February – April 2016
February – April 2016
WelcomeHousekeeping/admin
§ A"endanceregister(minimuma"endance/examrequirements)§ H2O/accesstovideolecturesworkingok?Firstimpressions?§ ShortroundofintroducCons(name,background,whyCopyrightX)§ Pleasemakeuseoftheforum§ ShortroundofintroducCons(name,background,whyCopyrightX)
§ Pleasemakeuseoftheforum…
Welcome
Syllabus§ FoundaConsofCopyright/Fairness&PersonalityTheories(17February2016)§ SubjectMa"erofCopyright(24February2016)§ Authorship/WelfareTheory(02March2016–Bram)§ <<break>>§ MechanicsofCopyright(16March2016)§ EconomicandMoralrights(23March2016)§ CopyrightExcepConsandLimitaCons(30March2016)§ <<break>>§ Copyrightinfringement/CulturalTheory(13April2016)§ Remedies(20April2016)§ Copyright,InnovaCon&Development(25April2016)
WelcomeOverarchinggoalsofCopyrightX:UCT§ Provideanoverviewaboutcopyrightlaw§ ExamineanddiscusstheimpactofcopyrightoncreaCvity§ CreateawarenessabouttheunderlyingtheoriesforcopyrightprotecCon§ Discusshowcopyrightcouldbeimproved§ Analysetheimpactoftechnologyoncopyright§ ProvideSouthAfricancontexttotheUSandglobalperspecLves
<twomorethings>
Special Event
24February13h00
Seminar1
FoundaKonsofCopyright&
FairnessandPersonalityTheories
17February2016
Overview
PartI§ HistoryofcopyrightinSouthAfrica§ InternaConalinstrumentsrelevantforSouthAfrica§ KeyrequirementsforthesubsistenceofcopyrightinSouthAfrica§ Ideas,facts,expressionPartII§ Copyrighttheories,overview§ Thefairnesstheory§ Thepersonalitytheory§ Casestudy:FiYyshadesofDorianGray
Part 0
Let’s start with this…
DoyouneedtoknowmoreabouttheSouthAfricanlegalsystem–courts,branchesoflawetc?
Let’s start with this…
Whatiscopyright?
“Copyright is the exclusive right in relation to work embodying intellectual content to do or
to authorize to do certain acts in relation to that work.”
Part I
https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160214/08293233599/sony-music-issues-takedown-copyright-lecture-about-music-copyrights-harvard-law-
professor.shtml
History of copyright law in SA§ Roman-Dutch‘commonlaw’copyright(1803-1916)
§ 1803CopyrightActoftheBatavianRepublicbecamecommonlawoftheCape,Transvaal,OrangeFreestateandNatalprovinces
§ ProvincialCopyrightActs
§ Patent,TradeMarks,DesignsandCopyrightAct9of1916§ IncorporaConoftheUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1911plusvariaCons
§ CopyrightAct63of1965§ BasedonUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1956whichhadrepealedthe1911
CopyrightAct.
§ CopyrightAct98of1978§ BasedonUnitedKingdomCopyrightActof1956,butdepartsonindependent
courseinthefieldopcopyright§ AmendedseveralCmessince
History of copyright law in SA
§ S43:ApplicaKontoworksmadebeforethecommencementoftheAct
ThegeneralprincipleisthattheActappliestoworksmadebeforecommencementoftheAct
butitdoesn’tcreate©inworksinwhich©couldn’texistpriorto1965,
anditdoesn’taffectownership,dura1onofcopyrightwhichalreadyexistedbefore.
Relevant international copyright treaties, aiming to harmonise copyright laws
§ BerneConvenKonfortheProtecConofLiteraryandArCsCcWorks[1886]
§ AgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)[1994]§ WIPOCopyrightTreaty(WCT)[1996]§ MarrakeshTreatyonexcepConsforthevisuallyimpaired[2013]
Berne Convention
§ ProtecConforliteraryandarKsKcworks§ FocusonrightofreproducKon(s9)§ Protectsmoralrights§ Noenforcementmechanisms(“noteeth”)§ Inforce,169parCes
SouthAfrica§ Subscribedtothe1948BrusselstextoftheconvenCon(asfarassubstanCvelaw)
§ Notdirectlyboundbythefulltextofthelatest1971Paristext(soonlyboundbyprevioustexts)oftheconvenCon;butboundviaTRIPS
TRIPS
§ IncorporatesprotecKonfromBerneConvenKon§ BroadenedprotecCon:computerprograms,databases
§ NoprotecKonofmoralrights§ DetailedrulesregardingenforcementandDisputeSedlementmechanisms(‘teeth’)
SouthAfrica§ AsamemberoftheWTOboundbyTRIPS
WCT
§ IntroducesrightsofdistribuKon,rentalandcommunicaKontothepublic&addressescomputerprogramsasliteraryworks(art4)anddatabases(art5)
§ AnK-circumvenKonprovisions
SouthAfrica§ Signedin1997buthasnotyetraKfiedthe‘WIPOCopyrightTreaty’dueto
fearofnegaCveimpactonitssocialandeconomicdevelopment
Marrakesh Treaty
§ AddressesPublishedWorks§ PermitscreaConofso-calledaccessibleformatcopiesandallowcross-bordertransfertoimproveaccessforvisuallyimpairedpersons
§ ForthefirstCme,focuswasonlimitaKonsofcopyrightratherthanexpansionofrights
§ Notyetinforce–14parCes;20areneeded
SouthAfrica§ notsigned,notraCfied
Important elements of those international treaties
§ MinimumstandardsforprotecCon§ NaKonaltreatmentprinciple§ NoformaliKesforcopyrightprotecCon§ Three-steptest
Important elements of those international treaties
Three-steptest(ascontainedins9oftheBerneConvenCon):“Itshallbeama7erforlegisla1oninthecountriesoftheUniontopermitthe
reproduc1onofsuchworksincertainspecialcases,providedthatsuchreproduc1ondoesnotconflictwithanormalexploita1onoftheworkanddoesnotunreasonablyprejudicethelegi1mateinterestsoftheauthor.”
South Africa is not part of any regional agreements concerning copyright (e.g.,
OAPI) – but be aware of FTAs
Copyright protection is territorial!
(P)?
The Internet
Requirements for copyright protection in SA
§ Materialform§ Qualifiedperson§ Originality
Material form
§ Workmustbereducedtomaterialform(inwriCngorothermaterialform)
§ Specialcaseforbroadcastsandprogramme-carryingsignals§ Broadcastsmusthavebeenbroadcast§ Programme-carryingsignalsmusthavebeentransmi"edviasatellite
Idea/expressiondichotomy
Qualified person
§ SecCon3(1)
“CopyrightshallbeconferredbythissecCononeverywork,eligibleforcopyright,ofwhichtheauthoror,inthecaseofaworkofjointauthorship,anyoneoftheauthorsisattheCmetheworkorasubstanCalpartthereofismade,aqualifiedperson,thatis—
(a)inthecaseofanindividual,apersonwhoisaSouthAfricanciKzenorisdomiciledorresidentintheRepublic;or(b)inthecaseofajurisCcperson,abodyincorporatedunderthelawsoftheRepublic[…]”
Isthereaproblemwiththis?
Originality
Originality in the U.S.§ Lowstandard§ Notrequired:novelty,quality,noncommercial,
lawful
§ But:AccordingtoFeist,“somedegreeof
creaKvityisrequired”;merelabour(or“sweatofthebrow”)isnotsufficient.
Originality in the EU
§ Higherstandard§ Differentstandardsindifferentcountries§ But:EUDirecKves&ECJcaseshaveresultedin
someharmonisaKon…[also:seeappendix]
Originality in SA§ NotdefinedintheAct§ Loworiginalitystandard§ DoesNOTmeanworkmustbeunique,invenCveor
novel
§ Butmustbeproductoftheauthor’sownlabour§ Ma"erofdegreedependingontheamountofskill&
effortinvolvedinthemakingofthework
§ àsweatofthebrow
§ Factthataworkiscopied(andpossiblyinfringescopyright)doesNOTmeanitcannotbeoriginal(secCon2(3))“IfaworkiseligibleforcopyrightprotecCon,animprovementorrefinementofthatworkwouldsimilarlybeeligibleforcopyright,eveniftheimprovedworkinvolvedaninfringementofcopyrightintheoriginalwork,ifitsaCsfiestherequirementoforiginality.Thatwillbethecaseonlyiftheimprovementorrefinementisnotsuperficial.ThealteraContotheoriginalworkmustbesubstanKal.”(Hauptt/aSoQCopyvBrewersMarkeLngIntelligence(Pty)Ltd)
Originality in SA§ LowerstandardthanevenintheUS:creaKvityisnotrequired
§ Factsarenotprotected–butthe
expressionofsuchfactsmaywellbe…Examples:
q ListofrailwaystaConsq Chronologicalfixtureoffootballgamesq Directoryoftelefaxusersq Catalogueandpricelistq Furtherreading:
h"p://www.ajol.info/index.php/pelj/arCcle/viewFile/101893/91942
More on Originality in the annex
Propriety of work?
§ Willthelawprotectworkswhichareconsideredimproper,indecentorlackinginpropriety?
§ NothinginCopyrightActaboutpropriety§ DividedopinionsonwhetherproprietyisacondiConforsubsistenceofawork,or
onlyaffectstheenforcementofcopyright
Database Directive
§ DirecCve96/9/ECof11March1996§ Adatabaseisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”(inthe
selecConorarrangementsofcontents)§ andnoothercriteriasuchas“aestheCcorqualitaCvecriteria”shallbeapplied§ ButallowsprotecConof“investmentinobtaining,verifyingorpresenCngthe
contents”Sources:Recital15etseq.andArt.3(1)
Appendix - originality
Software Directive
§ DirecCve91/250/EECof14May1991,now2009/24/ECof23April2009(codifiedversion)
§ Acomputerprogramisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”§ and“noothercriteriasuchasqualitaCveoraestheCcmeritsshallbeapplied”Sources:Recital8andArt.1(3)
Copyright Term Directive
§ DirecCve93/98/EEC,nowbyDirecCve2006/116/ECof12December2006(codifiedversion)
§ Aphotographisoriginalifitis“theauthor'sownintellectualcreaCon”§ and“noothercriteriasuchasmeritorpurpose”shallbeapplied§ ButallowsprotecConfor“other”photographsSources:Recital16andArt.6
European Court of Justice (1)
§ CaseC‑5/08InfopaqInternaLonal[2009](Infopaq)§ CopyrightwithinthemeaningofArCcle2(a)ofDirecCve2001/29isliabletoapply
onlyinrelaContoasubject-ma"erwhichisoriginalinthesensethatitisitsauthor’sownintellectualcreaCon(par.37)
§ Itisonlythroughthechoice,sequenceandcombinaConofthosewordsthattheauthormayexpresshiscreaCvityinanoriginalmannerandachievearesultthatisanintellectualcreaCon.
§ 11consecuCvewords(“maynotberuledoutthat…”)
European Court of Justice (2)
§ CaseC‑393/09BezpečnostnísoQwarováasociace[2010](BSA);§ …thegraphicuserinterfacecan,asawork,beprotectedbycopyrightifitisits
author’sownintellectualcreaCon(part.46)§ WheretheexpressionofthosecomponentsisdictatedbytheirtechnicalfuncCon
thecriterionisnotmet,sincedifferentmethodsofimplemenCnganideaaresolimitedthattheideaandtheexpressionbecomeindissociable(idea-expressionmerger)(par.49).
European Court of Justice (3)
§ JoinedCasesC‑403/08andC‑429/08FootballAssociaLonPremierLeagueandOthers[2011](FAPL)
§ SporCngeventscannotberegardedasintellectualcreaCons…especiallyfootballmatches,whicharesubjecttorulesofthegame,leavingnoroomforcreaCvefreedom(Par.98)
European Court of Justice (4)
§ CaseC‑145/10Painer[2011](Painer)§ AnintellectualcreaConisanauthor’sownifitreflectstheauthor’spersonality,
whichisthecaseistheauthorwasabletoexpresshiscreaCveabiliCesintehproducConoftheworkbymakingfreeandcreaCvechoices(par.88)
§ Asregardsportraitphotographs,thephotographercanmakefreeandcreaCvechoicesinseveralmoments:inthepreparaConphease,whentakingthephotographandwhenselecCngthesnapshot
European Court of Justice (5)
§ CaseC‑604/10FootballDatacovYahoo[2012](FootballDatacovYahoo)§ …thefactthatthesewngupofthedatabaserequired,irrespecCveofthecreaCon
ofthedatawhichitcontains,significantlabourandskillofitsauthor…cannotassuchjusCfytheprotecConofitbycopyright…ifthatlabourandthatskilldonotexpressanyoriginalityintheselecConorarrangementofthatdata
OriginalityinEUcopyrightlawAuthor:ThomasMargoni–Lastrevised:18December2014
Copyright © 2014 Thomas Margoni. This case study is licensed under the CreaCve Commons A"ribuCon-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0License, thetermsofwhichareavailableath"p://creaCvecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.