February 19th, 2008 Civilization... · Web viewDisciples – followers of Christ, spread God’s word through messages/word of mouth Arrest/Crucifixion – Christ is arrested for

I. Themes of GeographyA. Location – asks, “Where is it at?”

1. Absolute – exactly where you are at a point on earth’s surface (longitude and latitude)

2. Relative – where something is in relation to other thingsB. Place – like location with human and physical characteristicsC. Human-Environment Interaction – the relationship between humans and

their environmentD. Movement

1. Pull factors – something that pulls you to another area (college campus, better housing, etc)

2. Push factors – things that push you away from somewhere (lack of good jobs)

E. Religion – mix of regional, political, etc. characteristicsII. Themes of History

A. Cooperation/Conflict – cause and effect (people either work things out or fight)

B. Revolution/Reaction – a revolution, or a change, causes people to respond, adapt, or react. Everything has a reaction

C. Change – happens over time, can’t change it; continuesD. Diversity/Uniformity – differences that make us who we are (diversity)

but all one nationE. Regionalism/Nationalism – pride in where you are from; deep pride in

your nationF. Innovation – anything dealing with technology (cultural innovation –

democracy, not dictatorships) (improves quality of life)G. Cultural Diffusion – when one culture blends with another culture (music,

food, politics, religion, etc.)H. Movement

1. Pull factors (see above)2. Push factors (see above)

I. Relation to Environment (see above)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. The Nile River Valley – 5000 BC – EgyptA. The Old Kingdom

1. 2700 – 2200 BC (Egypt is ruled by Narmer)2. Kingship – a king (begins to rule Egypt)

B. The Middle Kingdom (pyramids, statues, etc.)1. 2050 – 1800 BC (High point of Egypt)2. Pharaoh – “great house of the king”

C. Decline and Recovery1. Aton (sun god) and Akhenton (only god in Egypt)2. Ramses II – Ramses the Great, pharaoh for 67 years

D. Daily Life in Egypt1. Population – 5 million people2. Class System – three major classes are prevalent

E. Egyptian Religion1. Polytheism – believe in more than one god

i. Amon-Ra (sun god)ii. Osiris (god of the afterlife)

2. Afterlifei. Mummificationsii. Pyramids (built as temples for Pharaohs)

F. Writing1. Hieroglyphics – pictures/symbols that sound for object, idea, etc.2. Scribes – writers of hieroglyphics

G. Achievements in Science1. (1-5) Numbers system2. Calculate area3. 365 day calendar4. Studied astronomy5. Advance in medicine6. Embalming7. Treating wounds/diseases

II. Mesopotamia – “The Fertile Crescent” – “Cradle of Civilization”

A.Sumarian City States (3000 BC) (12 city states)1. Tigris-Euphrates Rivers2. Polytheistic3. Trade (with one another from city state

to city state) (Barter means trade without money…one good for another)

4. Writing (Gilgamesh – oldest story)- Cuneiform (wedged-shaped

writing)5. Technology (anything that makes life

easier)- Wagon wheel- Arch- Potter’s wheel- Sundial- 12 month calendar (based

on moon)

B.Babylon (2000 BC) (Capital of united city states by Sargon)

1. Hammurabi’s Code (king of Babylon) (written law code) (first time in history laws were written with crime and punishment ex. Eye for an eye)

C.Israelites1. Monotheism (believe in only one God)

(they were the first)2. Prophets (believe God speaks to you

through prophets)3. Judaism (name of religion) (Jewish)

(covenant)4. Egypt and Exodus (1012 BC) (enslaved

by Pharaoh) (exodus means exit)5. Israel and Jerusalem (leave Egypt to go

to Israel) (Jerusalem is the capital)6. Divided People

1. Israel – north2. Judea – south

D.The Persians1. King Cyrus II (Persia united by Cyrus II;

Cyrus II doesn’t change beliefs)2. King Darius I (522 – 486 BC)

- “Kingship” (Darius I taught people how to “act” around the king; he set the standards)

3. Zoroaster and the after life (famous prophet from Mesopotamia; prophecies life is a struggle between good and evil;

he taught the choice you make now affected eternal light or eternal darkness)

III. Indus River ValleyA.Mountain Chains

1. Hindu Kush2. Himalayas

B. Major Cities (2500 BC)1. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

(pretty advanced for the time period; cotton clothes, metal

pottery, advanced jewelry making)C. Class Systems (1-4 and pariah)

Class system=”varna”; job=”dharma”1. Varnas:

a.Priestb. Warriorsc.Merchants and Artisansd. Unskilled Laborers (manual

labor)2. Pariah

a.“Untouchable”b. Animal skinner, handicap,

etc.

D. Epics (long poem or story about a god or legendary hero)

E. Hinduism (started 3000 years ago)1. What they believe – all life is

sacred, all living things have a soul, soul is part of a sacred spirit, promote non-violence, self-denial, fasting, and yoga, which relaxes mind and body

2. Reincarnation (there is a rebirth of the soul and you go through several lifetimes to get it right)

3. Karma (around someone who is in a good mood you get happy and the other way around; how you behave or live)

F. Buddhism (566 BC)1. Where did it come from? –

Prince spent life in palace and got comforts and knew no other way of life. In his mid-20’s, he escaped from the palace and realized that people in the community are

suffering. He goes to the wilderness for seven years; his understanding was called an enlightenment)

2. Enlightenment (understanding)3. Budda – “Enlightened One” this

is the prince’s new name after understanding

4. Four noble truths a.All people sufferb. Suffering is caused by desirec.To stop suffering, stop

desiringd. To stop desire, follow the

eight fold path5. The Eight Fold Path

a.Know the truth for your lifeb. Resist evilc.Say nothing to hurt othersd. Respect lifee.Work for the good of othersf. Free your mind of evilg. Control your thoughts

h. Practice meditation (If you follow Budda and do

what he says, you reach Nirvana and break the cycle of suffering)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV. China (Huang-He River)

A. Strong National Identity1. Center of the world2. Oldest civilization still today

(5000 BC)B. Shang Dynasty (1700 – 1100 BC)

1. Mandate from Heaven (right given to you from birth by heavens to rule this country)

2. Achievementsa.First to inventb. Bronze weaponsc.Chariotsd. Silke.Ivoryf. Jade, etc.

C. Zhou Dynasty

1. Achievementsa.Iron plowb. Irrigation systemsc.Roadsd. Trade routese.Cross bow

V. Chinese Philosophies – ideas on how to act, etc.)

A. Confucianism (551 BC) (“our lives revolve around ethical behavior”, respect, reverence for the past and traditions)

B. Daoism – “one with nature”1. Yin (cool, dark, female)2. Yang (warm, light, male)3. Yin and Yang show the struggle

of nature; they are opposing

I. Ancient GreeceA.General Facts

- Mediterranean Sea- Theatre- Olympic games

- Architecture- Forms of government

B.Epic Poetry1. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey

C.Religion (Polytheistic)II. Polis (city state)

A.Citizen – anyone who participates in governmentB.Colonies and TradeC.Democracy (everyone has opinion; people rule)

1. Other forms of governmenta. Tyrant or Tyranny (one person rules

tightly; they act mean)b. Oligarchy (select few rule everything)

D.Sparta (most powerful military; little care for education)

E. Athens (opposite of Sparta, focus on education)1. Constitution (plan of government – laws,

rights, etc.)III. Wars, Glory, and Decline

A.Persian War (546 BC)- Ionia, the city-state, is conquered by Persia, and then they rebelled with the help of mainland Greece. The Persian War was fought between Persia and Greece; Sparta leads Greece to victory.)

B.Peloponnesian War- Between Athens and Sparta- They are fighting to see who is the most powerful- 434 – 404 BC- 1/3 of Athens’ population dies from plague- Sparta wins the war

C.Decline

- Sparta is in control and they don’t focus on education, philosophy, etc.

IV. Greek CivilizationsA.Facts

1. Known for painting2. Sculptures3. Theatre4. Architecture, etc.5. Classical style

a. Architecture and paintingb. Simplec. Beautiful

B.Visual Arts1. Athens (most beautiful city of the ancient

world)2. Parthenon (most famous building built for

Goddess Athena)3. Painting and Sculpture (resembled human

form, usually male body)C.Greek Drama (built amphitheatres)

1. Tragedies (sad, negative, person’s struggle with fate, unhappy ending)

2. Comedies (humorous tone/theme, happy ending)

3. Only men acted in the playsD.Olympic Games

1. Held every four years2. Held in honor of the god Zeus3. Women cannot participate or watch games4. Winners treated as heroes5. Greatest honor is to win the Olympics

E. Greek Philosophers1. Overview – (believed there is a reason to

explain all things in life, lay foundations for history, science, medicine, and politics)

2. Sacrates – (father of philosophy, first major one; Socratic method – taking a theory and coming to the exact truth – support theory)

3. Plato – (student of Sacrates; focused on finding the truth)

4. Aristotle – (focused on science, you make observations and study and draw generalizations)

F. Greek Historians1. First to record history as it happened and had no legends except gods and goddesses

G.Scientists1. Natural Laws – what goes up must come

down, etc. They said the world is based on natural laws

2. Hippocrates – father of medicine, believed in eating healthy and exercising

3. Hippocratic Oath – you sign this code when you are a nurse, doctor, etc.; take to be ethical; ex. Wreck on the side of the road, legally you must stop if you have signed this oath

IV. Alexander’s Empire – greatest conqueror of ancient world

A.King Philip II – king of city-state Macedonia; conquers Greece and unites them; Goals: uniting Greece, creating large standing army, and conquer Persia (he didn’t fulfill his last goal)

B.Alexander the Great – son of King Philip II; becomes king at age 20; respected by military; leads into every single battle; very well educated; conquers Persia; conquers Egypt and makes city of Alexandria; conquers Mesopotamia; conquers Indus River Valley = all by the time he was 33

C.Alexander’s Goals1. Conquer Persia2. Unite Europe and Asia from Greece to Indus

River Valley3. Blend Cultures- Makes soldiers marry Persian women to blend cultures; created largest empire

D.Divided Domain – contracts malaria and dies at 33; nobody keeps them united; make empire three parts and give greatest soldiers a section

E. Hellenistic Culture – time period; mixture of middle (Persian) eastern culture and Greek culture; new dressing, new art farms, women have more freedom began reading, writing, and taking jobs

F. Hellenistic Thinkers and Artists – paintings and sculptures focus on human beings caught in powerful emotion; scientists guessed earth’s circumference within 1%

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rome and Early ChristianityI. The Roman Republic

A.Facts1. Romans will influence our world today2. Found in Italy; located on the Italian Peninsula

3. Latin language; Latin people4. Rome is central city5. Republic is a government where you elect

leaders to represent youB. 1. Plebeians

a. Non-Aristocrats, merchants, artisans, architect, skilled, wealthy people, can be in the military, cannot hold public office

2. Patriciansa. Wealthy, privileged, can vote, be in

military, can hold public office, aristocrats (ruling family)

- Plebeians go on strike because they want a “say-so” in government

- Tribunes are Plebeian representatives for government

- For the first time, Roman laws and history were written downC.Daily Life

1. Borrowed a lot from Ancient Greece2. Polytheistic3. Borrowed gods from Greece4. Family is the center of society5. Father leads/rules the family; if dad dies, the

oldest son takes over6. Strong values7. Promoted being truthful8. Taught self discipline9. Pride to be in Roman Republic

II. From Republic to Empire (500 – 300 BC)

A.Roman Expansionism – Romans expanded out, very large army, divided in sections called legions, one legion was 5000 (3000 – 6000) soldiers, built many roads

1. Punic Wars – war between Rome and Carthage, fight for control of the Mediterranean Sea and the land around it

B.Republic in Crisis – caused by expansionism (causing huge number of poor people and few wealthy people) ones that make laws

C.Reformers and Generals – generals try to change and improve

1. Assassination of Reformers – political murder

2. Julius Caesar – General rose to power in 50 BC, names himself “Dictator for Life”, poor people like him because he gave money, land, etc., assassinated on March 15th, 44 BC, “Ides of March”

III. Roman Empire (Rome is no longer Republic)A.32 BC Octavian (nephew of Caesar) becomes ruler

of empire, changes name to Augustus Caesar and he is the first ruler of the Roman Empire; Pax Romana during this time

B.Emperors1. Augustus and Pax Romana (peace)2. Worst – Nero3. Best – Marcus Aurelius (great leader)

C.Law and Order – large armyD.Trade, Engineering, and Science – aqueducts,

concrete

E. Daily Life1. 130 holidays per year of free entertainment2. Coliseums were built3. Chariot races were very harsh4. Gladiators – men fight men or wild animals

F. Language and Literature – Latin language is foundation for English, Spanish, Italian, and French

IV. The Rise of ChristianityA.Facts

1. Freedom of Religion – in Roman empire, early on they didn’t care, mainly Polytheistic

2. Judaism – Jewish worship one god and don’t fully serve the emperor; becomes predominant

3. Judea – 6 AD, becomes province of Roman Empire

4. Messiah – still discussing Judea, Messiah is messenger from God, Jewish are waiting for one to deliver them from Rome

5. Judea to Palestine – Judea begins to rise up against empire; Rome takes land of Judea and renames it Palestine; fight between Jews and Palestinians in today’s time started in 6 AD

B.Jews1. Christianity – small group (sect) of Jewish

people start Christianity because they believe they found the Messiah

2. Jesus – Messiah, Jesus is Jew3. Disciples – followers of Christ, spread God’s

word through messages/word of mouth

4. Arrest/Crucifixion – Christ is arrested for being a “political rebel”, treated terribly, and crucified

C.Spread of Christianity – word of mouth, disciples spread messages, churches/missions began to form over long periods of time

D.Persecution – (30 – 300 AD) Rome will persecute Christians

1. Treason – many people put to death, Christians charged with treason

2. Constantine (312 AD) – Roman general going into battle, he has a vision of burning cross, he wins the battle, said vision helped him, when he becomes emperor of Rome he allows religious freedom for all people

3. Theodosius (392 AD) – he makes Christianity the official religion of Rome

E. The Early Church (100 – 500 AD)1. Priests, Bishops, Pope – every town would

have a priest, bishops are regional, bishops only work with priest, priests work with people; 400 AD a bishop gave himself the name “Pope”, meaning papa (father); the pope is national

2. Eastern Christian – Eastern OrthodoxV. Roman Decline – falls in on itself

1. Weakened Army – becomes less and less powerful, people are less and less loyal to the military

2. Weakened Economy – expansionism, gap between rich and poor

3. Religion – Christianity takes hold, emperor is not as important

*****Breakdown of Religions*****Judaism (Israel, Judea, “Jews”, Messiah)

Some Stay Jews

Christianity (sect broke away, Jesus is Messiah)

Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox(Priest, Bishop, Pope)

Protestant Catholic(Baptist, Methodist, etc.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Byzantine Foundation – 395 AD – Capital: Constantinople

A. Cultural Blend1. Greek and Roman traditions (Roman government, speak Greek,

buildings)2. Eastern Orthodox (Religion)3. Very diverse group of people; lot of different ethnic groups (culture)

ex. Egyptians, Turks, Slavic, etc.B. Justinian’s Rule (527 – 565 AD)

1. Corpus of Civil Law (“Justinian’s Law”) written recording of Roman law

2. Lots of roads/road systems; Byzantine Civilization is where the east and west meet and connect the east and west through roads (fortresses, classical architecture)

C. Church and State – church controls the society, church was center of society; Eastern Orthodox does not believe the Pope should be the head of the Church

*****Christianity*****

East = Eastern Orthodox West = Roman Catholic

(Italy, Britain, Western Europe, etc.) II. Byzantine Civilization

A. Life1. Theology – religious teachings, everything based on religion2. Levels of Society3. Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce are ways of making their money.

No currency; use bartering, valuable things, etc.; no set money systemB. Art – Icon (religious portrait) and Mosaics (pictures made from small broken

pieces)C. Spread of Christianity – monasteries – monks; convents – nuns; want to draw

people in; take care of sick, hurt; school people. These people dedicate their entire lives to the church.

D. Decline and Fall – most believed it was invasion and/or constant fighting between ethnic groups

III. Slavs – Modern day RussiaA. Kievian Rus (800 AD) – Trading route around river.

1. Dnieper River – invaded by Vikings who take control2. Principalities – towns with Prince set up by Vikings3. Prince Vladimer – change religion in his town to Eastern Orthodox

(polytheistic to monotheistic)B. Rise of Moscow

1. Mongols (1240 AD) – set up Moscow and make it main trading city along route. Russian beginnings start here.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Islamic Civilization

A. Revelation – find a common thread among them1. Islam (570 AD) – “Submission to the will of Allah”2. Allah – “god”, same God as ours only they use the name Allah3. Mecca – also spelled Mekkah; city where Islam begins

B. Muhammad – has vision, he is to be the prophet or apostle of God (Allah)C. Quran (Koran) – holy scripture of Islam; like the bible to ChristianityD. Five Pillars of Faith

1. Faith2. Prayer – 5 times a day; facing East3. Alms – charity, giving4. Fasting – Ramadan; during 9th month of Islamic calendar5. Pilgrimage – Mecca; Journey one time to Mecca

E. Hajj – pilgrimage to MeccaIII. Spread of Islam

A. Caliph – person who leads after Muhammad diesB. Conquest – how Islam spread through the world (by conquest)C. Muslim Divisions

1. Shiites – minority; believe the caliph should be a direct descendant of Muhammad; mostly found in Iran and Iraq

2. Sunni – majority; believe the caliph should be any devout Muslim or great leader

D. Islamic Life1. Family – center of society; man rules house2. Cities and Trade – mosques (churches in the cities) and bazaars (where

they go to trade)3. Rural Areas – farming

IV. Islamic Science and ArtA. Mathematics – Algebra and TrigonometryB. Astronomy and Geography – document positions of stars which helps with

travel; detailed map of eastern hemisphereC. Chemistry and Medicine

1. Classification – animal, mineral, vegetable2. Medical Encyclopedia – records illnesses and ways to cure/treat them

D. Art and Literature1. Calligraphy – decorative writing

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Early Medieval EuropeI. The Frankish Empire – begins Middle/Dark Ages

A. Merovingian Rulers – first kings in Frankish empireB. Charlemagne’s Realm – unites Western Europe, unites under Catholic church

making Catholicism the official religion; adopted Catholicism; “Charles the Great”, 1st Frankish King

C. A Christian (Catholic) Empire1. United (under Catholic church by Charlemagne)2. Separation – when Charles the Great dies, it is divided to 3 grandsons

a. England – Charles the Baldb. France – Louis the Germanc. Italy – Lothair

II. Feudalism – political system designed to protect peopleA. Feudal Relationships

1. Who gets what from whom?

King KnightsNobles Peasants/Serfs

a. King gives land to nobles, so nobles are loyal to the kingb. Nobles hire knights, knights are loyal to nobles (and king)c. Peasants work land, providing money to hire knights, so the

peasants are loyal and get protectedd. Knights protect everyone

2. Chivalry – code of behavior for knights; ex. Be brave in battles, fight fairly, keep you promises, defend Christianity, treat women of noble birth with a courteous manner; this is the “foundation” for males.

B. Life of Nobility (Nobles)1. Lords – fief is the land he owns; he has total authority in his fief and

he settles disputes there2. Ladies – married by 12, marriage not for love but for alliances (allying

families), many marry older men; father, or closest male relative,

decides who you marry; women have no say in marriage; the one goal is to have sons (male children)

C. Life of Peasants (Serfs) – work entire life in one fief, die young; in exchange for work, they get protected

III. The ChurchA. Facts

1. All people are sinners2. Sacraments get rid of sin (ex. Communion)3. Church governs your daily life (ex. Go to mass)

B. Leaders1. Pope (all powerful, controls spiritual authority over all Christians,

appoints political figures)2. Friars (go out and try to convert people to Christianity;

monks/missionaries go to England, Ireland, etc.)C. Church’s Power (control politics; church becomes more wealthy as it becomes

more powerful)D. Church Reform (Heresy is treason against the church; ex. Atheist and

speaking out against the church)E. Inquisition

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Asian EmpiresI. Mongols

A. Genghis Khan – ruler of Mongols1. Temujin – becomes leader of Mongols in 1200 AD, organizes army

establishes government2. Khan – means “absolute ruler”; there are many Khans3. Genghis Khan – means “universal ruler”; there is on one Genghis

KhanB. Mongol Conquest – Turks, China, Russia, all of Middle East; they took over

and conquered these countriesC. Mongol Empire

1. Largest land empire in the history of the world2. Blended cultures – cultural diffusion, inner-marriage (marry Mongols

to people they conquer); allow them to keep religion and governmentII. Yuan Dynasty (China) – set up under Mongols

A. Kublai Khan – leader of Dynasty; grandson of Genghis Khan; he is an absolute ruler; no say in government for China

1. Marco Polo – explorer who came into ChinaB. Government and Society

1. Absolute Power – ruler2. Public works

a. Schoolsb. Temples for worshipc. Food banksd. Roadse. Canals (irrigation systems for transporting water)

3. Buddhism – official religion of Dynasty but if you a daoist, confusionist, etc, they are pretty lenient; tolerant toward Christianity and Islam

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The AmericasI. North America

A. Migrate through Bering StraitB. Early people are hunters and gatherersC. Constantly traveling (nomadic groups)

II. Middle and South AmericaA. Aztecs (Mexico)

1. Lived in Cancun and Yucatan Peninsula before 500 AD2. Over 200,000 people living in that area in 500 AD3. Polytheistic – gods usually revolve around nature and if they (gods)

weren’t happy, hurricanes would come4. They used human sacrifices to keep the gods happy

B. Incas (South America – modern day Chili and Argentina)1. Communicate by running runners set up every 5 to 10 miles; they send

messages through them; had to run through mountainous areas; poor communication

C. Spanish Invaders – die out because of invaders; 90% die out within 2-3 generations

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A New Europe – High Middle AgesI. Crusades (Series of Holy Wars fought for Jerusalem – “Take up the Cross”; 9 crusades into Jerusalem)

A. The First Crusades (1095 AD)1. In 600 AD, Muslims took control of Jerusalem2. Pope Urban II – encouraged all good Christians to take up the cross,

go to the Holy Land, and reclaim Jerusalem; referred to Muslims as infidels

3. Long-Standing Hatred – destroy homes, knights go into Jerusalem and take valuable things

4. Taking Back Jerusalem (1099) – Christians win!B. The Second Crusade (1147 – 1149 AD) – Muslims regain area around

Jerusalem1. Pope wants to regain territory around Jerusalem2. They failed; can’t get territory back

C. The Third Crusade (1187 – 1192 AD)1. Muslims regain Jerusalem2. “Crusade of Kings”; for the first time kings join, and lead, crusades

a. France – Phillip Augustusb. England – Richard the Lionheart

3. Could not defend Muslims, even with the Vikings leading them

4. Truce – Richard declares we must compromise, Christians will never again control Jerusalem and Muslims control Jerusalem but allow Christians to safely travel there

D. Effects of the Crusades1. Christians never fully gain control of Jerusalem2. Breaks down feudalism3. Increases the power of king by raising large armies and heavily taxing

people4. Many nobles die and land goes back to the king5. Increase in technology (magnetic compass, better weapons, etc.)6. For the first time, Muslims are united against a common enemy,

ChristiansII. European Revival (transition of Dark Ages to Civilized Society)

A. Agricultural Advances1. Increase in new farming practices2. Better farming methods (ex. Heavier plow leads to better crops)

B. Growth of Towns (develop along roadways)1. Roadways2. “The Black Death” from 1348 – 1350 (epidemic; also called the

Bubonic Plague; kills out 1/3 of Europe’s population)C. The Middle Class – for the first time in history, a middle class emerges; they

don’t work the land but they aren’t farmers; they are somewhere in the middle1. Burgs – means “town”2. Bourgeoisie – French word for “middle class”3. Bankers, merchants, artisans, architects (people who do a trade and

make money for it)4. Conflict with nobles – they want to tax the middle class

D. Trade and Money – up until now they bartered1. Money Economy – they created currency as a way to exchange goods;

they used the EuroE. Guilds – group of similar professionals who gather together and set wages and

prices1. Master and Apprentice Relationships – the master is very experienced

and knows the trade very well; an apprentice is a person who studies under the master and learns the trade

F. Universities – study old Greece and Rome, Latin, government, etc.G. Medieval Literature

1. Vanacular – “everyday language you speak”; they wrote in this so it could be read

2. “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer – series about diverse pilgrims on a journey to Canterbury, England

H. Medieval Art1. Gothic (1150) – dark, heavy, castles, pointed buildings, iron, gargoyles

III. Strengthening the MonarchyA. Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453) – series of wars between England and

France over land

1. Facts – in the beginning, England is doing good but the French hang in there; the French get beat down in the end

2. Joan of Arc (1429) – cuts her hair and dresses as a boy to join the French army; she eventually leads troops; soldiers become stronger, but Joan of Arc was captured by England and tried for Heresy; she claimed to hear voices from God; she was condemned, tied to a stake, and burned alive

3. French won!!4. Impacts – a strong sense of national identity develops

B. France – Monarchs of France have absolute powerC. England – they have the civil war

1. 30 Years War (War of the Roses) – fighting for who should be king and the next in line for the throne. The families fighting were:

a. House of Lancaster (Family symbol – Red Rose)b. House of York (Family symbol – White Rose)**The House of York won and took control of the English throne; this starts the Tudor Dynasty, which lasts over 100 years

2. Tudor Kings – Henry VII is the first Tudor Monarch; he has absolute power

D. Spain1. Spanish Inquisition – church court to “get rid of enemies”; they try you

for heresy and torture youE. Russia

1. Ivan III or Ivan the Great – he is Slavic and leads Slavic people against Mongols; gives land back to Slavic people and kicks Mongols out

2. Czar – means Caesar/King/Emperor in Slavic; Ivan the Great is the first czar in Russia

3. Kremlin – governmental fortress; king’s castle in Moscow; the Kremlin is Russian government

IV. A Troubled ChurchA. Division – church becomes divided due to corruption, internal disputes, and a

growing middle classB. Reform – means “bringing back/changing for the better”; people call for

reform in the church because of corruption and internal disputes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Italian Renaissance (begins in Italy; Renaissance is a cultural awakening or rebirth of culture)I. Humanism

- Focuses on the human needs, emotions, dreams, etc- Secular or worldly things, not religious; things like money, art, homes, etc- Individualism focuses on individual identity- Individualism asks, “Who am I?”A. Education and Literature

1. Factsa. Open schoolsb. Studied humanities

c. Studied governmentd. Studied philosophy and psychologye. Studied historyf. Studied Sacrates and Plato

2. Vernacular – every language you speakB. City Life

1. Middle Class – social groups; control things in the city states; what have you made for yourself

2. Government/City States – each city state has it’s own government; each city is its own little state/government/community

3. Florence, Rome, Venice – 3 most famous city states in Italy4. Florence – birthplace of Renaissance in Italy

II. Renaissance ArtA. Architecture

1. Classical/Greco-Roman – came from Greece and Rome; simple and beautiful

B. Sculpture1. Classical2. Free-Standing3. Bronze or Marble4. Ex. Michelangelo’s David

C. Painting1. Leonardo de Vinci

a. Mona Lisab. The Last Supper

2. Michelangeloa. Vatican’s Sistine Chapel Ceiling

III. Spreading IdeasA. France invades in Italy in 1494 – the French like renaissance ideas and

see/like/impressed by it and wanted to bring it to FranceB. European Kings and Queens – incorporate/adopt humanistic ideasC. Wealthy Merchants in France – the ones buying art, spending money, building

homesD. The Printing Press – makes books more easily accessible; spread knowledge;

Johannes Gutenberg 1495 increases educationIV. Northern European Renaissance – England, modern day Germany, etc.

A. Christian Humanism – humanism with a Christian theme; “Who am I in relation to God? What is my relation with God?”

B. The English Renaissance in England1. Henry VII – brought renaissance to England2. William Shakespeare – brings out universal human qualities;

playwright; wrote about joy, despair, anger, love, etc.C. Renaissance Man

1. Origins – knows little bit/has interest in everything, more knowledge in one area (ex. Leonardo de Vinci studied science, engineering, art, painting, architecture, etc.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Monotheism Over TimeJudaism

Christianity (a sect begins following Christ, who they believe is Messiah)

Roman Catholic (West) Eastern Orthodox (East)(Christianity splits because they disagree on how the church should be run)

Catholic Protestant (reformation)(People begin to call for reform in the Catholic Church. This causes a split and begins Protestantism.)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Protestant Reformation (1450 – 1565)- Controversy over sales of indulgences will “spark” a reformation.- Germany in 1517 – Luther posts 95 theses on door of castle church in Wittenberg on October 31st, 1517.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Protestant ReformationChange in the way the church teaches and practices Christianity; split in Catholic ChurchI. Martin Luther – 1483 – German monk who reads/interprets Bible for himself

A. Justification by Faith – his interpretation; what he “gets out of” the BibleII. Luther’s Protest

A. Indulgences – “Get out of sin free card”; you give the church money and get a certificate for the next sin you commit

B. 95 Theses – list of concerns/grievances he had for/about the church. He nailed the list to the door of the church. (Wants to keep baptism and Holy Communion)

C. Excommunication – “kick you out of the church” (“Edict of Worms” means city of worms; decision made there)

D. Copies Spread – copies of 95 theses were spread all over Europe (before church could stop it); all thanks to the Printing Press

III. LutheranismA. First Protestant Faith – based on salvation by faith aloneB. Bible – only source of truth (doesn’t matter what priests say; read for

yourself)C. Participation – must be active in church (ex. Sunday school teacher, take up

offering)IV. Swiss Reformation

A. Theocracy – church ran state (government)B. Fighting – MAJOR fighting between Catholics and Protestants (blood is being

shed; Peace of Augsbury is a treaty to stop fighting and recognizes the split in the church)

C. John Calvin – leads reform group in Geneva, SwitzerlandD. Calvanism – John Calvin’s ideas “God possesses all power and knowledge”;

he told people this

E. Predestination – “God determines your faith”F. Dominate Social Force in Western Europe – idea of Calvanism and

predestination becomes dominate social force in Western EuropeV. Radical Reforms (Radicals are obsessed with reformation)

A. Anabaptist – believe in adult baptism, separation of church and state, contemporary Mennonites, Amish, and early Baptist church, strict moral codes for how women should behave

B. Zealots – “fanatical”, (a modern day example are people who go into abortion clinics and kill everyone in the name of religion)

VI. England’s ChurchA. Henry VIII versus The Pope – fighting over reformation, Henry wants divorce

and must have the Pope’s permissionB. Henry and Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn – He wants to marry Anne

Boleyn and wants to divorce Catherine of AragonC. Acts of Supremacy – makes Henry the head of the church of England; title is

“Archbishop of Canterbury”D. Henry’s (Protestant) wives and children

1. Six wivesa. Catherine (Daughter: Mary – Catholic)b. Anne (Daughter: Elizabeth I – Protestant)c. 4 more wives and eventually a son from his third wife;

named him Edward VI; he was ProtestantE. Edward the VI becomes king when Henry diesF. Queen Mary is Bloody Mary – she kills over 300 ProtestantsG. Queen Elizabeth I – “The Virgin Queen”; one of the most beloved queens

1. Anglicanism – protestant church with Catholic traditions2. Puritans – disagree with putting Catholic traditions; they want to

purify the church of Catholic traditions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Age of Exploration – looking for Westward passage from Asia

A. Technology1. Use shoreline as a guide2. Used the sun and the stars to guide them3. Hourglass4. Compass5. Cartographer (map-maker)6. Ship building improves (stronger, lighter,

better)

7. Weapons (cannons and rifles)B. Portugal (1420 – 1580)

1. First country to venture out into Atlantic Ocean

2. Prince Henry the Navigator finances exploration

3. Bartholomew Dias – discovers the tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”

4. Vasco de Gama – follows Dias’ route and sails around tip of Africa into India

C. Spain’s quest for riches1. 1492 – Christopher Columbus

a. Sails from Spain looking for westward passage with three ships

b. His ship mates threaten mutiny (kick captain overboard/make him slave)

c. Columbus lands in the Bahamasd. Makes three more trips in his life

timee. Columbus is credited with

discovering the new world (Americas)

2. Dividing the New World – Spain and Portugal compete for territory in the new world

3. Demarcation – dividing line

4. Voyage of Ferdinand Magellana. Sails from Spain looking for

Westward passageb. Goes through the tip of South

America called the “Strait of Magellan” and finds passage

c. First to complete circumnavigation

d. Dies at the end of the tripII. Spain and the New World

A. Conquistadors – Spanish conquerorB. Hernan Cortez – 1519

1. Lands in Mexico on Yucatan Peninsula (Cancun)

2. Aztec – Cortez conquers Aztecs (they sacrifice humans; they thought Cortez and his men were Gods)

C. Francisco Pizarro – 15321. Lands in Peru, South America2. Incas – communicated by runner; taken

over by PizarroD. Spanish Empire by the 1600’s – Spain

controls the southern half of North America, all of Middle and South America, and the Caribbean Islands

E.Goals of Spain1. Acquire wealth2. Convert natives to Christianity

3. Set up sugar cane plantations4. Gold and silver5. Raw materials (ex. Lumber)

F.Uneven Exchange1. Natives

a. Horsesb. Diseases

2. Explorersa. Get wealth (all of goals listed in

point E)III. French and English Colonies Colonies are small settlements owned by a larger country

A. France colonizes Canada1. Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River2. Champlain – Quebec

B. England1. North America

a. 1607 – Jamestown, Virginiab. 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts;

pilgrims set up Mayflower CompactC. 1600’s and 1700’s – 13 Colonies

Established1. North – family farming2. South – plantations; cash crops, such as

cotton, tobacco, etc.D. Native Americans – Cherokee, Sioux,

Apache, Lakota, Navajo, Crow, etc. Indians in

North America were pushed west when colonies were built

IV. The Slave Trade (Everyone gets something)A. Triangular Trade – system of trading

Europesendsfinishedgoods

The Americas send raw materialsAfrica sends

slaves

slaves

1. The route from Africa to the Americas is known as the Middle Passage

2. The Americas sent raw materials, such as cotton, tobacco, sugar, molasses, etc. to Europe

3. Europe sends finished goods, such as guns, cloth, and rum to Africa

4. Africa sends slaves to the AmericasB. The Middle Passage – journey of slaves in

ship from Africa to Americas1. 3000 miles

2. Carried large cargo3. Space

a. 4 to 5 feet longb. 2 to 3 feet high

4. Many die from heat diseaseC. Slave Life

1. Slave auctions2. Hard labor; long hours; low life

expectancy3. Harsh treatment

V. Commercial RevolutionCountries begin to trade and compete with one another around the world (globally)

A. New Business Methods1. Finance exploration/trading – wealthy

families finance exploration and trade2. Government bank charters – first banks

get charter/approval from governmenta. Make loansb. Accept depositc. Currency exchange

3. Joint-Stock Companiesa. Sold stock (shares)b. Enables investors to profit from

tradingc. Many became very powerful

1. East Indian Trading Company – have the power

to declare war, seize foreign ships, established colony

d. Increase in money (gold/silver) – due to new business methods; gold and silver are flooding into Europe (Spain, England, etc.)

e. Entrepreneurs – businessmen take ideas, money, and labor, and come up with a new product/service

4. Mercantilism – country’s power depends on it’s wealth

a. Bullion – raw gold and silver coming straight out of the mines

b. Balance of Trade – a country must export more than it imports

c. Colonies – used for raw materialsVI. European Daily Life

A. Merchants – merchants become more powerful than nobles

VII. Global EconomyA. Increase in Population (Europe)

1. In 1450, Europe had 55 million2. In 1650, Europe had 100+ million

B. World Wide Exchange – foods, goods, ideas, technology, people, language, religion, art, diseases

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The EnlightenmentI. Path to Enlightenment

A. 18th Century Philosophical Movement (1700’s)1. Reason and Natural Laws – main focuses; natural laws govern world

B. John Locke1. Blank Slate – all people born as blank slate, without prejudice, etc.; what you become is based on your five senses2. Social Contract Theory – relationship between government and the people; ex. If government doesn’t do what they are supposed to do to protect me, I have the right and the obligation to overthrow them3. Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property) – we all have certain natural rights given to us when we were born (relates to Declaration of Independence in US)

II. Philosophers and Their IdeasA. Intellectuals – people talking about ideas are intellectuals; economist, school

professor, etc.B. Rational Criticism – “four-minded”; calmly explaining

1. Religion2. Politics

C. MontesquieuThree types of government:

1. Republics2. Depotism3. Monarchies4. Separation of powers – one group of government doesn’t

need complete power; no one person has all the power5. Checks and Balances – keep check on each other; nobody

gets more powerD. Voltaire

1. Deism – philosophy he built on; believe in God, but believes God is uninvolved with daily life, believe not in miracles; Thomas Jefferson believed in Deism

2. Religious Tolerance – wrote about by VoltaireE. Diderot’s

1. Encyclopedia (1751) – 28 volumes, science, arts, and trade2. Social Improvements – promoted that; helping poor/needy

III. Social SciencesA. Economics and Political Sciences – history, psychologyB. Laissez-faire (Economy) – government has “hands-off” policy/approach to

economicsC. Adam Smith

1. Wealth of Nations – book by Adam Smith2. Three functions of government:

- Protection from invasion- Defending from injustice- Maintain public works

3. No cruel and unusual punishmentsD. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1. Social contract – he came up with it2. Education should be meant to nurture young minds, not restrict them (no rules)3. Women are subservient

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Royal Power and Conflict (1500 – 1600’s)I. Spain

A. Divine Right – a king gets power from God1. Absolutism – you have all power

B. Phillip II (1556 – 1598) – most powerful king in Spanish history; he was Catholic

C. Spanish armada – navel ships; 130 ships with 33,000 men1. Invade England2. 130 ships; 33,000 men3. English ships are better, faster, and equiped with long-range cannon4. English defeat the armadas5. England was most powerful at sea

D. Inflation – gold and silver were coming over; money was not worth as muchII. England

A. Early Tudors1. Henry VII – 1485 – first Tudor king after the war of roses2. Henry VIII – six wives – breaks Catholic, starts protestant3. Edward VI – Henry 8th is his son – Mary becomes queen4. Mary I – “Bloody Mary”

5. Elizabeth 1st – 1558 – “Virgin Queen”; Elizabethan eraB. Balance of Power – make allies with other countriesC. James I – 1st Stuard

III. France (Bourbon Dynasty)A. Henry IV – absolute monarch – had absolute power/divine right; was

assassinatedB. Cardinal Richelieu – Louis XIII – becomes King very young; Cardinal

Richelieu rules for Louis XIII and gains power over timeC. Louis XIV – became King at age 5; advisors ruled until he was 25; absolute

monarch; good ruler; had a 72 year ruleD. Louis XIV Legacy – increases cultural aspect of France (art, music,

architecture, furniture)E. Conflict – beginning between noble class versus middle and peasant classes;

merchants can’t vote, hold office, carry weapons; peasants are starving and revolt, they cut the head off the king, queen, and nobles

IV. The German States - PrussiaA. 30 Years War (1618 – 1648) war between Protestants and Catholics; peace

treaty “Peace of Westphalia” – gives religious freedom; Protestants win!B. Prussia – German lands

1. Great elector – Fredrick William I (ruled from 1713 – 1740) 2. Fredrick II – began ruling in 1740C. Seven Years War (1756 – 1763)

- Fought over territory in the new world- France loses territory- Prussia gains territory1. Great Britain vs. France (French and Indian War)2. Prussia vs. Austria3. Treaty of Paris (1763)

V. RussiaA. Rise of Russia

1. Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible; becomes Czar at age 3; there are torture chambers where he can watch; he thinks people are out to get hi; has his closest advisors killed; kids his own son; czar is the Slavic word for Caesar or Russian king2. Time of Trouble (Power Struggle) 1598 - 1613

- Michael Romanov – 1613; 17 years old; comes to power; the Romanov’s stay in power from 1613 to 1917

3. Peter the Great – 1689 – over 7 feet tall; changes the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg; wants to bring in Renaissance ideas

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The French RevolutionI. The French Society Divided (determines legal rights and status)

A. The Three Estates – you remain in the estate you were born into until you die1. Clergy – religious officials2. Nobility3. Everyone else (97% of the French population) - peasants

B. Facts1. The first and second estates don’t pay taxes2. They also received high positions in the church and government3. They could carry swords and hunt for food or pleasure4. No matter how well educated or wealthy the 3rd estate became, they were always excluded due to their birth into that estate

C. The First Estate1. Roman Catholic Clergy2. 1% of the population3. Higher clergy – bishops; noble by birth; they controlled 5% to 10% of the land in France. They grew wealthy from the tithe, or the 10% tax on income from church members.4. Lower clergy – parish priests; from the 3rd estate; worked with the public, ran schools, cared for poor; they resented the higher clergy’s grand lifestyle.

D. The Second Estate

1. Nobility2. 2% of population3. Owned 25% of land4. Lived lavishly in vast estates5. Some even lived in the French Palace of

VersaillesE. The Third Estate

1. 97% of the population2. Peasants, artists, the Bourgeoisie (lawyers, doctors, merchants,

bankers, business managers)3. Bourgeoisie – many lived in cities and were well educated4. Artists – lived in slums5. Peasants – owned 40% of the land. They were poor from paying the

other estates.a. Tithe – 10%b. Feudal dues/fines – paid to the noblesc. Land tax – paid to the king

6. Although they worked really hard, they had no voice in government.II. Growing Unrest – 1700’s (They were unhappy with the unfair social structure)

A. Call for ChangeB. Peasants

1. Increases in prices/cost of living2. Increase on use of nobles equipment (ex. Mills, wine press)

C. Artisans – increases on prices of materials, while wages stayed the sameD. Bourgeoisie – although wealthy, they wanted more political powerE. National Debt

1. Louis XIV’s wars2. Louis XV’s extravagant court life

F. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (19 and 18 years old)1. They tried to tax the nobles and clergy, but they refused.2. Banks would not lend money.

G. Bread Shortage (1788 – 1789)1. Crop failures2. Final straw for many struggling the third estate.

III. Calling the Estates TogetherA. The Estates General

1. They had not met since 1614.2. Made up of representatives from all three estates3. Each estate got one vote (not per person, but each estate got only one

vote); often the first and second estates voted together to outvote the third estate

B. Agendas1. King – hoped to approve new taxes on the first and second estates2. Nobles – wanted to protect their privileges, weaken royal power, and

gain control of the government

3. Third Estate – said they had more right to represent the needs of the entire nation; made up 97% of the French population

C. Call for Individual Votes1. This would give the third estate the majority vote2. Many clergy supported this3. King refused to accept this

D. The National Assembly1. The third estate walks out2. They name themselves the National Assembly3. They met at a nearby tennis court4. The Tennis Court Oath – promise not to disband until they draft a new

constitutionE. Fear From the King

1. Louis XVI feared the third estate drawing up a constitution alone2. So he ordered the first and second estates to join them at the National

Assembly3. He also stationed troops around Paris

IV. A Call to RevoltA. Debates

1. Debate rages in the assembly and in the streets2. People sensed the change in the country

B. The Fall of the Bastille – a prison that symbolizes the king’s oppression1. July 14th, 1789 – a mob surrounds the Bastille in an attempt to steal

weapons and defend the National Assembly (responding to the long sending out soldiers through Paris)

2. Armed with axes, they freed seven prisoners3. Soldiers open fire, killing 98 rioters as they take over the prison

C. Violence in the Countryside1. The Great Fear – a wave of violence swept the countryside, peasants

robbed landowners and drove many from their homes2. This is the first wave of the revolution!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. The End of the Old Order – Stage 1 – A power struggle for what type of government France should have

1. Royalists – want an absolute monarch2. Moderates – want a constitutional monarchy3. Radicals – want no monarchy

A. A Declaration of Rights1. August 4th, 1789 – the National Assembly voted to end all Noble

Privileges; the final end to feudalism!a. No feudal duesb. Nobles must pay taxesc. Any man can hold government, military, or church office

B. The French Constitution (still used today)1. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

a. August 1789

b. All people are equal before the lawc. Freedom of speechd. Freedom of religione. No arbitrary arrest/punishmentf. Based on the American Declaration of

Independence and the English Bill of Rightsg. Did not include womenh. Louis XVI refused to accept this

C. March to Versailles1. October 1789 – thousands of women demanding bread marched in the

rain to the Palace of Versailles wielding pitchforks and sticks2. King and Queen agree to return to Paris and face the issues

II. A New FranceA. Political Reforms

1. Bishop Talleyrand – 1790 – backs the ideas of selling church lands to pay of part of the huge national debt

2. Civil Constitution – puts the church under control of the government; they would now be elected and paid salary

B. Constitution of 1791 – a new Constitution kept king (monarch) but limited royal power

1. Sets up unicameral legislation – one house assembly; members are chosen by votes

2. Delegates were seated according to their political beliefsa. Left – Radicalsb. Center – Moderatesc. Right – RoyalistsThese groups became more and more divided

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The English Civil War – 17th Century

- Monarchy = King- Conflict: disputes over the monarchy will plunge England into a Civil War

The English Civil WarEssential Questions

- What factors led to a civil war in England?- Who was the conflict between?- What was the outcome?

Vocabulary (Terms/People)- Divine Right- Martial Law- Petition of Right- Royalist- Commonwealth- James I- Puritans- Charles I- William Laud

- Cavaliers- Roundheads- Oliver Cromwell- Parliament = House of Commons and House of Lords

Prelude to the War- Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) ruled England from 1558 –

1603- She did not have absolute power. She took Parliament’s views into consideration

when making decisions.- Elizabeth I was very popular with the people.- Parliament worked well with her, but after her death in 1603, wanted to extend

their political power!- Elizabeth I was known as the Virgin Queen- Tudor monarch finished with Elizabeth’s death- Elizabeth was the last Tudor, well loved, and worked with Parliament

James I and Opposition to the Crown- James I replaced Elizabeth I, who died childless.- James I was the son of Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of Scots.- James was a Stuart and King Scotland.- James I declared that he had the Divine Right to rule. This meant that he derived

his power directly from God and he had absolute power on earth.- He was the first Stuart monarch and had a conflict with Parliament.- Even though James I had absolute power, he continuously had to ask Parliament

for money.- Parliament did not like James’ lavish spending.- After refusing James more money, James began to sell titles of nobility!- Parliament also became outraged when James I tried to arrange a marriage

between his son and a Spanish Catholic Princess!- Many feared the return of Catholicism!

Religion and The Monarchy- During the 1600’s, most people belonged to the Church of England, but they

disagreed with the Church’s doctrine and rituals (they resembled Catholicism)- The Puritans wanted to purify the Church of these things and began calling for

reform.- James I (head of the Church and Government) felt that anyone who disagreed

with the Church was disagreeing with the Government- The Puritans rejected James I and left England for the colonies of North America

James I and His Greatest Contribution- In 1604, James I had a group of scholars prepare a new translation of the Bible

from Greek and Hebrew to English- In 1611, the new “King James” Bible was published and became the most well

known version of the Bible.Charles Inherits the Throne

- In 1625, Charles I became King after his father (James I) dies- Charles believes in the same things as his father – Divine Right of Kings and No

tolerance for the Puritan views.

Charles I versus Parliament- Early in his reign Charles asked Parliament for funds to go to war against Spain

and France.- They only gave him a fraction of the amount he requested…so Charles I dissolves

Parliament and tries to raise the money on his own.- Charles forces landowners to give him “loads” and if they refused, he would put

them in jail.- Charles also forced his people to house his troops in their homes.- Some areas were even placed under martial law, or temporary military rule.- 1668: Charles I calls Parliament into session.- Parliament approves the tax increase that Charles needs for war with Spain and

France.- But to get the money, Charles I had to give up some of his power

Petition of Right- Limits King’s power- Charles had to sign the Petition of Right, which limited his power in four ways:

1. The king was forbidden to collect taxes or force loans without Parliaments consent.

2. The king could not imprison anyone without just cause.3. Troops could not be housed in a private home against the will of the owner.4. The king could not declare martial law unless the country was at war.

- After receiving his funds and signing the Petition of Right, Charles dissolves parliament and vows never to call them into session again. Charles violates the Petition over and over again.

Charles and the Church- Charles names William Laud to be Archbishop of Canterbury, the leading official

of the Church of England. - Together they begin to persecute the Puritans.

1. Denying them the right to preach or publish2. Burning Puritan writings3. Publicly whipping them

- Many fled England for the American Colonies- Their exodus from England (1630 – 1643) is known as the Great Migration.- Charles and Laud turn their attentions toward Scotland.- They try to force the Calvinist Church of Scotland to accept the English prayer

book.- Scotland was willing to go to war to protect their religious freedoms!- In 1640, Scotland invades England- Charles needs money so, after 11 years, he summons Parliament- They refuse to discuss anything without first voicing their complaints- Charles dissolves Parliament again after only three weeks.- This became known as the Short Parliament

The Long Parliament- Charles again becomes desperate for money and summons Parliament again- This session is controlled by very angry Puritans who were determined to

decrease Charles’ power

- This session is known as the Long Parliament- The Long Parliament:

1. Abolished courts that punished Charles’ opponents2. Passed a law stating the Parliament must be called every three years3. Ended illegal taxation4. Jailed and later executed Archbishop Laud

Divisions in Parliament- Puritans controlled both Parliament and the Church of England- Their power increased greatly…- However, Ireland (Roman Catholic) rebelled- Parliament then began to face rebellion both in Scotland and Ireland- Royalist in Parliament

1. Made up of those who supported the King and opposed Puritan control of the Church of England

2. Debates between these two groups became very heated- June 1642 Parliament sent Charles the Nineteen Propositions, which made

Parliament the supreme power in England- Charles refused and attempted to arrest five prominent Parliamentary leaders

The English Civil War Begins- Cavaliers:

Charles gathers together an army made up of his loyal nobles and his “Calvary” or armed horsemen. His troops were gathered from parts of Southern and Eastern England.

- Roundheads:Supporters of Parliament and the Puritans gathered forces from loyal supporters in the Northern and Western parts of the country.Parliament placed their military forces under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.

The English Civil War- After four years of conflict, the Royalists would surrender in May 1646- Parliament took complete control of the English government- Puritan leaders removed the rest of their competition from Parliament, leaving

behind what was known as the Rump ParliamentThe End of the Monarchy

- Charles I surrendered in 1647- Charles I was tried, sentenced, and executed (beheaded) in 1649

A New Government- The Rump Parliament set up a republic known as the Commonwealth- Cromwell’s army crushed uprisings in Ireland and Scotland- Cromwell would eventually crush any opposition to his power- He was backed by a well trained and disciplined army

Oliver Cromwell and a New Government- Cromwell would dismiss the Rump Parliament- He placed England under military rule, with himself as Lord Protector- Cromwell enforced Puritan restrictions on all citizens:

1. No Drinking2. No Swearing

3. No GamblingThe End of Cromwell’s Rule

- Cromwell would die in 1658.- Cromwell’s son Richard would try to hold the government together, but would be

unsuccessful- Many were tired of military rule and strict Puritan codes of behavior- In 1660 a newly elected Parliament restored the Monarchy under Charles II.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A King Returns to the Throne

I. The Merry Monarch – Charles II returns to London in 1660. People are glad to be rid of Puritan restrictionsA. Restoration

i. Charles is known as Merry Monarch because he likes lavish parties, culture, and entertainment/science.

ii. Charles II has no legitimate heirsB. Charles II and Religion

i. Outwardly – serves church of England and is Protestantii. Inwardly – Catholiciii. Believed Parliament should decide England’s religious

issues.iv. Made the Church of England the official state religious

affiliationv. You had to be a member to go to the university or hold public

office.C. Limiting Royal Power

i. Petition of Rights (still in affect)ii. Constitutional Monarchy

1. Monarch’s powers are limited by constitutions2. In England, Constitution is not a single document

D. Disastersi. Plague of 1665 – kills 100,000+ people in Londonii. Fire of 1666 – Great Fire of London burned portion of

London; killed out plagueE. Political Parties – Because Charles II has no legitimate heir the throne

would go to his brother James II who is a practicing Catholic. Does England want another Catholic King???*Divisions of Parliament

i. Whigs – want to exclude James II from being king because he is Catholic

ii. Tories – want to defend heredity line of monarchs/keep the rulers in the direct bloodline for throne.

**Habeas Corpus – as a law – states that you can’t be put in prison without just cause and trial by jury.

II. A Bloodless RevoltA. Overview

i. Charles II dies in 1685

ii. James II becomes King (Remember he is Catholic)iii. This ends the peace with Parliamentiv. James II wants absolute powerv. He also wants to put Catholics in government positions.

B. A Glorious Revolutioni. Patience for Parliament – If they hold out until James II dies,

throne goes to Protestant daughter Mary II.ii. Mary II is marred to William III of Orange ruler of the

Netherlandsiii. James II’s second wife has a newborn son who would be

raised Catholiciv. Parliament must act!v. Whigs and Tories unite against James IIvi. They invite William and Mary to invade England and take

the crownvii. James II flees England for Franceviii. William and Mary take the throne with out bloodshed!***The Peaceful transfer of power was so different from previous struggles it was called a Glorious Revolution!

C. New Limits on Royal Poweri. English Bill of Rights (The things the King can’t do without

the consent of Parliament)1. Can’t raise taxes without consent of Parliament2. Can’t maintain army3. Can’t suspend laws4. Guarantees individual rights5. Trial by jury and no cruel and unusual punishment6. Citizens can speak freely in front of Parliament

ii. Act of Settlement: A catholic can no longer be king – 1701III. Parliament (Bicameral meaning two houses – Commons and Lords) and the

Crown – A Constitutional MonarchyA. House of Commons

i. Men onlyii. Property owning men (must own land)iii. In England, only 250,000 out of 6 million own landiv. Being in Parliament doesn’t pay.

B. House of Lordsi. Noble by birth

C. The Crowni. Could not rule without Parliament’s consent

D. Parties and the Cabineti. Cabinet – small group of advisors made up of both

houses/parties and leads Parliamentii. Prime Minister – leader of the Cabinet

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The American RevolutionI. The British Empire in the Americas

A. Colonies- Owned by England- Used for raw materials, which are timber, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cotton, etc.

B. Navigation Acts – series of Acts passed during 1700’s; only place you can ship raw goods is England, colonies can only ship goods to England

II. Colonial PowerKing appoints royal government for each colony

Royal government appoints judges/officials

Each colony has an elected assembly (judges and officials)(Only white, property-owning men)

III. Tightening Colonial Control – England tightens controlA. Land west of Mississippi – England makes it illegal to go west of

MississippiB. Stamp Act – 1765 – tax on all printed goods (newspapers, legal

documents)C. Direct Tax – paid directly to the English government; “no taxation

without representation”IV. Colonial Protest (Immediate)

A. Boycott – refuse to do something, like buy British goodsB. Unrest in Boston Massacre1. Declaring Acts – 1766 – parliament declares they have the right to

make the laws they want to in the colonies2. 1777 Parliamentary Laws/Taxes3. Boston Massacre – 5 people died; got called a “massacre” through

word of mouth4. Parliament makes repeals – they take back all the taxes except one, the

“Tea Tax”5. Boston Tea Party – dumped tea into the harbor6. Intolerable Acts – named by Colonists

a. Closes Boston harbor until tea is paid forb. British soldiers are now allowed in homesc. Decreases right to self government – limits

number of times the elected assembly can meetV. The War for Independence

A. Revolution – violent overthrow of government7. Traitors – everyone who stood up against country

B. Long and Bitter War1. Advantages

a. Americai. Have General George Washington

ii. Home-field advantageiii. Don’t have to win the war, just hold out till British give upiv. French come in and give money, soldiers, etc.

b. Englandi. Large, well-trained, well-supplied army

2. Disadvantagesa. America

i. We can’t fight them in open field because they have more guns; they’ve been trained

b. Englandi. Long distance across Atlantic for supplies, ammunition, clothing, food, etc.ii. Must conquer a whole country instead of small group

C. Yorktown – October 1781 – British surrenderVI. United States Government – Great Britain recognizes independence and our country

A. Confederation – Articles of Confederation – lose union of states (13 states)B. No central government – no national government (for taxes, trade, money)C. Constitution

1. Federal System – authority divided between state and national government

2. National Governmenta. Separation of Powersb. Checks and Balances

i. Legislative – makes lawsii. Executive – enforces lawsiii. Judicial – interprets laws

3. Elections 1789- First President – George Washington

4. Bill of Rights – guarantees us individual rights (1st 10 amendments)D. Republics Significance – going to inspire others around the world to rise against oppression

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Decline of the Monarch

A. Aware of the Unrest – June 1791 – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette decide to flee to Austria (Queen’s brother is the king there); they leave in a carriage at night in disguise; they are recognized at an inn and are arrested and held as political prisoners in their castle; this changes the revolution from moderate to radical

B. War - 19721. French revolutionary leaders declare war on Austria; many nobles had

sought refuge there2. Austria was soon joined by Prussia and Sardina3. This puts France in total chaos

C. September Massacres – many nobles/priests are executed for political crimes*DAWN OF A NEW ERA*

Victory against Austria and Prussia due to thousands of French volunteers who wanted to defend the revolution

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. The French Republic (after the war)

A. End of MonarchyB. Declare France a republicC. National Convention members were all middle class professionals

(lawyers, doctors, etc.); men only!II. Death of the King

A. Trial and Execution1. A box of letters from Louis XVI to other monarchs in Europe were

discovered; they were used to discredit the royal family2. December 1792 – Louis was tried for “conspiracy against the liberty of

the nation”3. January 1793 – Louis XVI was beheaded on the guillotine; people

celebrate the success of the republicB. Toward the Future – while people in France celebrate, debate erupts in the

convention1. Radicals (left) Jacobins

a. Known as the mountains because they set on high benches in back

b. Maxiiliean Robespierrec. George-Jacques Dariond. Jean-Paul Marate. The three above saw themselves as the wise of the people and

defenders of the revolution2. Moderates

a. Wanted to defend/protect the wealthy middle classb. They organized support to resist growing mountain

3. Center – Plainsa. Largest group who were undecided; most eventually joined

mountains, making the revolution radicalRadical Stage – Bloody Revolution; This is the beginning of Stage 2III. Spread Revolution (many European monarchs feared the spread of revolution)

A. French expansionism1. Liberty, equality, and fraternity; revolutionary leaders

desired to spread the revolution to other parts of Europe2. Committee of Public Safety – formed in 1793 to direct

war effort; ran by Robespierre3. Conscription Draft – calling all men between ages 18 to

45 for military serviceB. The Reign of Terror Begins

1. July 1793 to July 17942. Jacobins set out to crush opposition3. Committees hunt down anyone suspected of being

traitor

4. Many are falsely accused, including Marie Antoinette5. Approximately 40,000 people were killed on the

GuillotineC. End of Terror

1. ????? And supporters called for end to terror2. Robespierre accused them of being traitors and had

them executed3. Terror finally ends when all leaders turned on

Robespierre and has him executedIV. The Directory – 1795 (under the new Constitution)

A. Directory – control of the government held by 5 men

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1920’s and the Great DepressionAge of Anxiety; the Interwar Years – between WWI and WWII

- World War I was a staggering blow to Western Civilization.- Many people felt themselves increasingly adrift in a strange, uncertain, and

uncontrollable world.- People saw themselves living in an age of continual crisis (until at least the

early 1950’s)- The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – renounced war as “illegal” except for self-

defense. Signed by 62 nations but had no real enforcement mechanism.I. Politics in the 1920’s

A. 1919ism – Fear of Bolshevism swept through Europe (also known as “Red Scare”)

B. Weimar Republic – new German democratic state after WWI1. New constitution created in August 1919.2. Reichsrat: upper chamber represented the Federal states (similar

to the Legislative branch in US Government)3. Reichstag: lower house elected by universal suffrage (similar to

the Executive branch in US Government)4. President elected for a seven-year term.

C. Versailles Treaty Viewpoints1. To Germans of all political parties, the Versailles Treaty

represented a harsh, dictated peace, to be revised or repudiated as soon as possible.

2. France was eager to punish Germany.3. Great Britain believed a healthy German economy was essential

to a healthy British economy4. John Maynard Keynes – (most significant economist of the 20th

Century) criticized the Versailles Treaty; declaring its punishing of Germany would damage the European economy.

5. Effect on Germany (BRAT)i. Blame – Germany is blamed for starting the warii. Reparations – Germany must pay for the wariii. Army – Treaty limits army to 100,000 men

iv. Territory – They loose Alsax and LorrainII. Problems Facing the Weimar Republic

A. “Forced Acceptance of Peace” (Versailles Treaty) undermined it prestigeB. Communist rebellions in various parts of the country created a climate of

instabilityC. Ruhr Crisis – 1923 in Ruhr River area

1. Reparations – Allies announced in 1921 Germany had to pay almost $34 Billion

2. Germany’s economy was weak and it could not pay all reparations

3. In 1923, France occupies the industrial Ruhr area of Germany4. German government ordered Ruhr people to stop working and

passively resist French occupation.5. Runaway inflation occurred when Germany printed money to

pay reparations.i. Social Revolution is occurring in Germany; workers are

gaining power.ii. Middle Class and retired class savings were wiped out.iii. Resented Government (Weimar government) because it

can’t protect them.iv. Blamed Western government, big businesses, workers,

Jews, and Communists for nations woes.D. Beer Hall Putch – 1923 Adolf Hitler failed to overthrow state Bavaria and

sentenced to jail. This is Hitler’s first attempt to gain power. E. Dawes Plan of 1924 – Restructured Germany’s debt with U.S. loans to

Germany to pay back Britain and France; who likewise paid back U.S.i. Resulted in German economic recovery

F. Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”i. Hitler wrote this book while he was in jailii. Blames Jews for suffering/conspiracy for Leadershipiii. Anti-Sematic (Anti-religious)iv. Militaristicv. Hatred of Judaism and Communism

III. FranceA. Economic Problems – similar to that of Germany’s economic problemsB. Death, devastation, and debt of WWI created economic chaos and political

unrestC. 1920’s government (multi-party system) dominated by the parties on the

right (conservatives), which supported status quo and had backing of businesses, armies, and churches.

IV. Great BritainA. Wartime trend toward greater social equality continued, helping maintain

social harmony.B. Unemployment is Britain’s greatest problem (12%)C. 1926 General Strike – support of miners who feared a dramatic drop in

their low wages swept the country

i. Government outlawed such labor actions in 1927D. Labor Parties rose as champion of the working classes and of greater

social equality and took power briefly (9 months). It was designed to protect working people; similar to Unions.

E. Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947) ruled Britain between 1924 and 1929.

F. Foreign Policyi. End of protectorate in Egypt except for the Suez Canal.ii. Equality of British dominions – gave freedom to

Canada and Australia.V. The Great Depression (shattered the fragile optimism of political leaders in

the late 1920’s)A. Causes

i. Long-term US Economic Problemsii. Weak international economyiii. Over productioniv. Unstable Banking (all throughout US)v. Certain weak industriesvi. ½ of all Americans lived below the poverty line

B. Stock Market Crash of 1929 – triggered US depression that spread world-wide

C. Impact of Europei. Decline of production occurred in every country

(except Russia with its Command Economy – everyone makes the same)

ii. Mass unemployment resulted: Germany hit hardest with 43%, Britain at 18%, and the US at 25%. (The US rate will go up.)

D. FDR’s “New Deal” – sought to reform capitalism with increased government intervention in the economy

i. Keynesian Approach – used after 1938 to permanently prop up the economy through public works programs and subsidies

E. British recovery (years after 1932; actually better than 1920’s)i. Went off Gold Standardii. Reorganized industryiii. Reformed financesiv. Cut government spending

F. Francei. Not as highly industrialized as Great Britain, Germany,

and US; felt impact laterii. “French New Deal” – inspired by U.S. “New Deal”

1. Encourages union development2. Far-reaching social reform – paid vacations and 40

hour work week