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Febra la pacientul imunodeprimat CPT David Manthey, MD, USA Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston, Texas GS ACEP
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Page 1: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Febra la pacientul imunodeprimat

Febra la pacientul imunodeprimat

CPT David Manthey, MD, USABrooke Army Medical Center

Fort Sam Houston, Texas

GS ACEP

Page 2: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Sistemele de aparare imuna Abordare generala

– Prezentare clinica – Diagnostic– Tratament empiric– Criterii de internare

Obiectivele cursului

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 3: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Obiectivele cursului (cont.)

Afectiuni primare– Sindromul Imunodeficientei umane

dobindite– Neoplazii /Chimioterapie – Diabet Zaharat– Siclemie– Tratament cu steroizi

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 4: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Aparare imuna

Bariere fizice– Integritatea tegumentului– Integritatea mucoaselor– Transport mucociliar– Mediul acid

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 5: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Aparare imuna

Limfocite– Limfocite B

IgG, IgA, etc.– Limfocite T

Helper si Supresor– Celule Natural Killer

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 6: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Aparare imuna

Fagocite-Circulante

Macrofage, Monocite, EozinofileFixeCelule Kupffer , celule alveolare tip II Sistemul reticuloendotelial Splina ficat

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 7: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Aparare imuna

Factori circulanti– Cascada complementului– Interferon– Opsonine– Lizozim

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 8: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Abordare generala

Prezentare clinica Diagnostic Tratament empiric Critere de internare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 9: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Prezentare clinica

Prejudecati Evolutie rapida Raspuns imun deficitar Sindrom septic Exacerbarea unui diabet zaharat coexistent

Gradul imunodepresiei

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 10: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Diagnostic

Hemoleucograma pentru diagnostic diferential

Hemoculturi Uroculturi Rx toracic Rx sinusuri craniene CT / Punctia lombara

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 11: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Tratament empiric(in functie de localizare)

Pulmonara Sangvina Tract urinar Sistem nervos central Febra fara cauza evidentiabila Sepsis

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 12: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Localizare Pulmonara

Agenti patogeni:– Strep. pneumonia, Staph. aureus,

Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Tratament:– B-lactamaze anti-pseudomonas si

aminoglicozide Legionella - Eritromicina

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 13: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Sange

Agenti infectiosi– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,

Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida

Tratament:– B-lactamaze anti- pseudomonas si

aminoglicozide– Vancomicina si Aztreonam

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 14: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Cai urinare

Agenti patogeni:– Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Candida Tratament:

– Aminoglicozide– Ceftazidime

Enterococi - Ampicilina

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 15: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Sistem nervos central

Agenti infectiosi:– Strep. pneumonia, Neisseria

meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Listeria monocytogenes

Tratament:– Ceftazidime si ampicilina– Ceftriaxona sau Claforan

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 16: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Febra fara cauza evidenta

Antibiotice cu spectru larg B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si aminoglicozide

Vancomicina - pentru staph. rezistenti meticilina

Eritromicina - Legionella Ampicilin - Listeria, Enterococi Clindamicina - Anaerobi

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 17: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Criterii de internare

– Granulocitopenie– Splenectomie– Surse de infectie neevidentiata– Semne neurologice– Pacient incapabil sa se ingrijeasca

singur– Stare septica

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 18: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Criterii de externare

– Sursa de infectie evidentiabila care permite tratamentul pacientului in ambulator

– Pacient fara imunodepresie severa– Posibilitatea urmaririi pacientului– Posibilitatea ingrijirii in ambulator– Antibiotice orale

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 19: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Sindromul de imunodeficienta dobandita

Defecte imune Diagnostic Numararea fractiei CD4 Infectii comune specifice Manifestari specifice de organ Criterii de internare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 20: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Defecte Imune

Limfocite T4 helper si supresor Macrofage Monocite

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 21: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Metode diagnostice

Hemoculturi pentru fungi Serologie pentru Toxoplasma Antigen anti- Criptococ Materii fecale pentr oua si paraziti Acid fast stain CD4

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 22: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Numararea fractiei CD4

> 500 elemente / ml - majoritatea mecanismelor de aparare sunt normale

< 200 / ml - infectii cu oportunisti la pacienti cu SIDA

< 100 / ml - complicatii care afecteaza prognosticul vital

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 23: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii clasice la pacientii HIV pozitivi

Pneumonia cu Pneumocystis Carinii

Toxoplasma gondi Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara Citomegalovirus Micobacterium tuberculosis

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 24: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Pneumocystis carinii

Cea mai frecventa infectie cu oportunisti

Tuse neproductiva Infiltrate difuze Hipoxemia Trimetoprim - Sulfamethoxazole

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 25: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Toxoplasmoza

Cea mai frecventa cauza de encefalita focala

Cefalee ,deficite neurologice localizate si alterarea statusului mental

Leziuni circumscrise la CT Sulfadiazine si Pyrimethamine

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 26: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara

Afecteaza 50% din pacientii cu SIDA

Scadere in greutate , anorexie, diaree, slabiciune generalizata

Reactia acida in scaun Nu necesita tratament de obicei

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 27: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Cytomegalovirus

Cea mai frecventa cauza de corioretinita

Tulburari de vedere Dureri oculare,diaree Se asociaza cu infectii cu Pneumocystis carini

Culturi pentru virusi Nu necesita tratament de obicei

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 28: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuse persistenta ,transpiratii nocturne ,scadere in greutate

Bacterii acidofile in cultura din sputa

Tratamentul variaza in functie de zona si rezistenta la soc

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 29: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Simptome pulmonare

Pneumocystis Carinii Tuberculoza Cytomegalovirus Strep. pneumonia Sarcom Kaposi Limfom primar

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 30: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Simptome gastro -intestinale

Cryptosporidium Isospora belli Candida Salmonella / Shigella Cytomegalovirus Mycobacterium avium-intracelulara

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 31: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Simptome neurologice

Toxoplasma Cryptococcosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sarcom Kaposi Limfom

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 32: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Criterii de internare

Febra fara sursa CD4 < 100/ml Simptome ale SNC Hipoxemia Incapacitate de a se ingrijii singuri Esecul tratamentului in ambulator

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 33: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Cancer / Chimioterapie

Deficite imune Numarare de neutrofile Infectii de sistemtem Criterii de internare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 34: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Deficite imune

Granulocitopenia Imunitatea mediata celular Factori umorali

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 35: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Numararea neutrofilelor in valoare absoluta

Numar de leucocite x procentul de neutrofile

Neutropenie < 500 neutrofile …..

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 36: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii pulmonare

Agenti patogeni: Strep. pneumonia, Staph. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus, Pneumocistis carinii

Tratament:– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si

aminoglicozide

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 37: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii sangvine

Agenti infectiosi:– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,

Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida

Tratament:– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas– Vancomycin si Aztreonam

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 38: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii urinare

Agenti patogeni:– Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Candida Tratament:

– Aminoglicozide– Ceftazidima

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 39: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii ale tegumentelor

Agenti patogeni:– Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis,

Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Herpes simplex

Tratament:– Vancomycin si aztreonam– B-lactamine anti-pseudomonas si

aminoglicozide

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 40: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Tratamentul pacientului in ambulator

Neutrofile > 1,000 Sursa de infectie minora Urmarirea atenta impreuna cu oncologul

Antibiotice orale

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 41: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Criterii de internare

Neutropenie Aspect septic Sursa majora de infectie Urmarire dificila sau complianta scazuta la tratament

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 42: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Diabet zaharat

Deficite imune Infectii specifice Tratament general

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 43: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Deficite imune

Bariere fizice Hipoperfuzia Disfunctie granulocitara

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 44: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii specifice

Otita externa maligna Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis Colecistita emfizematoasa Fasciita necrozanta

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 45: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Otita Externa Maligna

Prezentare: otalgie,sensibilitate periauriculara

Microorganisme: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Complicatii :Meningite, Abcese Tratament: Beta-lactamine anti- pseudomonas si and aminoglicozide

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 46: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Rhinocerabral Mucormycosis

Prezentare: febra, cefalee ,durere faciala ,necroza de palat

Microorganisme: Fungii Complicatii: Meningite, Tromboza de sinus cavernos

Tratament: Toaleta chirurgicala si Amfotericina B

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 47: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Colecistita Emfizematoasa

Presentare: durere in hipocondrul drept, greata si varsaturi, crepitati

Diagnostic: gaze in peretele vezicei biliare

Microorganisme: Clostridii si gram negativi

Tratament: interventie chirurgicala si acoperire cu antibiotici

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 48: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Fasciita necrozanta

Prezentare: piele cu aspect normal anestezie la nivelul tegumentelor, stare toxica

Diagnostic: aer in tesuturi, necroza Microorganisme: Polimicrobiene Tratament: toaleta chirurgicala, antibiotice cu spectru larg, camera hiperbara

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 49: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Generalitati

Unele microorganisme: evolutie grava

Hiperglicemie Tratament agresiv

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 50: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Siclemie

Deficite imune Infectii specifice Evaluare si Tratament Criterii de internare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 51: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Deficite Imune

Asplenia Factori Umorali

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 52: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Infectii specifice

Microorganisme incapsulate:– Strep. pneumonia, Hemophilus

influenza, Salmonella Osteomielita cu Salmonella

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 53: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Evaluare si Tratament

Crize dureroase Numar reticulocite Antibiotice:

– Rocefin 75 mg/kg– Cefuroxime 50 mg/kg

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 54: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Criteri de internare

< 12 luni stare septica febra > 103 Fahreinheit Left shift urmarire si complianta dificila fara sursa evidentiabila de infectie infectie grava

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 55: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Utilizare de steroizi

Defecte imune Evaluare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 56: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Defecte imune

Functie granulocitara deficitara raspuns inflamator deficitar

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 57: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Evaluare

Semne de infectie diminuate Examen abdominal nerelevant demarginalizare fii precaut

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 58: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Recapitulare

Cateva elemente ale apararii Prejudecatii asupra imunodepresiei Evolutie rapida Nivelul ridicat de suspiciune

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised

Page 59: Febra La Pacientul Imunodeprimat [Romana]

Recapitulare

CT si punctie lombara Agentii patogenii si tratamentul Criterii de internare

Manthey - ImmunocompromisedManthey - Immunocompromised