintain, not practical t o install in temporary applications, not portable, and they require commercial power for operation.

The Self-Powered Vehicle Detector (SPVD) has been developed t o reduce or eliminate these type limitations. It is intended t o provide traffic engineers with an alternative choice of detector methodology. It is expected that users will primarily install the SPVD's at locations where conventional detectors do not operate satisfactorily or are too expensive t o install and maintain.

PROJECT MANAGER: Milton K. Mills, HSR-10, (703) 285-2402

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Charles R. Stockfisch, HTA-32, (202) 366-8039

STATUS: Joslyn Defense Systems is the prime and Midian Electronics is the sub- contractor on this project, which is scheduled to be completed in July, 1993. Prior t o that time, the SPVD will be field tested and the results will be documented. As manufacturers begin marketing the SPVD, it will be added t o DP 93, Traffic Control Equipment and Software, and demonstrated t o State, city, and county traffic engineers.

Pre-production models are in the process of being field tested in Minneapolis, Orlando Florida, and Tucson, Arizona by Hughes Aircraft under an FHWA contract to evaluate vehicle detectors for possible Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System applications.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 56-Transient Protection, Grounding, and Shielding of Electronic Traffic Control

DESCRIPTION: This project developed guidelines for technicians for installation and electrical protection of traffic control hardware. A two-day training course was developed for engineers and technicians. Course materials include certification requirements for International Municipal Signal Association (IMSA) and National Institute for the Certification of Engineering Technicians (NICET) training technicians.

PROJECT MANAGER: Raj Ghaman, HTV-31, (202) 366-2200

PROJECT COORDINATOR: John McCracken, HTA-32, (202) 366-221 9

STATUS: The contract with the National Academy of Sciences (sub-contract with Georgia Tech) was completed. The National Highway Institute (NHI) has taken on the final task of updating the audio-visual materials. The training course will be offered through NHI beginning in fiscal year 1994.

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TEST AND EVALUATION PROJECT 26- Loop Detector Tester Field Tests

DESCRIPTION: An improved method for testing loop detectors in place has been developed under the sponsorship of the FHWA through the Small Business innovation Research Program. The digital test instrument can not only quickly diagnose faulty inductive loop detector (ILD) systems, but it can also be used in acceptance testing of new ILD systems and help with preventive maintenance.

This portable, hand-held instrument has a measurement accuracy of 0.02 percent because of a unique digital signal processing technique for making measurements and displaying and interpreting the results. The instrument can measure loop inductance, quality factor (a measure of efficiency), and resistance, and do so at frequencies from 1 0 to 100 Khz, thereby covering the operating frequency range of all commercial loop detector electronics. The instrument can also measure the operating frequency of the loop and i ts detector electronics after they have been connected together - something that has not been possible before. The capability to measure the inductance change caused by a variety of vehicles (such as bicycles or high-bed trucks) as they cross the loop allows the required sensitivity of the detector t o be accurately adjusted.

PROJECT MANAGER: John McCracken, HTA-32, (202) 366-221 9

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Raj Ghaman, HTV-31, (202) 366-2200

STATUS: The manufacturer of the device has completed prototype development, and the instrument is now in production. The FHWA has arranged for the loop test instrument t o be field tested in five states (California, Florida, Idaho, Ohio, and South Dakota) under actual operating conditions. If the field tests are successful, information on the test instrument will be disseminated t o State and local agencies.

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118 July 1993

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The current focus of the traffic management technology group is the implementation of new and upcoming technology in traffic simulation and demand management. Some of the major initiatives in this area include:

0 Integrated traffic management systems.

Communication technology in traffic control systems.

0 Traffic network simulation.

0 Equipment and software for computerized traffic control systems and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems.

Research in traffic demand management to relieve traffic congestion.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 28-Symposium on Integrated Traffic Management Systems

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this symposium was t o examine the wide range of issues related t o the planning, design, and operation of Integrated Traffic Management Systems. The symposium brought together experts from both the private and public sectors in the area of urban freeway and arterial traffic operations. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the Transportation Research Board and FHWA.

BACKGROUND: Most State and local transportation agencies individually carry out their traffic monitoring activities t o guide their decisions on implementing traffic control strategies. The resulting strategies are generally uncoordinated and result in projects that have merit but could be greatly improved for the benefit of users. Recently, several States and metropolitan areas have become involved in the planning, design, and operation of integrated traffic management systems. Through implementation of these integrated systems, traffic information is shared among several operating transportation agencies and the operational decisions are made jointly.

PROJECT MANAGER: Raj Ghaman, HTV-31, (202) 366-2200


STATUS: The symposium was held in June 1992 in Irvine, California. Proceedings of the symposium have been distributed and are available upon request.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 37-Communications Handbook

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is t o prepare a handbook on the use of state-of-the-practice communications technology in traffic control systems. The handbook will include a review of existing and emerging communications methods, a description of the recommended decision making process t o be used when selecting the communications subsystem of a traffic control system, and detailed trade-off analyses for various communications methods and system configurations. Technology covered includes cable media, such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optics; air path media, such as microwave, satellite, infrared, laser, FM sideband radio, spread spectrum radio, and cellular radio; hybrid systems; and other leased and owned communications methods.

PROJECT MANAGER: Jeffrey Lindley, HRA-09, (41 5) 744-2659


STATUS: The handbook has been completed and sent t o the printer. The handbook will be distributed and will also be available upon request in the Fall of 1993.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 55- Development of Traffic Models Handbook and Training Course

DESCRIPTION: This project will develop an update of a 1981 Traffic Models Handbook and a training course on the uses of traffic signal optimization and simulation models. Both the handbook and the course will cover models developed by FHWA R&D efforts as well as other models in general use by traffic engineers throughout the United States. Most of the models included will have usefulness mainly in urbanized areas (e.g., traffic network simulation or signal optimization models such as TRAF-NETSIM and TRANSYT-7F). Models t o help increase the effective capacity of two-lane rural roads and isolated intersections will also be covered.

The course will be modular in design so that particular audience needs can be best served. The course will also help students select the best models or procedures for particular types of designs or operations. Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System topics will be briefly sketched out, and the relationship between static and dynamic, real-time model usage will be discussed.

The contractor will make t w o pilot presentations of the course and eight full presentations throughout the country.

PROJECT MANAGER: Ying Wong, HTV-32, (202) 366-2207

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David Helman, HTA-32, (202) 366-8042

STATUS: The contractor, VICOR Associates, Inc., has recently completed development of the handbook and training course. A pilot presentation was made in April 1993, and the course should be available in the summer of 1993. After the contractor makes the eight presentations under the contract, the course will be offered through the National Highway Institute.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 57-TRAF-NETSIM Training Course

DESCRIPTION: This training course is t o teach participants how to apply and interpret results from the TRAF-NETSIM traffic network simulation model. The anticipated benefits are to gain the necessary skills needed to analyze traffic congestion and to evaluate alternative solutions.


PROJECT COORDINATOR: David Helman, HTA-32, 1202) 366-8042

STATUS: Ongoing National Highway Institute Course 13356. The first course was presented in Virginia in March 1992.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 58- CORFLO Training Course and User Manual

DESCRIPTION: The objectives of this project are to: 1 ) develop a training course for the TRAF-CORFLO model simulating the f low of vehicles on a large urban area network containing freeways and arterials, 2) produce a user-friendly tutorial manual, and 3) present the training course t o transportation agencies on a request basis.

It is expected that participants will learn how t o effectively use the TRAF-CORFLO model and t o interpret and understand the results of the simulation. In addition, the contractor will make up t o nine presentations of the developed course.



STATUS: The course is being developed and pilot presentations are expected t o be made late in 1993. The course should be ready for presentation in the spring of 1994. The contractor will make nine presentations of the course over three years. After that time the course will be available from the National Highway Institute.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 59- FRESIM Training Course

DESCRIPTION: The objectives of this project are t o update the existing freeway traffic simulation (FRESIM) documents, develop a FRESIM training course t o teach traffic engineers how t o effectively use the TRAF-FRESIM model, and t o interpret and understand the results of the simulation. In addition, up to nine presentations of the developed course will be made t o transportation agencies on a request basis.



STATUS: The course is being developed and pilot presentations are expected t o be made late in 1993. The course should be ready for presentation in the spring of 1994. The contractor will make nine presentations of the course over three years. After that time the course will be available from the National Highway Institute.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 65-Traffic Software Users Workshop

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is to conduct a workshop with a cross section of traffic software users t o evaluate the utility and effectiveness of traffic simulation and signal optimization software developed by FHWA over the period of the 1980's through 1991. Participants will be asked to provide critiques of model usage prior t o the workshop and results of these critiques will be used to guide discussion and help formulate consensus evaluations. Communications on highway-oriented electronic bulletin boards will be assessed for information on model usage, and literature also will be reviewed t o reveal the utility and limitations of particular models. Traffic signal optimization and simulation models, which are in wide usage by traffic engineers but were not developed by FHWA, will also be assessed. The major output from this workshop will be recommendations for a continuing Federal role in traffic software development, including software being developed in support of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems.

PROJECT MANAGER: Ron Giguere, HTV-32, (202) 366-2203


STATUS: McTrans, University of Florida, has indicated a willingness t o cooperatively sponsor and conduct this workshop. PC-Trans, University of Kansas, and commercial vendors and developers of traffic software are also expected t o participate (with possible co-sponsorship of the workshop). The workshop is tentatively scheduled for January 1994.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 66-Traffic Control Systems/lntelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Hand book

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is t o update the 1985 edition of the Traffic Control Systems Handbook (FHWA-IP-85-11] and t o broaden the handbook t o include the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) technology and concepts. The handbook is also intended to provide an updated compendium of existing traffic control technology for the advanced designer and user.

The preparation of this handbook will include a review of existing and evolving technologies (equipment and software) in the application of computerized Traffic Control Systems and IVHS. This handbook will be used by practicing State and local government engineers as a basic reference for the development and operation of Traffic Control Systems, and it will also serve as a training aid for experienced traffic engineers.



STATUS: A contract t o update this handbook was awarded in September 1992. This work is expected to take approximately 18 months. When the handbook is completed it will be distributed to State and local agencies.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 77 -Congestion Pricing Symposium

DESCRIPTION: The objectives of this project were t o organize, manage, and document a symposium jointly sponsored by the FHWA and the Federal Transit Administration. The symposium was organized and conducted in association with the Reason Foundation, a California-based research organization, and the Transportation Research Board.

The purpose of the symposium was t o discuss issues related t o congestion pricing and to develop background technical materials that assist Federal, State and local agencies in identifying, developing, and evaluating congestion pricing projects. The materials also provide background for the congestion pricing program contained in the lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Ac t (ISTEA) of 1991.

BACKGROUND: The ISTEA of 1991 established a congestion pricing pilot program with up t o $25 million per year for three years for projects. As a result, there is a need t o gather information on congestion pricing for use by the Federal, State, and local agencies interested in developing the concept.

PROJECT MANAGER: Wayne Berman, HTV-31, (202) 366-4069

PROJECT COORDINATOR: David Helman, HTA-32. (202) 366-8042

STATUS: The symposium was held in June 1992 in Rosslyn. Virginia. Proceedings of the symposium have been distributed and are available upon request from John Berg, Office of Policy Development, (202) 366-9238.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 80 -Telecommuting

DESCRIPTION: This project provides for t w o activities: 1) transfer of funds t o the Office of the Secretary (OST) t o help support the Department of Transportation (DOT) "Telecommuting Study" (in the 1 99 1 Appropriations Act); and 2) a competitive contract t o support the FHWA Telecommuting Pilot Study (Office of Contracts and Procurement). The DOT Telecommuting Study will gather information on demand management techniques and effectiveness that will help carry out the FHWA Traffic Operations Program.

The FHWA Telecommuting Pilot Study will need funds t o provide training for telecommuters and their supervisors, and t o design and implement an evaluation plan. Some technical support and assistance will also be required t o assist telecommuters and units participating in this pilot program.

PROJECT MANAGER: Dan Schierer, HTV-32, (202) 366-4672


STATUS: The transfer of funds has been completed and the study is underway. A draft report was circulated in late 1992.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 81 -Traffic Demand Management Conference

DESCRIPTION: The "National Conference on Travel Demand Management Research and Innovation" will be primarily designed t o provide a forum for the development of research and innovation in Traffic Demand Management (TDM). This will be an opportunity for public and private sector professionals involved with TDM to discuss recent trends and experiences and, most importantly, formulate and organize a program of research and innovation on TDM policy, applications, operations, and institutional settings.

BACKGROUND: As a result of the lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Ac t (ISTEA) of 1991 and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, there is an increasing Federal-aid program emphasis on Travel Demand Management (TDM) t o relieve traffic congestion. Potentially several billion dollars per year of Federal-aid program funds may be spent on TDM as a result of this recent legislation. Very little new research and innovation has taken place in TDM since the energy crisis of the late 1970's. Given this high program emphasis, the need exists t o develop a comprehensive program of research and innovation in TDM, especially to advance the state-of-the-art and to assist public agencies who have the responsibility for using demand-side approaches t o help relieve traffic congestion.

PROJECT MANAGER: Wayne Berman, HTV-3 1, (202) 366-4069


STATUS: A contractor has been retained to provide the FHWA with logistical and administrative support, and to conduct and document a national conference. The conference will be held in Rosslyn, VA, in November 1993. Proceedings of the conference will be published and distributed.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 82- Implementation of Urban Traffic Engineering and Traffic Control

DESCRIPTION: This program will enable urban traffic engineering professionals t o upgrade and maintain their technical skill levels, and to have access t o the most current technical information. The program will use a survey to identify lacking information and needs, and will develop a clearinghouse and outreach program t o fulfill the identified requirements.

BACKGROUND: Information is lacking on 1 ) educational and training opportunities for urban traffic engineering professionals, 2) ways t o upgrade traffic management and control systems 3) ways t o assimilate new technologies developed by the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) programs, and 4) ways t o provide technology transfer t o public agencies responsible for transportation management and control in urban areas. There is no single mechanism t o obtain current information on existing and proposed programs and technologies aimed a t mitigating urban congestion and its consequences.

PROJECT MANAGER: Hal Lunenfeld, HTV-32, (202) 366-221 7


STATUS: A procurement is in process to conduct a survey, disseminate results, and establish an information clearinghouse. The survey will be developed, conducted, and the results analyzed during the first year. The clearinghouse, funded for t w o years, will identify resources and collect information based upon the survey findings and implement a system for dissemination. An outreach program of presentations and workshops will begin during the second year.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 120 -Technical Support for Congestion Management Systems

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this project is to provide technical support t o the Office of Environment and Planning in their efforts t o establish an outreach program for implementing Congestion Management Systems (CMS).

Activities for this project will include:

Production and distribution of a newsletter with topics on the state-of-the-practice review currently being completed, research projects on area-wide congestion measures and CMS prototypes, the final rule development, and the development of a stop-gap course on CMS.

Establishment and support of an ongoing Technical Working Group comprised of Federal, State, local, and MPO representatives as well as technical experts from the public and private sectors and universities.

Development and distribution of a brochure which explains the concepts related t o and regulations for Congestion Management Systems.

PROJECT MANAGER: Sheldon Edner, HEP-21, (202) 366-4066


STATUS: The newsletter will most likely be incorporated into the Mobility Time newsletter that is published by George Mason University. The first CMS insert is planned t o appear in the June or July 1993, Mobility Time newsletter.

The Technical Working Group is now being formed for i ts first meeting in July 1993. The development of a CMS brochure is planned t o follow publication of the final rules for CMS.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 121 -Advanced Traffic Controller Training Course and Video

DESCRIPTION: In the mid-1 980's, the Office of Implementation developed and presented three training courses on microprocessor-based traffic controllers: NEMA TS 1 Standards, 1 7 0 Controller Assemblies, and a combination course containing both NEMA and 1 7 0 controller technologies. The purpose of this procurement is t o include recent developments in both type controller systems as a follow-up t o the original efforts. The end result is expected t o elevate the level of knowledge of user agencies, which will translate into more effective operation and maintenance of traffic control equipment on a national level. The development will draw upon the knowledge of a panel of technical experts (users and manufacturers) t o assure a balanced treatment of the subject.

As new technology becomes available, for example, the development of a common communication protocol t o connect different types of controllers, the information will be incorporated into the training materials.

This contract will also include presentations at several regional seminars prior t o offering State by State presentations to local agencies. The local agency presentations will be an optional task in the contract wi th an opportunity for National Highway Institute participation.



STATUS: The Request for Proposal was issued in the spring, and the award of a contract is expected by the fall of 1993.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 1 22-Office of Technology Applications Technical Support

DESCRIPTION: The primary objective of this project is to have the Office of Technology Applications obtain technical support services from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in facilitating technology transfer and the deployment of state-of-the-art and advanced highway-transportation technologies, communication systems, and transportation congestion management techniques through systematic planning, evaluation, and technology transfer; thus bridging technologically oriented Research and Development with Federal-Aid supported projects. The Center for Transportation Analysis in the Energy Division of the ORNL will serve as a technical resource t o the Office of Technology Applications in carrying out its mission of technology transfer.


STATUS: The Interagency Agreement for this project is planned t o be effective in July 1993.

1 3 4 July 1993

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

Working with other FHWA offices and technical specialists and with domestic and international partners, the technology assessment technology group identifies and evaluates new products emerging from the research efforts of the highway community and analyzes the various elements of the highway system to determine opportunities for new product development.

A current project involves the assessment of hot mix asphalt recycling to determine the state-of-the practice, market penetration, and institutional or technical barriers restraining the use of recycling. Other technology assessment efforts are looking at traveller information systems, computer-assisted interactive technology, and robotics. Technology scanning activities continue domestically and internationally among universities, States, and other public and private organizations.

Asphalt Recycling

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APPLICATION PROJECT 69-Compact Disc-Read Only Memory

DESCRIPTION: Optical disk storage systems, such as Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), have become increasingly popular as a medium for storing large amounts of data. A single 3.5-inch disk is capable of storing more than 500,000 typewritten pages. Unlike floppy disks, optical disks never crash and can store mixed-mode audio and video.

This assessment will identify potential applications by FHWA and State highway agencies for CD-ROM and other types of optical disk storage systems. The assessment will also include an examination of current optical disk storage technologies and standards, and provide insight to future trends.

A determination will be made as to the type of optical disk storage system that will best meet the needs of the FHWA and the State highway agencies. In addition, FHWA will be provided with recommendations and guidelines for adopting the most appropriate optical storage system.

PROJECT MANAGER: Frank Bednar, HTA-11, (202) 366-8027

STATUS: A kick-off meeting was held between the contractor, Walcoff & Associates, and the FHWA on September 29, 1992. Information gathering, is in progress and is scheduled to be completed by the end of December, 1992. Information being examined includes: potential uses and applications for optical storage systems; examining optical storage standards and technologies and identifying future trends; and advantages/disadvantages/benefits for using optical storage systems.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 71 - Assessment/Motorist Information System

DESCRIPTION: As traveler information systems are being developed and used for urban centers in the United States, it was determined that there was a need t o assess how travelers were accepting and using the travel information currently being provided through the various public and private media (broadcast media, highway advisory radio, telephone hotlines, etc.).

The anticipated results of this effort will assist urban traffic engineers and officials in designing and implementing more effective traveler information systems from the users perspective for state-of-the practice and more advanced systems.

PROJECT MANAGER: Martha M. Soneira, HTA-11, (202) 366-8029

STATUS: This project began in February 1993. It will provide an early evaluation of four Advanced Traveler Information Systems in Washington State (Flow, Traffic Reporter, Bellevue Smart Traveler, and the proposed Canadian border crossing information system). The project will develop a matrix of ATlS so that appropriate criteria for judging success can be developed and applied.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 72- Computer-Assisted Interactive Training

DESCRIPTION: The project will identify and examine FHWA’s experiences with computer- assisted interactive through staff studies and the Local Technical Assistance Program. A detailed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the training will be presented. Recommendations will be provided on how computer-assisted interactive training can enhance FHWA’s technology transfer program with its clients.

PROJECT MANAGER: Salim Nassif, HTA-11, (202) 366-8026

STATUS: The project is completed. The report is being prepared for distribution.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 74-Technology Scanning

DESCRIPTION: Many States have active research and development programs that produce useable results and products. However, due t o the diversity and autonomy of the State highway agencies, these results and products are not readily known to other State and local agencies. This may be true even though the States are interacting on AASHTO-level committees and task forces because they deal with articulated common needs and problems with limited resources and time.

This effort will identify and assess technologies developed in State and university laboratories that have potential for use around the country. It is anticipated that the high potential technologies identified will be focused into technology evaluation, promotion, and deployment efforts.

PROJECT MANAGER: Salim F. Nassif, HTA-1 1, 202-366-8026

STATUS: A two-year contract was awarded in September 1992. The first phase of the contract will be completed in August 1993.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 75- Expert Systems for Highway Applications

DESCRIPTION: This project will review the studies that have been completed on the use of expert systems application in the highway transportation field. A detailed assessment of each application will be presented and the users will be identified. Recommendations will be provided on what applications should be made available to our field offices and the State highway and local agencies.

The software programs that are identified as beneficial t o the FHWA and recommended for distribution will be obtained.


STATUS: An eight-month contract was awarded in August 1992. The project is completed. The report and software are being prepared for distribution.

140 July 1993


APPLICATION PROJECT 76-Asphalt Recycling Assessment

DESCRIPTION: Demonstration Project 39 showed that asphalt recycling was a technically viable rehabilitation rechnique. This effort developed materials, mix design, and construction guidelines for implementing an asphalt recycling project. Based on work accomplished under this project it was estimated that the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) WO!,dd amount t o approximately 15 percent of the total hot mix asphalt (HMA) production by the mid 1980’s.

Despite the work demonstrating asphalt pavement recycling as a technically viable technique, the process has not been adopted t o the extent originally estimated. No formal follow up t o this technology area has been initiated since Demonstration Project 39.

Currently, there is considerable emphasis on waste management at State, local, and national levels. Ordinances or legislation which mandates the recycling of certain waste products is under consideration or has passed at various government levels.

In response t o a request from the Pavement Division (HNG-401, the OTA has initiated Application Project 76, an assessment of hot mix asphalt recycling. This assessment project is designed to:

0 Document the state of the practice and report the use of recycled (HMA).

0 Develop a synthesis of the performance and use of recycled HMA.

0 Determine if institutional or technical barriers are restraining the use of recycled HMA.

0 Provide recommendations for enhanced use of recycled HMA.

The scope of the project will include visits t o at least t w o States in each FHWA region. The States are selected in cooperation with the regional materials engineer t o obtain a cross section of those States that regularly utilize recycled HMA and those that do not permit or limit the use of recycled HMA.

PROJECT MANAGER: John Sullivan, HNG-42, (202) 366-2226

STATUS: A team consisting of the Pavement Division (HNG-401, the Technology Management Divisicn (HTA-1 0), and the appropriate Regional Pavement and Materials Engineer have visited ten States. These States include: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The visits will be completed a i the end of June 1993.

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Technoloav Assessment

142 July 1993

MARKETING

The focus in this area is on the technology transfer process. Since FHWA must interact with many outside organizations, a marketing approach is needed t o manage the communication process. A marketing seminar has been developed t o train highway personnel in marketing communications and promotion management. Another project provides customized exhibits at regional conferences throughout the United States and abroad.

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Marketina

APPLl CAT1 ON PR 0 J ECTS

APPLICATION PROJECT 25- Marketing Seminar, "Facilitating and Expediting Technology Transfer" (Now National Highway Institute Course 4201 5)

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this seminar is t o train highway personnel who are involved in technology transfer about how t o be more effective in facilitating and expediting the process. By improving the marketing and promotion skills of these personnel, increased awareness and more timely implementation of cost-effective products and procedures should result.

The two-day presentation defines marketing as a set of strategic tools that enriches the process of technology transfer. Case studies, development of marketing plans, and other exercises expand on the concept of marketing as a customer-oriented exchange process that:

1. Anticipates and defines customer needs and wants early in the FHWA research stages and throughout the technology transfer process.

2. Manages that demand by stimulating customer/partner relationships and interest in focused product development; prioritizing technology products and providing FHWA resources in personnel and funding.

3. Satisfies that demand by fulfilling measurable expectations and anticipating changing requirements.

PROJECT MANAGER: Martha Soneira, HTA-11, (202) 366-8029

STATUS: Dr. Stephen McDaniel, who taught the original eleven course sessions nationwide, continues with the new series of marketing seminars through the National Highway Institute (NHI). Three of the allotted six 2-day courses have been taught so far (Santa Fe, New Mexico (pilot); Denver, Colorado; Baltimore, Maryland; Springfield, Massachusetts). Other scheduled courses include Lansing, Michigan (August 24-25, 19931, Sacramento, California (September, 1993) and Kansas City, Missouri (to be determined).

In 1994, the 2-day course will be modified to a 1-day format to serve the needs of State and local governments. The pilot course is tentatively scheduled for Homewood, Illinois. Reservations are being taken to schedule the 1-day seminar in locations across the United States.

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APPLICATION PROJECT 87-Technical Exhibits

DESCRIPTION: With the FHWA's increased emphasis on marketing and strengthening the relationship between its partners and clients, the FHWA has developed an exhibit that highlights the technologies and projects that are being developed and promoted by the FHWA. The topics that are available for display include European asphalt technology, asphalt technology, concrete technology, bridge protection devices, traffic, safety, IVHS as well as other FHWA Research and Development and Office of Technology Applications' activities.


STATUS: Exhibit panels and graphics are available for use by FHWA field offices. Notebooks containing a photo display of all exhibit materials and suggested layouts are available upon request. The use of these exhibit materials a t regional conferences or meetings is a cost-effective means of promoting the technical programs in progress. By requesting only those graphics and panels needed, a unique exhibit configuration can serve the specific meeting requirements.

A contractor has been hired t o inventory, design, lay-out, transport, assemble and disassemble exhibit materials, and provide storage for such.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AIDS: Research and Technology Exhibit for future loan.

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Marketing

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PROJECT NUMBER INDEX


DP 34- Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 DP 66-Pile Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 DP 7 1 -Bridge Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 DP 74-Field Management of Asphalt Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DP 75-Field Management of Concrete Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Motion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 DP 81 -Load Factor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 DP 82-Ground Modification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 DP 83-Rapid Testing of Foundation Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

DP 86-Incident Management Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 DP 87-Drainable Pavement Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DP 88-High Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 DP 89-Quality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 DP 90- Innovative Asphalt Mix Laboratory Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 DP 9 1 -Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Substructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 DP 92-Corridor Safety Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 DP 93-Traffic Control Equipment and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 DP 94-Lead-Based Paint Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 DP 95-Rockfall Rating and Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 DP 96-High Performance Shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 DP 97- Scour Monitoring and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

DP 99-Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design DP 100- Bridge Design, Rating. and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 DP 101 -National Center for Asphalt Evaluation and Training DP 104-Highway Safety Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DP AB- Advanced Bridge Inspection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DP 76-Automated Traff icnruck Weight Monitoring Equipment (Weigh-ln-

DP 84-Corrosion Detection for Reinforced Concrete Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 DP 85-Geographical Information SystemNideo Imagery Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 110

1 4

DP 98-Underwater Evaluation and Repair of Bridge Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 38

5 9 2 51

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APPLl CAT1 0 N PROJECTS

AP 12-Guidance on Use of Changeable Message Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 AP 15-Pennsylvania Truck Escape Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9 AP 18-Application of Pedestrian Safety Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 AP 2 1 . Geotechnical Microcomputer Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AP 25- Marketing Seminar. "Facilitating and Expediting Technology

Transfer" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 AP 26-Bridge Deck Drainage . HEC-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 AP 28-Symposium on Integrated Traffic Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 AP 35-Self-Powered Vehicle Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 AP 37-Communications Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

July 1993 147

Proiect Number Index

AP 43-Advanced Slope Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 AP 44-Bridge Technology Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 AP 46-Transportation Initiatives for Older Highway Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 AP 52-Highway/Utility Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 AP 53- Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook and Videotape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 AP 55-Development of Traffic Models Handbook and Training Course . . . . . . . . . . 122 AP 56-Transient Protection. Grounding. and Shielding of Electronic Traffic

Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 AP 57-TRAF-NETSIM Training Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 AP 58-CORFLO Training Course and User Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 AP 59-FRESIM Training Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 AP 65-Traffic Software Users Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 AP 66-Traffic Control Systems/lVHS Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 AP 69-Compact Disc-Read Only Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 AP 70-National Safety Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 AP 7 1 -Assessment/Motorist Information System 137 AP 72-Computer-Assisted Interactive Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 AP 73- Inspection of Construction Zone Safety Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 AP 74-Technology Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 AP 75-Expert Systems for Highway Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AP 76-Asphalt Recycling Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 AP 77-Congestion Pricing Symposium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

AP 80-Telecommuting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 AP 8 1 -Traffic Demand Management Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 AP 82-Implementation of Urban Traffic Engineering and Traffic Control . . . . . . . . . 131 AP 87-Technical Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 AP 88-Training for Police Officers in the Collection of the National

101

AP 90-Evaluation of Fluorescent Strong Yellow Green Crossing Signs . . . . . . . . . . . 81 AP 94- International Conference on Innovative Geotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AP 95- Blood Alcohol Concentration Training for Law Enforcement Officers

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140

AP 78-Effective Technology Transfer t o the Motor Carrier Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Governors' Association Truck Accident Data Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AP 89-Hydrology Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3

and Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 AP 96-Marketing the Twin-Trailer Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 AP 101 -Safety Outreach Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 AP 102-SHRP Distress Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 AP 103-WSPRO Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 AP 105-Workshop on Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 AP 1 14-Highway Routing of Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 AP 11 5-Technologies for Traffic Signal Compliance 8 2 AP 118-Falling Weight Deflectometer Quality Assurance Software (SHRP) . . . . . . . . 21 AP 120-Technical Support for Congestion Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 AP 121 -Advanced Traffic Controller Training Course and Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 AP 122-Office of Technology Applications Technical Support 134 AP 130-Lateral and Rotational Stiffness of Highway Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 AP 131 -Geotechnical Engineering Circular (GEC) . Dynamic Compaction . . . . . . . . . 7 0

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148 July 1993

Project Number Index

AP 132-Storm Drain Design Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 AP 133-Update Hydraulic Software and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 AP AA-Bridge Management System Training Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52


TE 4-Protective Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 TE 7 -Inservice Evaluation of Highway Safety Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 TE 1 1 -Ice Detection and Weather Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 TE 14- Innovative Contract Administration 28 TE 15-Field Trials of the Acoustic Emission Bridge Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 TE 17-Innovative Testing-Asphalt Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TE 18-Stone Matrix Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 TE 19-SHRP Asphalt Concrete Testing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 TE 2 1 -Pavement Condition Measurement (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TE 22-SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter 15 TE 24-Field Evaluation of Breakaway Timber Utility Poles (BTUP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 TE 25-Strategic Highway Research Program Work-Zone Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 TE 26-Loop Detector Tester Field Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 17 TE 27- Pavement Maintenance Effectiveness (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 TE 28-Snow and Ice Technology (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 TE 29-Retroreflection: Measurement and Use for Sign Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 TE AA-Porous Asphalt Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 TE AB-Concrete Mix Design and Construction Aids (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 TE AC-Concrete Durability (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 TE AD- Alkali-Silica Reactivity (ASR) (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 TE AE-High Performance Concrete (SHRP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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SPECIAL PROJECTS

SP 201 -Accelerated Rigid Paving Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SP 202-Break and Seat of Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SP 204-Retrofit Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

July 1993 149

Project Number Index

150 July 1993

STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM INDEX

DP 75-Field Management of Concrete Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DP 90-Innovative Asphalt Mix Laboratory Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

DP 10 1 -National Center for Asphalt Evaluation and Training

24 DP 84- Corrosion Detection for Reinforced Concrete Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

DP 9 1 -Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concret Substructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AP 102-SHRP Distress Identification Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 AP 1 1 8 -Falling Weight Deflectometer Quality Assurance Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

TE 19-SHRP Asphalt Concrete Testing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 TE 21 -Pavement Condition Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TE 22-SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 TE 25-Strategic Highway Research Program Work-Zone Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 TE 27-Pavement Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 TE 28-Snow and Ice Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 TE AB-Concrete Mix Design and Construction Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 TE AC-Concrete Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 TE AD- Alkali-Silica Reactivity (ASR) TE A€-High Performance Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 34

July 1993 151

SHRP Index

July 1993 152

SUBJECT AREA INDEX

Accelerated rigid paving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 16. 24 Acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51. 54. 55 Advanced slope stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Advanced traffic controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 AE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.51.54. 55 Alkali-silica reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. 33 Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11. 20.28.42. 109.135. 141. 145 Asphalt mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 4 Asphalt recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135. 141 Assessmenthnotorist information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Automatic vehicle classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Bikesafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89. 97 Blood alcohol training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 BMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.43.44. 52 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. 37 Break and seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Breakaway Timber Utility Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Bridge deck drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. 72 Bridge design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.36.38.39. 69 Bridge inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 41. 44. 51. 54 Bridge management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.41.43.44. 52 Bridge Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 41.43. 52 Cathodic protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. 42. 46 Changeable Message Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. 78 COM624P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. 100. 102. 11 2. 1 14. 121. 126.

143 Communications Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 9. 11. 13.17. 20. 22.25. 27. 31.34. 41.

42. 45. 46. 51. 90. 109. 145 Concrete durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. 31. 32 Concrete mix design and construction aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Congestion Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Congestion pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Contract Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 CORFLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.42.45.46. 72 Crossing signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Crumb rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 6 Drainable pavement systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Electrical protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 EMBANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 European highway technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 10 Evaluation of fluorescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

July 1993 153

Subject Area Index

Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.143. 145 Expert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Falling weight deflectometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Field evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. 8 5 Field management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16. 24 Field trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. 54. 55 FRESlM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Georgia Digital Faultmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 15 Geotechnical engineering circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 Geotechnical microcomputer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ground modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. 61 Ground penetrating radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Hazardous materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 High performance concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 23 High performance shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. 27 High strength bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. 37 Highway drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. 73. 75 Highway safety features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 Highway safety management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Hydraulic software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70. 71. 7 6 Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70. 71 Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. 73 Ice detection 8 4 Implementation of urban traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Incident management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. 113 Innovative asphalt mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Innovative contract administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Innovative testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 lnservice evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 Inspection of construction zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 Integrated systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems 80. 1 12. 1 19.

126. 127. 131 International conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. 57. 59. 68 Lateral and rotational stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. 69 LFD 36. 48 Load and resistance factor design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. 38. 40 Load factor design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 Loop detector tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Magnetic field disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Magnetic perturbation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Marketing seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143. 144 Mechanically stabilized earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. 61 MERLIN DASH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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LRFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.36.38. 39

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154 July 1993

Subject Area Index

MFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Microcomputer programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.75. 76 Mobile laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. 8. 24. 25 Motor carrier safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90. 99 Motor Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Motorist Information System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 MPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 National Center for Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 5 National Safety Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Office of Technology Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9. 11. 15. 16.

22. 25. 31. 44. 46. 52. 59. 72. 85. 97. 98. 134. 145

Pavement condition measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Pavement maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pavement management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 19. 21 Pedestrian safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.59.65. 68 Pile foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. 59 Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. 59. 62.65. 68 PONTIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.43.44. 52 Porous asphalt pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Portland Cement Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 20. 24. 109 Protective coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Quality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. 21 . 61 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8. 26. 62 Quality management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Railroad grade crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Rapid testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Relieving traffic congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Retrofit load transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Retroreflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Roadway delineation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Roadway geometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Safety devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Safety outreach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Scour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.41.49. 50 Shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. 27 SHRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5.9.13.15. 19.24. 29-34r45r 46r77r

86 SHRP asphalt concrete testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SHRP Distress Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Rockfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. 63 RSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

July 1993 155

Subject Area Index

SHRP Modified Georgia Digital Faultmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Simulation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122. 126 Slope stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. 67 SMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 10 Snow and ice technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 14. 19.21.43.45. 65.76. 107. 110.

114. 115. 119. 126. 127. 140 Soil nailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. 60. 61 SPILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Stone Mastic Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3.4. 8 Strategic Highway Research Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3.5. 9. 13.

19.24. 31 .34. 45. 46. 84. 86 Strong Yellow Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Technical exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129. 132. 134 Technology scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135. 139 Telecommuting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Traffic accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Traffic control equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107. 1 14. 1 15. 133 Traffic control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14. 1 19. 121 . 127 Traffic controller training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Traffic demand management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19. 130 Traffic engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Traffic engineering training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Traffic signal compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Traffic software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Transient protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Transportation initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Truck accident data elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Underwater evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 . 50 Underwater inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Utility poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. 85 Weather Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. 84 Work zone safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. 86 Workshop on crumb rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 WSPRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. 74

Traffic models

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156 July 1993 .U.S. G~P~0~ :1993-301-717 :80310

PUBLICATTON No. FHWA-SA-93-075 HTA-13/10-93 ( 5 M ) &E

Federal Highway Administration Technology Applications …JULY 1993 US. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ~~ OFICE OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

Documents