February 27, 2014 Complete your stations from yesterday (you will have 10 minutes!) Then, make a list of everything you know about Islam.

February 27, 2014

• Complete your stations from yesterday (you will have 10 minutes!)

• Then, make a list of everything you know about Islam.

Origins of Islam

1. The Arabian Peninsula

a. Bedouinsi. Nomadic Arab people

b. Limited Farming

c. Trading townsi. Mecca

1. Both a trading and religious center

2. Kaabaa. Ancient Building considered sacred

b. Holds what is believed to be a meteorite

2. Muhammad the Messenger

a. His Lifei. Born about 570 A.D.

ii. Married at the age of 25

iii. Judaism and Christianity influenced his thinking

iv. 610 A.D., had a dream in which he was commanded by an angel to speak messages, or revelations by God (Allah)

v. Would become both a prophet and political leader

b. Revelationsi. Allah was the one and only true and all-powerful

God

ii. Began preaching in public 3 years after his dream

iii. Criticized the belief in many gods

c. Sharing Revelationsi. 622- Muhammad move to Medina

1. His journey from Mecca to Medina would become known as the hejyruh or hijra

ii. Built up followers and their faith became known as Islam

1. Means “achieving peace through submission to God”

iii. Followers became known as Muslim

3. Basic Ideas of Islam

a. Followers would later write down Muhammad’s revelations

b. This would form the Qur’ani. Sacred text of Islam

c. 5 pillars of Islami. Profession of faith

1. “There is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is the messenger of God”

2. Signals acceptance of the faith

3. Denies existence of gods and goddesses

4. Affirms that Muhammad was a man not a deity

ii. Performance of five daily prayers1. Worshipers always face Mecca when they pray

iii. Giving of alms, or charity, to the needy and poor2. Required to give certain amount of their income

to charity

iv. Required to fast3. Go without food or water from dawn to dusk

during the month of Ramadan

v. Journey to Mecca1. Only if you are financially and physically able

2. Journey called hajj

3. Gather and pray around the city’s mosquea. Building where Muslims worship

d. Guidelines for Behaviori. Qur’an provides guidelines for moral behavior

1. Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages

2. Must wash themselves before praying to be pure before God

3. Prohibits murder, lying and stealing

ii. Jihad1. Has several meanings

a. Can be translated to mean “Struggle for the Faith”

b. Struggle to defend the Muslim community

c. Has also been translated as “holy war”

e. The Summa and Shariai. Summa

1. Means “tradition”

2. Provides guidance in many areasa. Personal relationships

b. Business dealings

c. Religious practice

ii. Sharia Law1. Part of the Muslim legal system

2. Outlines methods of reasoning and arguing legal cases

f. The People of the Booki. Islam is monotheistic, like Judaism and

Christianity

ii. Teach that Allah is the same God in Jewish and Christian traditions

iii. Muhammad saw Abraham, Moses and Jesus as messengers from God, but he was the last prophet

iv. See the sacred text from Judaism and Christianity as coming from Allah but Qur’an has the greatest authority

v. Told to respect Jews and Christianity as “people of the book”

4. Division in Islam

a. Sunnisi. Followers of Mu’awiya

ii. Name means “followers of Summa” or “way of the prophet”

b. Shiai. Formed by those who did not support Mu’awiya

ii. Followed Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali

iii. Believed God had blessed Ali’s descendents because they were Muhammad’s true heirs

iv. Call each of Ali’s successors Iman

c. Sufisi. Seek a mystical, personal connection with God

The Family

Women

Slavery

Muslim Society

Slavery- slavery common in Muslim lands (from non-Muslim regions)- required slaves to be treated fairly- slaves could buy their own freedom

Muslim Society

Form and Function of a Mosque

• Response Groups– Groups of 4– One presenter per question– Each person will be the presenter once

Religions Graphic Organizer

• Take out your religions graphic organizer (should be in Unit 1 section)

• Complete the graphic organizer for Islam (the last column)

The Crusades

February 28, 2014

1. On your web-enabled device, go to m.socrative.com

2. Enter room 779513.

3. Answer the questions! (You may use your notebook to help you).

** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

Please turn in your HW from last night (religions graphic organizer)

The Crusades

1. What are they and why did the happen?

a. What is a crusade?i. It is a series of religious wars launched by

European Christians

b. Why did they happen?i. European Christians’ goal was to take back

Jerusalem and the area around it called the Holy Land

1. It was under the control of the Muslims

ii. Jerusalem and the area around it, were considered holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims

2. Launching the Crusades

a. Council of Clermonti. Called by Pope Urban II

ii. Purpose of the meeting was to address the Byzantine emperor’s request for help against the Turks

iii. Urban called on all Christian warriors to put aside their differences and fight against the Turks

3. Fighting the Crusades

a. The First Crusadei. Set out in 1096

ii. Made up of two groups1. The Peasants

a. Were unskilled

b. While they were passing through Germany some attacked Jewish communities

c. Those who made it to Jerusalem quickly fell to the Seljuk Turks

2. Trained Knightsa. Were unprepared for the hardships of their journey

i. Will resort to looting towns and farms to get supplies when food and water ran low

b. Took 3 years to reach the Holy Land

c. Recaptured Jerusalem

d. Created 4 states in the Holy Landi. Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli were the

capitals of these four states

ii. They were intended to be Christian strongholds

b. Second Crusadei. 1144, Muslims recaptured Edessa

ii. European leaders will call for a second crusade in response to this

iii. It was a failure

c. Third Crusadei. Saladin

1. New leader of the Muslims

2. Will drive the Crusaders out of Jerusalem

ii. Loss of Jerusalem starts the Third Crusade1. Known as the Kings

Crusade

2. Richard the Lion-hearted was the only king to fight in the Holy Land

a. Had respect for Saladin

b. He won several battles against the Muslims; was unable to drive them out of the Holy Land or retake Jerusalem

d. Fourth and later Crusadesi. Fourth Crusade began in 1201

1. Crusaders could not pay the Venetians for transport

2. Agreed to attack the city of Zara, which had once belong to the Venetians, as payment

a. The city was held by the Christian king of Hungary

3. Pope will excommunicate the crusaders for their actions

4. Crusaders will continue to the Holy Land; on the way the attack Constantinople

5. Disorganization and a lack of strong leadership made the Fourth Crusade a failure

ii. There were five more crusades that followed after the Fourth, none were successful

iii. By 1291, Muslims had driven the Christians out of the Holy Land

4. Effects of the Crusades

a. Economic Changesi. The Crusaders enhanced existing trade

ii. Increase in trade added to the changing European economy of the Middle Ages

b. Political Changesi. Kings will take control of unoccupied land

ii. Will give kings more power

c. Social Changesi. Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe

ii. Christians who participated in crusades came to respect other cultures; those who did not became more intolerant

iii. Many Europeans began to view all non-Christians as enemies

Kingdom of Heaven

March 5, 2014

1. On your web-enabled device, go to m.socrative.com

2. Enter room 779513.

3. Answer the questions! (You may use your notebook to help you).

** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

1. Growth of Towns

a. Italian Trade Citiesi. First of medieval Europeans to build a thriving trade

economy

ii. Venice was the most important of the early trade cities

1. Protected by powerful warships

2. Traded with both the Byzantine empire and Muslim lands

3. Goods were very expensive and very profitable

iii. Italians will control almost all trade in southern Europe

b. Hanseatic Leaguei. A group of northern German cities that worked

together to promote and protect trade

ii. Controlled most of the trade between Europe, Russia and the Baltic region

c. Trade Fairs and Marketsi. Trade fairs

1. Place where buyers and sellers would meet

2. Held in towns and drew in large crowds

3. Merchants offered a great variety of goods: fabrics, spices, trained animals…etc.

4. Held once a year at a specific location

ii. For everyday needs people went to local markets

d. Money and Crediti. Cities will begin minting their own coins

1. Will be used as payment

2. Also used to pay taxes to the lord

ii. Some would allow customers to buy goods on credit

1. The promise of later payment

2. Customers would sign a document stating when and how payment was made

iii. Money and credit would lead to the creation of Europe’s first banks1. People could deposit money for safe keeping or

request loans

2. Most money lenders were Jewisha. Religious laws prevented Christians from charging

interest on loans

2. Growth of Towns and Cities

a. New Technologiesi. Heavy plow

1. Increased the amount of crops people could grow on their land

ii. Watermill and windmill1. These were used to

grind wheat into flour

iii. Improvements meant that fewer people were needed to work on farms

iv. More people will move to the cities and try to build a life for themselves

b. Free townsi. Most medieval towns were run by local lords

would charge taxes and fees that they wished

ii. Merchants appealed to kings for special charters for new towns

1. Allowed merchants to run towns anyway they wanted

2. Paid taxes to the king in exchange

c. Guildsi. Developed out of the craftspeople need to

organize themselves

ii. Created trade organizations called guilds1. All members of a guild had the same occupation

2. One of the primary functions was to restrict competition

3. Members would set standards and prices for their products

iii. Guilds also trained children in their craft1. Apprentice

a. A child learning a craft

b. Spent several years working with a master craftsperson, learning the basic skills of the craft

c. Most also lived in their master’s house

2. Journeyman1. After learning the basic

skills an apprentice would become a journeyman

2. Some would travel from workshop to workshop learning from different masters

3. Very difficult to become masters due to some guilds restrictions

iv. Most guilds were only for men but some accepted female members.

Art and Culture of the Middle Ages

1. Visual Arts

a. Gothic architecturei. Greatest examples of religious feelings were

found in churches

ii. Built in the Gothic style1. Churches were taller and brighter than earlier

churches

iii. Advances in engineering1. Flying Buttress

a. Most important advance

b. New type of support

c. Supported church was from outsidei. Allowed for higher ceilings

ii. Will give church a more airy feeling

d. Allowed for larger windowsi. Churches hire artists to create stain glass windows

ii. Showed scenes from the Bible or depicted lives of the saints

iv. Churches were decorated inside and out1. Exterior

a. Had statues of saints, kings and figures of the old testament

b. Gargoylesi. Craved in the likeness

of hideous beasts and served as water spouts to drain water from the roof

2. Interiorsa. Number of decorative elements

i. Murals were used to depict religious scenes

ii. Candleholders, crosses and statues were decorated with gold and precious stones

b. Illuminationi. Process of decorating

manuscripts with pictures and designs

1. One common technique was to decorate the first letter on the page

c. Tapestryi. Large woven hangings

ii. Hung in castles to prevent drafts

iii. Showed scenes of daily life or fantastic creatures like dragons or unicorns

Bayeux Tapestry

Apocalypse Tapestry

2. Literature

a. Religious Textsi. Create all sorts of

works, from sermons about how people should live to interpretations of passages from the Bible

ii. Hildegard of Bingen1. A nun and medieval poet

2. Wrote dozens of poems and music to accompany them

3. Wrote in Latin

b. Epics and Romancesi. Long poems that tell stories of heroes and

villains

ii. Works differ in their subject matter

iii. Often performed by wandering singers called troubadours

iv. These poems were written in the vernacular (common language)

c. Major Worksi. Geoffrey Chaucer

1. He wrote the Canterbury Tales

a. Characters come from a wide rage of social backgrounds

b. His descriptions help historians know what life was like for people during the middle ages

c. Wrote in English and help spread the language in England

ii. Dante Alighieri1. He wrote The Devine

Comedya. Book is composed of

three parts: Inferno, Purgatory, and Paradise

b. Tells the story of the magical trip he made through the afterlife

c. The poet Virgil acts as his guide for part of the trip

d. His writing led to the increase of Italian

3. Thinking and Learning

a. Alchemyi. People began to conduct experiments

ii. Practiced an early form of chemistry called alchemy

iii. Gained practical experience in chemical reactions

b. Universitiesi. Helped increase the flow of Greek learning into

Europe

ii. Liberal arts1. Study of Latin grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry,

arithmetic, astronomy and music

iii. Also taught theology, medicine and law

c. Thomas Aquinasi. Taught at the University

of Paris

ii. Argued that both reason and faith were necessary for understanding truth

iii. His approach was called Scholasticism

1. Tried to show that Christian teachings were also knowable and provable through the use of logic

Kingdom of Heaven

March 6, 2014

1. On your web-enabled device, go to m.socrative.com

2. Enter room 779513.

3. Answer the questions! (You may use your notebook to help you).

** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

Challenges of the Late Middle Ages

1. Religious Crisis

a. Heresyi. Beliefs opposing the official teachings of the

Church1. Many were de-emphasizing the role of the clergy and

the sacraments

ii. The Church tried several methods to stamp this out1. Inquisitions

a. Primary method

b. Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried heretics

2. Christian educationa. New religious orders were formed to spread Christian

teaching

b. Members were called friarsi. Took vows of poverty and obedience

ii. Lived among the people

3. War

b. Papacy Disputei. 1309, the pope was

forced to leave Rome and he went to Avignon, France

ii. Pope Gregory XI1. After70 years of the

papacy being in France, he moved it back to Rome

2. He will die a year later

iii. Two men will claim papal power1. One was in Rome and the other was in Avignon

iv. Conflict lasted 40 years

2. Wars and Conflict

a. Hundred Years’ Wari. Cause

1. The king of France will die without an heir in 1328

2. Two men will claim the right to rulea. His nephew King Edward III of England

b. The dead king’s regent

3. The French selected the regent and crowned him King Philip VI of France

4. This decision sparks the war

Edward III of England Philip VI of France

ii. The War1. Edward and the English army were winning

battle after battle due to superior weapon technology….like the longbow and cannon

2. 1429- The war changed

a. Joan of Arci. Claimed that the saints

had told her to lead the French into battle

ii. Will defeat the English at the battle of Orleans

iii. Will be captured, tried and executed by the English

iii. The End1. War ends in 1453

2. King Charles II of France will help drive the English out

b. The War of the Rosesi. Causes

1. Two families in England will fight for the thronea. The Lancasters- emblem was the red rose

b. The Yorks- emblem was the white rose

Lancaster’s Emblem York’s Emblem

ii. The War1. Edward IV will take the throne in 1461, he is a

York

2. His brother will become king after his death, he will be Richard III

3. Richard will be killed while trying to prevent a rebellion

Edward IV Richard III

4. Henry VIIa. From the Tudor family

in England

b. Related to both familiesi. Married to Edward IV’s

daughter

ii. Related to the Lancasters by blood

c. His rise ended the war

3. The Black Death

a. Originsi. Started in the East in 1346

ii. Carried by rats that had fleas, that came over on the boats from the east

iii. By 1351, almost all of Europe was touched by the Black Death

b. Course of the Diseasei. Disease was almost always fatal

ii. Symptoms1. Large dark splotches on the skin

2. High fever

3. Vomiting

4. Severe headaches

iii. Historians estimate that 25 million Europeans or 1/3 of Europe’s total population died during the Black Death

c. Effectsi. Most believed that God was punishing them for

their sins

ii. Some blamed the Jews and anti-Semitic feeling increased in Europe

iii. The manorial system ended

Trashketball

Rules:

- Teams are boys vs. girls

- Everyone must answer each question (displayed on the board) on your answer sheet. Your answer sheet will be graded.

- I will call on students at random. If your answer is correct, you will be able to shoot for 1, 2, or 3 points

- If there is any booing, your team will lose 1 point

- If anyone talks out of turn, your team will lose 1 point

Question 1.

Where can you find the statement, “there is no god but God [Allah], and Muhammad is the messenger of God”?

A – on the pilgrimage to Mecca

B – Torah

C – 10 Commandments

D – Five Pillars of Islam

Question 2.

Many Meccans didn’t like Muhammad because

A – he was a merchant

B – he married an older woman

C – they thought he was crazy

D – he criticized their polytheistic beliefs

Question 3.

What is an icon? Why did some people dislike icons?

Question 4.

What happened as a result of the Great Schism of 1054?

Question 5.

What is the name of the Christian society that united most of western Europe?

A – Christendom

B – Roman Catholic Church

C – Orthodox Church

D – monasticism

Question 6.

Charlemagne helped the pope maintain his power in the papal states. What was in it for Charlemagne?

A – he was named King of England

B – he was guaranteed to go to heaven

C – he was named Holy Roman Emperor

D – he became the next pope

Question 7.

What happened during the Reconquista?

Question 8.

How did Charlemagne utilize counts and inspectors?

Question 9.

Why did the Vikings conduct raids?

A – they were Satan-worshippers

B – they wanted to convert to Christianity and needed icons to do so

C – they were hungry

D – they wanted to spread their religion

Question 10.

Why were the Crusades fought?

Question 11.

What’s another name for the plague that devastated Europe in the mid-1300s?

A – Viking Death Raids

B – Polio

C – Crusades

D – Black Death

Question 12.

Who won the Hundred Years’ War?

Question 13.

Name one of Justinian’s big accomplishments.

Question 14.

Where could you find a flying buttress?

A – illuminated manuscript

B – gothic-style architecture

C – guild

D – tapestry

Question 15.

What is heresy? What did the church do to fight it?

Password

• Boys vs. girls• One player from each team will come to the

front of the room• The people at the front of the room will look at

the password, then will say five one-word clues.• The opposing team can hear the words, but can

only guess when their teammate provides the clues

10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1

March 7, 2014

Happy Test day!

You will have 10 minutes to review your notes/quiz a friend.

After the test…

Work on the Unit 4 Sneak Peek.