Federal Aviation Administration Downloaded from 03/17/09Rev. 1.0SL-1-FIFMT-3 FAA Inspectors and FAAST Managers Training MODULE 3 Single-Pilot.

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03/17/09 Rev. 1.0 SL-1-FIFMT-3

FAA Inspectors FAA Inspectors and FAAST and FAAST Managers Managers TrainingTrainingMODULE 3Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)



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ObjectivesObjectives

• Upon completing this lesson:– You will understand single-pilot

resource management including ADM, RM, AM, TM, SA, and CFIT avoidance.

– You will also know the 5Ps (plan, plane, pilot, passengers, and programming) and how to use them to increase or regain SA.



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OverviewOverview

• Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)• Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)• Risk Management (RM)• Automation Management (AM)• Task Management (TM)• Situational Awareness (SA)• 5Ps• CFIT Avoidance



Single-Pilot Resource Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)Management (SRM)• SRM is the art and science of

managing all resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt.

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SRMSRM

• SRM is the single pilot version of CRM.– It emphasis judgment and decision-

making rather than teambuilding and synergy.

• SRM includes ADM, RM, AM, TM, SA, and CFIT avoidance.

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Aeronautical Decision-Making Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)(ADM)• ADM is a systematic approach to

the mental process and mental skills used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. – It is important to include both the

mental process and mental skills in the definition and application of ADM.

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ADM (cont.)ADM (cont.)

• Previously mental skills were overlooked in flight training.

• Now we know that these mental skills need and can be taught. – These mental skills are analysis,

synthesis, and evaluation.

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Poor Decision-Making SkillsPoor Decision-Making Skills

• It is not difficult to see that a pilot is not likely to make good decisions with a poor ability to analysis a problem or situation.

• Likewise, a pilot is un-likely to make good decisions with poor abilities to synthesis and evaluate.

• Analysis, synthesis, and evaluate are the underlying judgment and decision-making skills.

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Risk Management (RM)Risk Management (RM)

• RM is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action.

• RM checklist can be found at:– http://www.faa.gov/education_researc

h/training/fits/guidance/media/personal minimums checklist.pdf

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Automation Management Automation Management (AM)(AM)• Advanced avionics requires

specific training on how to use the avionics effectively.

• There is more information available than can be displayed at one time.

– Information is organized and presented on pages and/or on groups of pages.

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AM (cont.)AM (cont.)

• Pilots must be taught how to use and must practice using the equipment until competency.

• Best practices are the subject of ongoing research.– The autopilot is needed, if not

required, to effectively use the available information.

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Task Management (TM)Task Management (TM)

• Task management is defined as prioritizing and selecting the more appropriate tasks (or series of tasks) to ensure successful completion of the flight.

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Task Management (TM) Task Management (TM) (cont.)(cont.)• Task management is not a new

concept; however, it has taken on more importance with the increase in complexity of the avionics. – Automation, information, and task

management are closely related, in many situations, overlap and are often inseparable.

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Situational Awareness (SA)Situational Awareness (SA)

• Means to be aware of all factors such as traffic, weather, fuel state, aircraft mechanical condition, and pilot fatigue level that may have an impact on the successful completion of the flight.

• Lack of SA means the pilot will not make necessary decisions.

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The 5Ps – Practical The 5Ps – Practical Application of SRMApplication of SRM• The 5Ps are a suggested technique

for maintaining or regaining SA.• The 5Ps are the:

– Plan– Plane– Pilot– Passengers– Programming

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PlanPlan

• Can be called the mission or the task

• Basic elements– Cross country planning

• Weather• Route• Fuel• Publications currency• Etc.

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PlanePlane

• Consists of the usual array of cosmetic and mechanical issues that every aircraft pilot, owner, or operator can identity.

• Now includes:– database currency, – automation status, and – emergency/backup systems

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PilotPilot

• “IMSAFE” checklist is a good starting point.

• Advanced avionics may lead to: – exposure to high altitude flying, – longer distance and endurance, and – more challenging weather due to

longer distances.

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PassengersPassengers

• The single-engine pilot must recognize the very personal relationship with the passengers.– In fact, the passenger is within an

arms reach at all times.– The passenger’s well being including

health, concerns, etc. will affect the flight and must be considered.

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Can passengers be a Can passengers be a resource?resource?• Pilots and non-pilots?

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ProgrammingProgramming

• TAAs add the need to enter and maintain the navigational equipment.– This requires attention and competency.– Can cause task management issues.

• If the advanced avionics equipment is not programmed, what information is available and what is un-available?

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Practice ExercisePractice Exercise

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With a partner:With a partner:

• List the actions a pilot should take for each of the 5Ps – before takeoff– during the flight

• Develop a plan for when or how often (decision points) the 5Ps should be used during the flight.

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5P Resource5P Resource

• Course Developer’s Guide– http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/tr

aining/fits/training/generic/media/course_developers.pdf

– Top of page 40.

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Avoidance of Controlled Avoidance of Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT)Flight into Terrain (CFIT)• Controlled flight into terrain is a

significant problem in GA.• The distractions that the advanced

avionics could present must be considered.

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CFIT AvoidanceCFIT Avoidance

• Understand, describe, and apply techniques to avoid CFIT encounters:– during inadvertent encounters with IMC

during VFR flight and– during system and physiological

incidents during IFR flight.

• Maintain SA by using the 5Ps before leaving cruise altitude.

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Practice ExercisePractice Exercise

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With a partner:With a partner:

• Describe the techniques or actions that can be used to avoid CFIT.

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ReviewReview

• Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)• Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)• Risk Management (RM)• Automation Management (AM)• Task Management (TM)• Situational Awareness (SA)• 5Ps• CFIT Avoidance



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ObjectivesObjectives

• Upon completing this lesson:– You will understand single-pilot

resource management including ADM, RM, AM, TM, SA, and CFIT avoidance.

– You will also know the 5Ps (plan, plane, pilot, passengers, and programming) and how to use them to increase or regain SA.



03/17/09 Rev. 1.0 SL-31-FIFMT-3

FAA Inspectors FAA Inspectors and FAAST and FAAST Managers Managers TrainingTrainingMODULE 3Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)

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