“Federal Energy Trading Policy Environment” or “Never Let A Good Crisis Go To Waste” Global Energy Management Institute 7 th Annual Energy Marketing & Trading Conference March 19, 2009 Presented by: George D. Baker Williams & Jensen, PLLC 1155 21 st Street, NW Washington, D.C. 202-659-8201 [email protected]
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“Federal Energy Trading Policy Environment” or “Never Let A Good Crisis Go To Waste” Global Energy Management Institute 7 th Annual Energy Marketing &
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“Federal Energy Trading Policy Environment”or
“Never Let A Good Crisis Go To Waste”Global Energy Management Institute
7th Annual Energy Marketing & Trading ConferenceMarch 19, 2009
Presented by: George D. BakerWilliams & Jensen, PLLC1155 21st Street, NWWashington, D.C. [email protected]
What is the situation in Washington these days?
“One picture equals a thousand words”
Recall what happened to this happy crew?
Guess who you are in this picture?
The people are not happy!
The fact is that there is so much going on affecting the energy trading environment, I feel like this guy trying to get a drink!
In D.C. we are not just drinking out of one fire hose but several going full blast: Tarp SEC initiatives TARF Mark-to-Market revisions Obama budget G-20 meetings Stimulus bill Regulatory Reform New taxes Hedge Fund Regulation
And on, and on, and on…..
All these can affect energy trading, but what is at the core of the energy trading political environment?
Today’s Presentation Themes Dominating Energy Trading Political
Environment on Capital Hill Commodity Exchange Act/CFTC CFTC/SEC Merger and Regulatory Reform Prospects for a Transaction Fee/Tax Energy and Global Climate Legislation
Political Environment “Elections have consequences”
Obama removes Bush veto of Democratic initiatives Increased House and Senate Democratic majorities
House 254 Democrats vs. 178 Republicans Senate 59/60 Democrats vs. 40 Republicans
“New”* Administrative Agency Leadership Geithner at Treasury Gensler at CFTC Shapiro at SEC Summers at CEA
* Geithner, Gensler, Summers all worked on Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 in Clinton Administration, and Shapiro is a Washington “fixture” as well
All Obama policy priorities are dependent on or secondary to economic recovery But that focuses attention on energy trading
Energy and other commodities affect basic economy and consumer/voters perceptions
Widespread anger and sense of insufficient regulation of commodity trading as contributing to economic meltdown
Obama views financial re-regulation as a major policy took to advance his economic recovery program U.S. leadership in international financial markets is
implicated: U.S. “caused” this meltdown and “pushed” the ‘de-reg” model on the world
EU wants a re-regulatory approach
So how is energy trading viewed in this political environment?
Politically significant “themes” running through Congress’s perception of energy trading
All---or most---speculation is evil and should be limited if not stopped, especially speculation by long-only index funds
Speculation “caused” the commodity price spikes of 2008 and subsequent price collapses in 2009
Only commercial physical commodity hedgers are bona fide
OTC markets are insufficiently regulated and such “dark markets” have allowed and invited manipulation of futures markets
Margin can be increased and position limits can be imposed on an aggregated basis across all exchange traded and OTC product markets --- all without adversely affecting the liquidity and efficiency of US commodity markets or driving transactions overseas outside of US jurisdiction; and if there are such adverse affects, who cares!
Manipulation is the same as speculation, or at least the same as excess speculation
“I don’t represent Wall Street or Greenwich, Connecticut and so I don’t care what they think…”
Relative inexperience and lack of sophisticated understanding by Members of Congress re: commodity trading and relevant regulatory regimes
CFTC’s ability to do the job is questioned
Q: So what is Congress’s response to these perceptions for energy trading policy?
I. Commodity Exchange Act/CFTC Congress is displaying a willingness to broadly
revisit basic philosophy of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000: Trust in “sophisticated investors” is gone and with it
notion that they deserve less regulation Congress is looking for someone to blame for the
economic mess: Speculators and OTC traders are the usual nominees as scapegoats
Strong distrust of OTC markets and skepticism of CFTC as “cop on the beat”
Perception that OTC trading was predatory, manipulative and destructive to cash and exchange traded markets
House Agriculture Committee reported the Peterson Bill (H.R. 977) in February by voice vote
Chairman Colin Peterson (D-MN)
Highlights of Peterson bill reflect the range of issues in play on the Hill for energy trading, so let’s take a quick
walk through H.R. 977
Foreign Boards of Trade/Transparency of Offshore trading
Requires Foreign Boards of Trade with any contract that trades in US or settles against price of any contract listed on a US-registered exchange to: Provide daily trading information comparable to U.S.
exchanges Adopt position limits comparable to U.S. exchanges Adopt comparable rules to prevent manipulation,
excessive speculation and disruption of physical delivery in cash settlement
Provide comparable information to CFTC re: large trader positions and aggregate trade positions
Requires CFTC to define and classify index traders and swap dealers for data reporting purposes for transactions on DCMs, DTEFs, FBOTs and ETFs trading “significant price discovery contracts”
CFTC to disaggregate and publish monthly: Number and total notional value of index funds and
other passive, long-only and short-only positions, in ALL markets (including OTC?); and
Data on speculative positions relative to “bona fide hedgers” in ALL markets (again, OTC?)
Detailed reporting and disaggregation of market data
Transparency and Recordkeeping Subjects OTC transactions for all commodities in
regulated and exempt markets (swaps) to reporting and record keeping requirements as determined by CFTC Includes OTC contracts as part of large trader
reporting requirements Gives CFTC “special call” authority to obtain ANY
OTC market positions, even in “exempt” transactions in order to deter or prevent manipulation, disruption to market integrity or to diminish, eliminate or prevent excess speculation in regulated markets
Requires CFTC to set speculative position limits for all physically-deliverable commodities other than excluded commodities (financials).
Applies to all exempt (energy and metals) and ag commodities Position limits shall apply to spot month, each month and aggregate
positions for all months across all DCMs, DTEFs, or ETFs trading significant price discovery contracts
Requires CFTC to hold bi-annual public hearings for agricultural commodities and energy commodities to provide interested parties opportunity to comment and make recommendations re: positions limits
Establishes conditions for CFTC’s granting of hedge exemption from position limits to restrict hedge exemption to “bona fide” hedgers (largely commercial users of the underlying commodity) CFTC to define a “bona fide hedge”
Trading limits to prevent excessive speculation and protect “bona fide hedgers”
Requires CFTC to hire more employees Raises question of how to pay for the new employees?
Increased federal appropriation?
FY-09 appropriation of $146 million is a 31% increase and directs CFTC to hire 100 new employees
Beyond FY-09?
CFTC employees
Review of all prior actions by CFTC to ensure compliance with new CEA provisions
Compels revisitation of hedge exemptions and other exemptions etc. If you are relying on a favorable “no-action” letter or
exemption, pay attention!!!
Requires CFTC to study and report on efficacy and consequences of potential position limits on OTC trading and aggregated position limits across all OTC markets, DMCs and DTEFs for agricultural and energy commodities
CFTC could impose position limits for speculators in Ag and Energy OTC markets if that OTC trading is determined to have potential to disrupt liquidity and price discovery functions of exchange traded markets, cause severe market disturbance, or prevent prices from reflecting supply and demand
OTC Markets study by CFTC and emergency OTC position limits authority
Generally all prospective exempt OTC transactions and swaps must be settled and cleared through a CFTC-regulated clearing house OTC transactions in an “excluded” commodity
(i.e. financials) may be settled and cleared in an SEC-regulated or FED-regulated clearing house
Clearing of OTC Transactions
Exemption from General Mandatory Clearing Rule CFTC can exempt a contract or class of contracts if:
Highly customized Transacted infrequently Does not save significant price discovery function Parties demonstrate financial integrity of the contract
and themselves and shall include a “net capital requirement” for contract recognizing the risks associated with the absence of clearing
Contract, once executed, is reported to CFTC (or SEC or FED)
All OTC transactions prior to enactment must be cleared or reported to CFTC Concerns
Not all OTC products may be suitable for clearing CDS clearing houses not yet necessarily ready to go
with clearing for all OTC products
Carbon Trading Excludes carbon/GHG allowances from
“exempt” commodity definition, thus requiring such trading to be on futures exchanges and thus be regulated by CFTC Divergent views exist on which agency should
regulate CO2/GHG trading CFTC FERC EPA DOE SEC
CFTC Inspector General Makes CFTC Inspector General a Presidential
appointee to be confirmed by the Senate
Emergency Suspension of Credit Default Swaps Grants CFTC authority to suspend CDS
trading with concurrence of the President during any period of SEC prohibition on short-selling: CFTC order only applies to:
CDS on specific securities subject to and for duration of SEC short-selling suspension
CDS NOT purchased to reduce an existing risk related to the reference entity or its obligations (“naked”)
CFTC Criminal Authority Grants CFTC authority to initiate and conduct
criminal proceedings under CEA if DOJ declines
“How about the Senate?,” you ask.
There are Senate proposals that reflect similar issues to those contained in the Peterson bill
Senate Agriculture Chairman Tom Harkin’s Bill (S. 272) “Derivatives Trading Integrity Act of 2009”
Eliminates “excluded” and “exempt” commodities categories in CEA, thus requiring all financial, energy and metal derivatives commodities trading to be on exchange, period!
Eliminates CEA’s “swap exemption” Looking to expand S. 272 and markup a bill in
coming months Could be vehicle for a wide range of other energy trading
and energy policy provisions on Senate floor! Could be rolled into a larger energy bill that Democrats
want to do in 2009
Senator Levin (D-MI) and Senator Bingaman (D-NM) “Prevent Excessive Speculation Act of 2008”
Thematically similar in many ways to Peterson bill: Authorize CFTC to impose speculation limits on
OTC transactions in all energy products and CO2/GHG allowances
Closes “swaps” loophole for energy and ag commodities
Limits “hedge exemption” to commercials Close “London” loophole (FBOTs)
Even without new CEA legislation, expect CFTC to take action: CFTC “concept release” re: use of hedge exemption by index
traders Public comment solicited soon Culminate in a rulemaking
New CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler Senate Ag confirmation hearing held in February
Hearing was delayed; Senate floor action still delayed by some Senators expressing concerns
Chairman Harkin extracted admissions of deregulatory “mistakes” from Gensler re: his role in CFMA of 2000
Gensler clearly signaled intention to: Revisit all hedge exemptions and no-action letters and process for issuing
no-action letters Require all standardized OTC contracts to be cleared Subject all OTC dealers to increased regulation (record keeping; reporting) Supports treating all physical commodity futures the same (Ag vs. Energies)
II. Transaction Fee/Tax
A Bit of History The last several Bush Administration budgets
all proposed a futures transaction fee to recoup cost of CFTC enforcement program ($87 million) Congress always rejected the Bush transaction fee But that was pre-market meltdown and pre-TARP
Obama budget (thus far!) does not propose a transaction fee, but more details are expected soon
Rep. DeFazio (D-OR): H.R. 108 “Let Wall Street Pay for Wall Street’s Bailout Act of 2009” TARP already has a payback provision requiring President to
produce a plan 5 years from now to recoup net deficit in TARP from the “financial industry”
DeFazio would impose a tax on each “covered securities transaction” equal to the lesser of: a specified percentage set by Treasury to recover revenue equal to the
“net cost” to the Federal Government of the TARP and the Fed’s actions (that is a lot of $ $ $ $!); or 0.25%
“Covered securities transaction” includes anything traded under SEC Act and any transaction subject to CFTC jurisdiction futures potentially includes exempt products (energy, metals) or swaps or
OTC products
Illustration at 0.25% Assume euro dollar contract with $1 million
notional value $1 million x 0.25% = $2,500 Currently, exchange charges 8 cents!
Senator Grassley (R-IA) and Senator Wyden (D-OR) 2008 Discussion Draft
Treat Capital Gain or Loss from sale or exchange of oil and natural gas commodities as short term gain or loss Would apply to oil and gas trading, indexes, derivatives, or any
option, forward, futures, short position or “any similar instrument”
Would eliminate 60/40 tax treatment for futures or mixed straddles
Would “look thru” to treat pro rata share of income or loss of foreign corporations that invest in defined commodities in same manner as if the commodities were owned directly by the investor in the foreign corporation
Treat gains and losses of tax-exempt investors in defined commodities as unrelated business taxable income
III. CFTC/SEC Merger Lots of talk; Gensler opposes; Shapiro more
sanguine Strongly opposed by Congressional Ag Committees Somewhat supported but not a priority for House
Financial Services and Senate Banking Current priority is “systemic risk” regulator Fed?
Pros and Cons Obama Financial Regulation Reform Proposal: Perhaps
just principles for now Aspiration: Release before Obama’s G-20 Summit in April Reality: Treasury has its hands very full and lacks
nomination/confirmation of senior personnel
IV. Energy and Global Climate High priority for Congressional Democrats and
Obama Administration for 2009 Query: Impact of economy on timetable
Aspiration: December 2009 meeting in Copenhagen
Fight brewing over who will regulate CO2/GHG trading: CFTC SEC EPA FERC
Each agency has its Congressional proponents
Energy Bill’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
Will encourage national trading market for RPS credits
Proposals begin with 4% RPS in 2012 and variously ramp up to 15%, 20% and 25% RPS by 2020
Bottom Line The energy trading plate is very full and laden
with uncertainty Expect plenty of legislative and administrative
activity in 2009 Prospects for significant regulatory changes are