FECUNDITY Fecundity indicates the physiological ability among woman to conceive or to bear children. Fecundity indicates the physiological ability among.

FECUNDITYFECUNDITY

Fecundity indicates the physiological Fecundity indicates the physiological ability among woman to conceive or to ability among woman to conceive or to bear childrenbear children..

42 children in 35 years42 children in 35 years 69 children69 children Highest average no. of births for any Highest average no. of births for any

population is 10 / woman among a small population is 10 / woman among a small Christian group in USA and Canada.Christian group in USA and Canada.

FERTILITYFERTILITY

It refers to the actual bearing of children by a It refers to the actual bearing of children by a womanwoman

It is the actual reproductive performance of the It is the actual reproductive performance of the woman or a couple.woman or a couple.

FERTILITYFERTILITY

Universality of marriageUniversality of marriage Lower age at marriage/ duration of married lifeLower age at marriage/ duration of married life Low level of literacy/ educational statusLow level of literacy/ educational status Poor level of living / Economic statusPoor level of living / Economic status Limited use of contraceptives / spacing of childrenLimited use of contraceptives / spacing of children Traditional ways of life / religionTraditional ways of life / religion Nutrition Nutrition Others Others

FERTILITYFERTILITY

Others Others PsychologicalPsychological

Natural urge of being parent & to have childrenNatural urge of being parent & to have children Social Social

Educational status, Age at marriage, early marriage, family set Educational status, Age at marriage, early marriage, family set up, family pressure.up, family pressure.

Economic Economic Security to parents in older age, potential earners, Security to parents in older age, potential earners,

Demographic Demographic Too many children, Too many children, high mortality results in high fertilityhigh mortality results in high fertility

Biological effectsBiological effects Curtailment of early breast feedingCurtailment of early breast feeding

General fertility rate (GFR)General fertility rate (GFR)

It is the no. of live births per 1000 women in It is the no. of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group in a given year.the reproductive age group in a given year.

It is a better measure of fertilityIt is a better measure of fertility

Age Specific Fertility RateASFRAge Specific Fertility RateASFR

It is the no. of live births in a year to 1000 It is the no. of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age group. women in any specified age group.

ASFR indicates the fertility patternASFR indicates the fertility pattern A sensitive indicator of family planning A sensitive indicator of family planning

achievement.achievement.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)

It represents the average number of It represents the average number of children a woman would have if she children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same years bearing children at the same rates as the woman now in each age rates as the woman now in each age group.group.

GROSS REPRODUCTION RATEGROSS REPRODUCTION RATE

It is the average number of girls that It is the average number of girls that would be born to a woman if she would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern experiences the current fertility pattern through out her reproductive spanthrough out her reproductive span..

NET REPRODUCTION RATENET REPRODUCTION RATE

It is the number of daughters a newborn It is the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific fertility and assuming fixed age specific fertility and mortality rates.mortality rates.

It is a demographic indicatorIt is a demographic indicator NRR 1 indicates the attaining of app. the NRR 1 indicates the attaining of app. the

2 child norm.2 child norm.

MORTALITYMORTALITY

It refers to the experience of a population in It refers to the experience of a population in terms of deaths.terms of deaths.

Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a society would reveal the underlying health society would reveal the underlying health problems and health services shortcomings problems and health services shortcomings and would identify specific interventions.and would identify specific interventions.

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

It occurs due to migration of rural population It occurs due to migration of rural population into urban centers / areas resulting in increase into urban centers / areas resulting in increase in urban population and growth of cities.in urban population and growth of cities.